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1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Section - 1
For an acute angle , Trignometric Ratios (T-ratios) can be defined using a right angled triangle
with angles , 90 , 90.
sin =
P
H
cos =
B
H
tan =
P
B
cosec, sec, cot are reciprocals of sin, cos and tan respectively.
Some standard identities for above trignometric ratios are :
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + cot 2 = cosec2
1 + tan2 = sec2
For acute angles, all T-ratios are positive.
1.2.
Angle :
An angle is the amount of rotation of a revolving line with respect to a fixed line:
There are three system of measuring an angle :
(i) Sexagecimal system or English system
(ii) Centesimal or french system
(iii) Circular System
(i) Sexagecimal System :
In this system a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, called degrees. The symbol 1 is used to
denote one degree. Thus, one degree is one-ninetieth part of right angle. Each degree is divided into
60 equal parts, called minutes and one minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds. The symbol
1 and 1 are used to denote one minute and one second, respectively.
Thus, 1 right angle = 90 degrees (= 90)
1 = 60 minutes (60)
1 = 60 second (60)
Section 1
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Centesimal System :
In this system a right angle is divided into 100 equal parts, called grades; each grade is subdivided into
100 minutes each minute is divided into 100 seconds.
The symbol 1g, 1 and 1 are used to denote a grade, a minute and a second respectively.
Thus, 1 right angle = 100 grades (= 100g)
1 grade = 100 minutes (= 100)
1 minute = 100 seconds (= 100)
(iii) Circular System :
In this system the unit of measurement is radian as defined below
Radians : One radian, written as 1c, is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of circle by an
arc of length equal to radius of the circle.
Consider an arc AB of a circle of radius r subtending an angle at its centre. The ratio between length
of arc AB and the radius of circle represents the measure of angle in the radians. i.e.
B
(in radians) =
arc AB
r
A
r
arc
r
=
=
radius
r
Radian is an important unit for measuring angles. So the following conversions must be remembered
Note :
22
radian is written as c or can be written simply as When the unit of angle is not mentioned. it must
be taken as radians.
Section 1
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Q II :
Y
Q II
QI
X
Q III:
Q III
Q IV:
Q IV
Y
r
O
P
(positive)
X
240
X
X
300
P
Q II
X
(negative)
P
Q III
Q III
Q IV
Section
Section1 1
X
80
P
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30
45
O 390
330
P
The position of revolving ray for angles 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 135, 180, 270,
360 must be remembered.
Y
Illustration - 2
3
4
90
180
0, 360
45
X
5
4
270
90
2
3
3
60
7
4
4
3
5
3
Illustration - 1 In a circle of diameter 40 cm the length of a chord is 20 cm. Find the length of minor
arc corresponding to the chord.
(A)
10
3
(B)
20
3
(C)
5
3
(D)
30
3
SOLUTION : (B)
Let arc AB = S. It is given that OA = 20 cm and chord AB = 20 cm.
Therefore, OAB is an equilateral triangle.
AOB = 60 = 60
180 3
We know that
Illustration - 2
(A)
5
24
(in radians)
B
20
60
A
O 20 cm
arc
S
20
S
cm
radius
3 20
3
Section 1
24
(C)
5
24
(D)
7
24
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SOLUTION :(A)
In such kind of problems first of all we convert minute into degree and then degree into radians
Therefore,
60 = 1
1
30 =
2
37 30 = 37
5
24
1
75
2
2
75
2 75
5
radians
radians
=
2
360 2
24
[using 1 =
radians]
180
Illustration - 3 If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5, find he smallest angle in degrees
and the greatest angle in radians.
(A)
50 ,
o
12
(B)
70 ,
o
12
(C)
75 ,
o
5
12
(D)
85 ,
o
12
SOLUTION : (C)
Let the three angles be 3x, 4x and 5x degrees,
and the greatest angle = 5x degree
In triangle,
= 5 15 degree = 75
3x + 4x + 5x = 180
12x = 180
x = 15
radians
= 75
radians
180
12
= 3 15 degree = 45
Section 1
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Section - 2
The six trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant of an angle , 0 <
< 90 are defined as the ratios of two sides of a right-angled triangle with as one of acute angle.
However, we can also define these trignometric ratios through a unit circle.
Y
Draw a unit circle (radius = 1 unit) and take any two diameters
at right angle as X and Y axes. Taking OX as the initial line,
sin =
p y
,
h 1
the y-coordinate of P
cos =
b x
,
h 1
the x-coordinate of P
tan =
p y
,
b x
x0
h 1
sec = ,
b x
h 1
cosec = ,
p y
P (x, y)
(0, y)
(x, 0)
Y
(0, 1)
P
x 0,
y0
and
b x
cot = .
p y
(1, 0)
X
(1, 0)
P
(0, 1)
Input
i.e. angle
Section
Section21
sin x
Operator
Ouput
i.e. ratio
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i.e., for every angle there exists a unique corresponding ratio i.e. output.
Similarly, we can study other trignometric ratios as trignometric functions in the same manner.
2.2
which the terminal side of the angle lies. We always take the length of OP vector is denoted by r which
is always positive.
Thus, sin =
y
x
has the sign of y and cos =
has the sign of x.
r
r
The sign of tan depends on the signs of x and y and similarly the signs of other trignometric functions
can be observed by the signs of x and /or y.
Y
x > 0, y > 0
p
r
x < 0, y > 0
y
x
y
sin =
>0
cos =
> 0,
tan =
>0
r
r
x
r
x
r
cosec =
> 0,
sec =
> 0 and cot =
>0
y
y
x
Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are positive.
y
x
y
>0
cos =
< 0,
tan =
<0
r
r
x
r
x
r
cosec =
> 0,
sec =
< 0 and cot = < 0
y
y
x
Thus, in the second quadrant all trigonometric function are negative other than sine and cosecent.
sin =
y
sin 0
r
cosec
r
0
y
x
cos 0 ,
r
sec
r
0
x
y
tan 0
x
and
cot
x
0
y
x
y
X
O
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric function are negative other than tangent and cotangent.
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x > 0, y < 0
y
0
r
r
cos ec 0
y
sin
cos
x
0,
r
r
0
x
tan
y
0
x
X
y
r
x
0.
y
p
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative other than cosine and secant.
It follows from the above discussion that the signs of the trigonometric ratios in different quadrants are
as follows:
2.3
sec =
and cot =
2.4.
II Quadrant
I Quadrant
All positive
O
III Quadrant
IV Quadrant
y = sin or sinx
As we have explained all trignometric ratios are functions (i.e., relations between angle and ratio) which
implies that each trignometric function must possess pictorial representation i.e. graph.
Now, for graph of trignometric y = sinx, we have to observe nature of y = sinx in different quadrants.
In Ist quadrant :
As x varies from 0 to
then corresponding ratio of y = sinx is positive and increases from 0 to
2
1.
In 2nd quadrant :
As x varies from
to then corresponding ratio of y = sinx is positive and decreases from
2
1 to 0.
In 3rd quadrant :
3
As x varies from to
then corresponding ratio of y = sinx is negative and decreases from
2
0 to 1.
Section 2
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In 4th quadrant :
3
As varies from
to 2 then corresponding ratio of y = sinx is negative and increases from
2
1 to 0.
De
c.
c.
In +