(Revised)
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
OISD-STD-141
First Edition, April 1990
Amended Edition, September 2001
Revised Edition, September 2003
OISD-STD-141
First Edition April 1990
Amended Edition, September 2001
Revised Edition, September 2003
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION
Prepared by
COMMITTEE ON
DESIGN AND INSPECTION OF
PIPELINES
NOTE
FOREWARD
The Oil Industry in India is 100 years old.
Due to various
collaboration agreements, a variety of international codes, standards and
practices are in vogue.
Standardisation in design philosophies and
operating and maintenance practices at a national level was hardly in
existence. This, coupled with feed back from some serious accidents that
occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasised the need for
the industry to review the existing state of art in designing, operating and
maintaining oil and gas installations.
With this in view, the then Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas in
1986 constituted a Safety Council assisted by Oil Industry Safety
Directorate (OISD) staffed from within the industry in formulating and
implementing a serious of self regulatory measures aimed at removing
obsolescence, standardising and upgrading the existing standards to
ensure safer operations.
Accordingly OISD constituted a number of
Functional Committees comprising of experts nominated from the industry
to draw up standards and guidelines on various subjects.
The present standard on Design and Construction Requirements for
Cross Country Hydrocarbon Pipelines was prepared by the Functional
Committee on Design and Inspection of Pipelines. This standard is based
on the accumulated knowledge and experience of industry members and
the various national and international codes and practices. This standard is
meant to be used as a supplement and not as a replacement for existing
codes and practices. It is hoped that the provision of this standard if
implemented objectively, may go a long way to improve the safety and
reduce accidents in the Oil and Gas Industry. Users are cautioned that
no standard can be a substitute for the judgement of responsible and
experienced engineer. Suggestions are invited from the users after it is put
into practice to improve the standard further. Suggestions for amendments
to this standard should be addressed to:The Coordinator,
Committee on Inspection of Design and Inspection of Pipelines,
Oil Industry Safety Directorate,
7th Floor, New Delhi House,
27-Barakhamba Road,
New Delhi-110 001.
This standard in no way supersedes the statutory regulations of Chief
Controller of Explosive (CCE), Factory Inspectorate or any other Statutory
body which must be followed as applicable.
COMMITTEE
ON
DESIGN AND INSPECTION OF PIPELINES
( First Edition April 1990 )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name
Organisation
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Leader
1. Sh.V.T. Karode
2. Sh.R.A. Shanbhag **
Members
3. Sh.Rao Rudravajala
4. Sh.S.K. Goyal
5. Sh.C.N. Char
6. Sh.E.M Bhumgara
7. Sh.R.K. Mulla
8. Sh.R.K. Dhadda
9. Sh.G.V.S. Saiprasad
Member Coordinator
12. Sh.M. Bhandari
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In addition to the above, several other experts from the industry contributed in the preparation,
review and finalisation of this document.
** (Took over as Leader w.e.f June/89 on Shri Karodes retirement from Oil India
Ltd).
COMMITTEE
ON
DESIGN AND INSPECTION OF PIPELINES
( First Revision September 2003 )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name
Organisation
Leader
1. Sh.A. Sengupta
Members
2. Sh.G.S. Wankhede
3. Sh.KBS Negi
4. Sh.S.S.Patel
5. Sh.P.K.Pal
6. Sh.C..K. Soman
Member Coordinator
7. Sh.R.N.Mittal
Oil Industry Safety Directorate
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------In addition to the above, several other experts from the industry contributed in the preparation,
review and finalisation of this document.
ITEM DESCRIPTION
PAGE NO.
PART - I
1.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0
SCOPE
3.0
DEFINITIONS
4.0
DESIGN
4.1
Dynamic Effects
4.2
Weight Effects
4.3
Corrosion
4.4
Design of Components
4.5
Valves
4.6
Threaded Joints
4.7
Stress Values
4.8
5.0
MATERIALS
5.1
Steel
5.2
6.0
DIMENSIONAL REQUIREMENTS
7.0
7.1
Location
7.2
7.3
Ditching
7.4
7.5
7.6
Special Crossings
7.7
7.8
7.9
Pre-Operational Stresses
8.0
8.1
8.2
Testing
8.3
Commissioning
8.4
Record
9.0
10.0
CORROSION CONTROL
10.1
Protective Coating
10.2
10.3
Electrical Isolation
10.4
PART II
11.0
DESIGN
11
12.0
PIPING SYSTEMS
11
13.0
11
14.0
WELDING
12
15.0
12
15.1
15.2
12
15.3
13
15.4
15
15.5
Pre-Operational Stresses
15
16.0
15
16.1
General Provisions
15
16.2
16
16.3
Corrosion Allowance
16
16.4
16
16.5
16
12
16.6
16
16.10
16.11
Crossing of / or by Utilities
18
16.12
18
16.13
20
16.14
Valves
20
16.15
Pipe Book
21
17.0
21
18.0
CORROSION CONTROL
21
18.1
Coating Requirements
21
18.2
Electrical Isolation
21
18.3
21
18.4
Electrical Interference
22
18.5
Existing Installations
22
18.6
22
18.7
23
19.0
MISCELLANEOUS
23
20.0
REFERENCES
23
16.8
16.9
16
17
17
1.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0
SCOPE
c)
ON
PIPELINES
d)
SHOULD
MULTIPHASE FLUIDS
SHORE
SHALL
DEFINITIONS
b)
ON
PIPELINES
GAS
e)
a)
3.0
SHORE
LIQUID
PART-I
LIQUID PETROLEUM
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
4.0
DESIGN
Design of cross country pipelines
onshore shall be as per ANSI/ASME
B31.4.
4.1
DYNAMIC EFFECTS
Other Loadings
Unusual loadings such as those caused
by scour, erosion, soil movement and
slides, installation forces, vortex
shedding and other phenomena shall
also be considered and provided for in
accordance with sound engineering
practice.
4.2
4.8.2
CORROSION
5.0
MATERIALS
Whenever
internal
or
external
corrosion is expected during the design
life of the pipeline, a suitable corrosion
allowance shall be made at the design
stage.
5.1
STEEL
5.1.1
WEIGHT EFFECTS
Live Loads
Weight of water during hydrostatic
testing shall also be considered while
designing.
4.3
STRAIGHT PIPE
The least nominal wall thickness (tn)
for steel pipe, as indicated in B 31.4
clause 404.1.1 shall not be less than
the dimensions indicated in the
specifications for line pipe approved by
B 31.4. Further, pipe having a D/tn
ratio greater than 150 shall not be
used, where D = outside diameter of
pipe.
4.5
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.2
MATERIALS
FOR
MULTIPHASE SERVICE
5.2.1
Definition
VALVES
Valves made of cast iron or ductile iron
shall not be used.
4.6
THREADED JOINTS
Threaded joints shall not be used in
cross country pipelines.
4.7
STRESS VALUES
Consideration shall be given to the use
of lower allowable design stress if there
is
likelihood of repeated stress
changes giving rise to fatigue
conditions.
4.8
CE = C + Mn + Cr+Mo+V + Ni+Cu
6
5
15
Carbon Steels having a specified
carbon content in excess of 0.32% or a
carbon equivalent in excess of 0.65%
shall be preheated. API-1104 shall be
referred for guidance.
Additional test requirements shall be as
per Appendix-A of Part-I of this
standard for steel pipes manufactured
by Electric Resistance Welding and/or
Electric Induction welding.
SOUR
Note:
While past experience has
indicated this to be the accepted
minimum concentration at which
sulphide stress corrosion cracking may
occur,
the
presence
of
other
constituents in the phases making up
the multiphase fluid, such as carbon
dioxide in the gas and salt in the water
or larger amounts of free water or gas,
may cause problems to occur at lower
concentrations of hydrogen sulphide.
5.2.2
7.0
CONSTRUCTION, WELDING
AND ASSEMBLY
7.1
LOCATION
The location of a new underground
pipeline, when running parallel to an
existing underground pipeline, should
be at a minimum clear distance of 5.0
metres from the existing underground
pipeline when heavy conventional
construction equipment is excepted to
be utilized.
This distance may be
reduced after careful assessment of
construction methodologies so that it
does not result in unsafe conditions
during construction. In any case the
minimum clear distance shall not be
less than 3.0 metres. These areas shall
be distinctly identified on ground during
construction.
General
In
addition
to
the
applicable
requirements of B31.4 and this
standard, all materials used in sour
multiphase service shall meet the
following requirements.
a) Pipe, valve, fittings, flanges bolting
and other equipment exposed to or
which are necessary to contain sour
multiphase fluids may be susceptible to
stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen
induced stepwise cracking and thus
due consideration shall be given to
material selection in design.
b)
Materials for sour multiphase
service
shall
conform
to
the
requirements of NACE Standard MR01-75, 'Sulphide Stress Corrosion
Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for
Oil Field Equipment'. Depending upon
the service and the materials involved,
the Sulphide Stress Corrosion Cracking
(SSCC)
and
Hydrogen
Induced
Cracking (HIC) tests should be
conducted as per NACE standards
referred in Clause 20.0
of this
standard. The acceptance criteria shall
be based on current established
industry practice.
c) Pressure containing components
(excluding pipe) intended for sour
multiphase service shall be fully
identified with a permanent marking.
5.2.3
6.0
7.3
DITCHING
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
DIMENSIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
All provisions of B 31.4 Chapter IV
shall apply.
1.5 (4)
Drainage ditches at
Roadways and railroads
1.0
Rocky Areas
1.0 (2)
Uncased/Cased Road
Crossings
1.2 (3)
Railroad Crossings
1.4 (3)
Other Areas
1.0 (2)
7.4.3
7.5
(2)
Minimum depth of cover shall
be measured from the top of pipe
coating to the top of undisturbed
surface of the soil, or top of graded
working strip, whichever is lower. Fill
material in working strip shall not be
considered to add to the depth of
cover.
Before
lowering
operations
are
commenced, particular attention shall
be paid to the suitability of the trench to
allow the pipeline to be lowered without
the coating being damaged and to give
a reasonably even support to the
pipeline.
(3)
Cover shall be measured from
the top of road or top of rail, as the
case may be.
(4)
In case of rivers/water bodies,
which are prone to scour and erosion,
adequate safe cover (minimum 1.5
metre) shall be provided below the
predicted scour profile expected during
the life time of the pipeline.
BENDS, MITERS AND ELBOWS
Bends made from pipe
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.4
(1)
The
above
mentioned
minimum cover requirements shall be
valid for all class locations.
7.4
f)
Whenever
considered
desirable, the section of the pipeline
corresponding to the river crossing
should before installation be subjected
to hydrostatic pre-testing. However,
the complete pipeline corresponding to
river crossing shall be tested after
installation.
SPECIAL CROSSINGS
7.6.1
Water crossings
7.6.2
Special
considerations
shall
be
required for submerged crossings
which are characterized by their
perennial nature, meandering course,
steep and potentially erodable banks,
potentially scouring bed, large erodable
flood plain and wide water course (high
water mark to high water mark) both
during the design and installation of
such crossings.
a)
Hydrological and geotechnical
surveys to establish the river bed and
water current profiles to predict the
behaviour of the river with respect to
change of course, scour of bed and
erosion of banks and to obtain all other
parameters related to design and
installation of such crossings.
b)
The pipeline at such crossings
shall be installed with extra depth of
cover. The cover provided shall be
adequate to prevent exposure of the
pipeline for the entire design life of the
pipeline.
c)
To ensure the stability of the
underwater pipeline, it may be
necessary to add weight to sink and
hold the pipeline in position.
d)
A heavier wall thickness pipe
shall be provided for the river crossing
section.
e)
A detailed stress analysis for
the pipe section for river crossings
should be carried out, taking into
consideration the effect of all loads
during laying and it shall be ensured
that the stresses remain within
permissible limits in accordance with B
31.4.
Crossing of or by Utilities
7.6.3
STORAGE
AND
TANKAGE STORAGE
c)
and
8.1.2
8.1.3
8.1.4
8.1.5
8.2
TESTING
8.2.1
8.2.2
All
sections which have
been
previously hydrostatically tested viz.
road/rail crossings and river crossings
shall be retested alongwith the
completed mainline sections.
Backfilling;
d)
Loads imparted by construction
traffic;
e)
Field bending;
f)
hydrostatic test pressure loads
(particularly when the pipeline is
constructed as an above ground
OF
a)
Transportation and stockpiling
of the pipe;
b)
Stringing,
coating
wrapping, and laying.;
TYPE
AND
EXTENT
EXAMINATION REQUIRED
8.1.1
PRE-OPERATIONAL STRESSES
It is desirable to limit stresses during
pre-operational manipulation of the
pipe so as to avoid damage that might
impair the operability of the line. The
designer shall ensure that preoperational stresses are controlled and
that they are non-injurious to the pipe.
Consideration shall be given to, but not
restricted to, the effect of the following
pre-operational loads:
Construction
WORKING
Underground Storage
7.9
8.0
8.1
Location
Minimum distances from property lines
and road allowance limits to buildings
and equipment etc. shall meet the
requirements of OISD Standard 118
"Layouts for Oil and Gas Installations".
7.8
8.2.3
Test Pressure
Hydrostatic Testing
Pressure Piping
of
Internal
Acceptance of Test
8.4
Pipe Book
A pipe and welding book shall be
maintained for all projects. The purpose
of the pipe book shall be to indicate
and maintain as a permanent record
the exact position in the pipeline of
each pipe length and each pipeline
material like valves, scraper traps,
bends, flanges, and other fittings
installed in the project. Each item shall
be recorded by its identification
number.
Location of each weld
including weld number, welder number,
type of welding and electrode, weld
treatment and details of equipment
used for radiography shall be recorded
in the pipe book.
Termination of Testing
The
pipeline
shall
be
slowly
depressurized at a moderate and
constant rate. During dewatering, care
shall be taken to properly dispose the
discharging water in order to avoid
pollution, damages to fields under
cultivation and/or existing structures
and interference with the traffic.
8.2.6
8.2.7
Preservation of Pipeline
If the pipeline is to be preserved for a
specified duration before it can be
commissioned, the pipeline shall be
completely filled with water with
sufficient quantities of
corrosion
inhibitors depending upon the quality of
water and the period of preservation
and at a suitable pressure.
8.3
COMMISSIONING
8.3.1
Commissioning
shall
consist
of
displacing the hydrostatic test water
from the pipeline by pumping in the
liquid to be transported. Batching pigs
or spheres shall be used not only to
minimize mixing at the interface but
also to enable the progress of the
interface to be followed.
8.3.2
RECORD
9.0
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES
All provisions of B 31.4-Chapter-VII
and OISD-STD-138 shall apply.
10.0
CORROSION CONTROL
10.1
PROTECTIVE COATING
a)
Coatings
shall
electrically
isolate the external surface of the
piping system from the environment.
b)
All joints, fittings, repairs and
tie-ins shall be coated with a material
compatible with the existing coating.
below
and
Figure
B.1.
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
Whereas such insulating devices are
installed, they shall be properly rated
for temperature, pressure, electrical
properties, and shall be resistant to the
commodity carried in the pipeline
systems.
10.4
TEMPORARY CATHODIC
PROTECTION SYSTEM
When
considered
necessary
a
temporary cathodic protection system
with sacrificial anodes shall be installed
to ensure adequate protection of
pipeline from external corrosion from
the time the pipeline is laid in the
trench till the permanent cathodic
protection system is commissioned.
The temporary CP system shall
preferably be installed simultaneously
keeping pace with the pipeline laying /
installation work and shall be monitored
periodically.
10.5
APPENDIX - A
ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
ELECTRIC RESISTANCE/ELECTRIC
INDUCTION WELDED LINE PIPE
B.1
a) Selection of Mandrel
The reverse bend test shall be carried
out with a mandrel, whose radius(R),
width(A) shall be calculated for any
combination of diameter, wall thickness
and grade with the formula.
A = 2R =
1.4 (D-t) t
------------e(D-2t)-1.4t
-t
PART-II
GAS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
11.0
DESIGN
12.0
PIPING SYSTEMS
12.1
b)
The
maximum
design
temperature shall be taken as the
highest expected operating pipe or
metal temperature, having due regard
to past recorded temperature data and
the
possibilities
of
higher
temperatures occurring.
12.2
12.3
13.0
13.3
13.1
When
the
maximum
design
temperature exceeds 120 deg.C (250
deg. F), particular attention shall be
given to the tensile properties of the
material to ensure that the derating for
temperature is adequate.
13.2
OPERATING
CONDITIONS,
TEMPERATURE
AND
NOTCH
TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS
MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
13.4.1 Definition
NACE standard MR-01-75 "Sulphide
Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistant
Metallic Material for Oil Field
Equipment"
defines
specific
conditions,
which
a
gaseous
hydrocarbon shall be considered to be
sour.
Note: While the limiting conditions
defined in NACE standard MR-01-75
for considering gaseous hydrocarbons
as sour is the normally accepted
minimum concentration of hydrogen
sulphide at which material problems
occur, the presence of other
constituents in the gas stream, such
as CO2 and Salts in water, may cause
problems at lower concentrations of
hydrogen sulphide.
14.0
15.0
PIPING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS AND
FABRICATION DETAILS
15.1
VALVES
AND
REDUCING DEVICES
13.4.2 General
a) In addition to the applicable
requirements of B 31.8 and this
standard, all materials used in sour
gas service shall also meet the
following requirements.
b)
Pipe, valves, fittings, flanges,
bolting and other equipment exposed
to or which are necessary to contain
sour gas may be susceptible to
Sulphide Stress corrosion cracking
and hydrogen induced step-wise
cracking and thus due consideration
shall be given to material selection in
design.
c) All materials used in sour gas
service shall conform to the material
requirements of NACE standard MR01-75, "Sulphide Stress Corrosion
Cracking Resistant Metallic Material
for Oil Field Equipment". Depending
upon the service and the materials
involved,
the
Sulphide
Stress
Corrosion Cracking (SSCC) and
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
tests should be conducted as per
NACE standards mentioned in Clause
20.0 of this standard. The acceptance
WELDING
PRESSURE
support
(d)
Self-weight and gravity dead
loads;
a)
Expansion
calculations
are
necessary for buried lines if significant
temperature changes are expected.
Thermal expansion of buried lines
may cause movement at points where
the line terminates, changes in
direction, or changes in size. Unless
such movements are restrained by
suitable anchors, the necessary
flexibility shall be provided.
b) Means of providing Flexibility
If expansion is not absorbed by direct
axial compression of the pipe,
flexibility shall be provided by the use
of bends, loops, or offsets or provision
shall be made to absorb thermal
strains by expansion joints or
couplings of the slip joint, ball joint, or
bellows type. If expansion joints are
used, anchors or ties of sufficient
strength and rigidity shall be installed
to provide for end forces due to fluid
pressure and other causes.
15.3
(c)
Differential
movements;
COMBINED STRESS
CALCULATIONS
15.3.1 General
In
addition
to
satisfying
the
requirements of clause 841 of B 31.8,
it may be necessary to calculate the
longitudinal,
axial, and bending
stresses, the torsional stresses, the
hoop stresses, the stress interactions
and the reactions at significant points
in the system. In calculating these
stresses and reactions and the effects
of various loadings on the piping the
designer
shall
use
established
fundamental analysis methods.
(e)
Static wind loads and static
fluid loads.
ii) In addition to the requirements of
Clause 15.3.2(i) above, consideration
shall be given, where applicable, to
the service conditions to which the
pipe and support system are to be
subjected. Consideration shall also be
given to, but not necessarily limited to
the effects of the following additional
loadings:
(a)
Overburden loads;
(b)
Live loads;
(c)
Buoyancy;
(d)
Dynamic and seismic loads:
Seismic
load
consideration
for
earthquake prone areas should be
taken after proper seismic survey to
determine liquefaction factor of soil.
The pipeline cover will be decided
considering the above factor.
(e)
Cyclic and vibratory loads
including the effect of Stress
Intensification. Factors on the fatigue
life of components;
(f)
(g)
External hydrostatic pressure
(including collapse, wave loadings and
all significant fluid loads to which a
submerged line might be submitted);
(h)
Geotechnical loads (including
slides, differential
settlement,
loss of support, and thermal effect of
the pipeline on soil properties).
Internal pressure;
(b)
Thermal
contraction;
expansion
and
a) General
There are fundamental differences in
loading conditions for the buried, or
similarly restrained positions of the
piping and the above ground portions
not subject to substantial axial
restraint. Therefore, different limits on
allowable
longitudinal
stresses are necessary.
expansion
SE = Sq. Root of (Sb2 + St2 )
b) Restrained Lines
Where,
SL = Ea (T2-T1) - v Sh
in which,
of
minimum
degrees
Z =
Section modulus
inch3(mm 3)
of pipe,
longitudinal
pressure
c)
the longitudinal bending stress
due to external loads, such as weight
of pipe and contents, wind etc.
16.0
16.1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
The selection of design for pipeline
system shall be based on the
following evaluation of the properties
and required flow rate of the fluid to
be transported, together with the
environment in which the pipeline is to
be installed.
b)
Operating
temperatures.
Attachment
Anchors
c)
Gathering
transmission
system,
system, or service lines.
of
supports
on
a)
Sweet or sour natural gas,
single or multiphase flow conditions,
vapour phase LPG.
d)
16.2
16.3
system,
distribution
CORROSION ALLOWANCE
Whenever
internal
or
external
corrosion is expected during the
design life of the pipeline, a suitable
corrosion allowance shall be made at
the design stage.
16.4
COVER
REQUIREMENTS
PIPELINES
Refer
Table
requirements.
and
PRE-OPERATIONAL STRESSES
It is desirable to limit stresses during
pre-operational manipulation of the
pipe so as to avoid damage that might
impair the operability of the line. The
designer shall ensure that preoperational stresses are controlled
and that they are non-injurious to the
pipe. Consideration shall be given to,
but not restricted to, the effect of the
following pre-operational loads:
pressures
16.5
7.3.3
for
FOR
cover
16.7
16.8
NPS 14 u/i 18
30 D
NPS 20 and larger
40 D
_______________________________
16.8.1 The ends of each bent length shall be
straight and not involved anyway in
the bending.
The length of the
straight section shall permit easy
jointing. Tangents approximately 1
metre in length shall be provided on
both ends of cold bends. A field bend
shall not be made within two pipe
diameters of a field weld. Tangent
lengths should not be reduced in the
field.
16.8.2 Pipes with longitudinal welds shall be
bent in such a way lies in the plane
passing through neutral axis of the
bend which shall be installed
positioning the longitudinal weld in the
upper quadrants.
16.8.3 A mitered bend is not permitted with
the exception of deflections upto 3
degrees
that
are
caused
by
misalignment.
16.8.4 Field-cut segments of elbows NPS 12"
and larger are not recommended.
16.9
MISCELLANEOUS
OPERATIONS
INVOLVED IN THE INSTALLATION
OF STEEL PIPELINES AND MAINS
(b)
The pipeline at such crossings
shall be installed with extra depth of
cover. The cover provided shall be
adequate to prevent exposure of the
pipeline for the entire design life of the
pipeline.
(c)
To ensure the stability of the
underwater pipeline, it may be
necessary to add weight to sink and
hold the pipeline in position.
(d)
A heavier wall thickness pipe
shall be provided for a river crossing
section.
(e)
A detailed stress analysis for
the pipe section for river crossings
should be necessary taking into
consideration the effect of all loads
during laying and it shall be ensured
that the stresses remain within
permissible limits in accordance with
B 31.8 and this standard.
(f)
Whenever
considered
desirable, the section of the pipeline
corresponding to the river crossing
should,
before
installation,
be
subjected to hydrostatic pretesting.
However, the complete pipeline
corresponding to river crossing shall
be tested after installation.
WATER CROSSINGS
16.11
Special considerations shall be
required for submerged crossing by
pipelines of rivers which are
characterized by their perennial
nature, meandering course, steep and
potentially erodable banks, potentially
scouring bed, large erodable flood
plain and wide water course (high
water mark to high water mark) both
during the design and installation of
such crossings:
For river crossings such as those
described and established as above,
the following requirements are to be
considered:
(a)
Hydrological and geotechnical
surveys to establish the river bed and
water current profiles, to predict the
behaviour of the river with respect to
change of course, scour of bed and
erosion of banks and to obtain all
other parameters related to design
and installation of such crossings.
CROSSING OF / OR BY UTILITIES
final
welds
are
inspected
in
accordance with the provisions of B
31.8 and all such piping is retested
with the main offshore pipeline to
class 1 location test requirements.
GENERAL NOTES:
g) Records
The operating company shall maintain
in its file for the useful life of each
pipeline and main, records showing
the procedures used and the data
developed
in
establishing
its
maximum
allowable
operating
pressure.
The record shall contain at least the
following information:
i.
viii. Pressure-Volume
applicable;
chart,
if
16.15
17.0
18.0
CORROSION CONTROL
18.1
COATING REQUIREMENTS
Coatings shall:
a)
Electrically
isolate
the
external surface of the pipeline
system from the environment;
b)
Have sufficient adhesion to
effectively resist underfilm migration
of moisture;
c)
d)
Have a strength or otherwise
be protected to resist damage due
to normal handling (including concrete
coating application,
or river weight
installation, where applicable) and soil
stress;
VALVES
Notwithstanding
the
foregoing
provisions
of
this
clause,
sectionalizing block valves equipped
OPERATING AND
MAINTENANCE
PROCEDURES
Maximum
Allowable
Operating
Pressure for Steel or Plastic Pipelines
or Mains Consistent with Table
16.12.2.5 of this standard shall be
adhered to.
16.14
PIPE BOOK
e)
Be compatible with cathodic
protection system.
18.2
ELECTRICAL ISOLATION
a)
This clause shall not take
precedence over recognized electrical
safety practices and codes.
b)
Where insulating devices are
installed to provide electrical isolation
of pipeline systems to facilitate the
application of corrosion control, they
shall
be
properly
rated
for
temperature, pressure, and electrical
properties, and shall be resistant to
the commodities carried in the
pipeline systems. These devices shall
not be installed in enclosed areas
where combustible atmospheres are
likely to be present unless precautions
are taken to prevent arcing. (Refer
Clause 18.4 of this standard)
18.4
ELECTRICAL INTERFERENCE
c)
Pipeline system shall be
installed so that the belowgrade or
submerged portions are not in
electrical contact with any casing,
foreign piping systems or other
metallic structures. This shall not
preclude the use of electrical bonds
where necessary.
d)
Provision shall be made to
prevent harmful galvanic action at
below-grade
or
submerged
connections between copper and steel
piping.
Consideration should be given to:
i)
Installing
an
insulated
coupling or insulating gasket set
between the copper and steel, or
ii)
Protecting the piping with an
insulating coating material to provide
a spatial separation of not less than
0.5m between bare copper and steel.
18.3
a)
Fault current resulting from
lighting or upset conditions of
electrical facilities could result in
serious damage to coating and pipe
wall and danger to personnel. These
adverse effects may occur where a
pipeline is close to the grounding
facilities of electrical transmission line
structures, sub-stations, generating
stations or other facilities that have
high short circuit current-carrying
grounding networks.
b)
Where a buried pipeline
system is close to grounding facilities,
remedial measures may be necessary
to control the effect of these fault
currents in order to reduce the
resultant rise in potential gradient in
the earth near the pipeline system to
an acceptable level.
c)
Safety appliances shall be
provided against lightning, stray
current interference from foreign
objects at HT pipeline crossings.
18.4.2 Induced Potential Interference
Pipelines
paralleling
alternating
current electrical transmission lines
are subject to induced potentials as
well as the effects mentioned in Notes
to Clause 18.4.1 above.
a)
When studies or tests show
that alternating current potentials will
be or are being induced on a buried
pipeline system, devices shall be
installed
to
ensure
adequate
protection of pipeline from external
corrosion from the time the pipeline is
laid in the trench till the permanent
Cathodic
Protection
system
is
commissioned.
b)
When such pipelines are
under construction, or when personnel
are in contact with the pipelines,
special precautions shall be taken to
nullify the possible effects of induced
alternating current potentials.
EXISTING INSTALLATIONS
19.0
MISCELLANEOUS
All provisions of B 31.8 Chapter VII
shall apply.
20.0
REFERENCES
DIN
30670
30672
TEMPORARY CATHODIC
PROTECTION SYSTEM
When considered necessary, a
temporary Cathodic Protection system
with sacrificial anodes shall be
Heat Shrinkable
Sleeves
Underground Pipelines.
for
AWWA
C203-86 Standard for Coal-Tar Protective
Coatings and Linings for Steel Water
Pipelines-Enamel
and
Tap-Hot
Applied.
BSI
DIN:
BSI
NACE
TM-01-77 Testing of Metals for Resistance to
Sulphide Stress Cracking at
Ambient Temperatures.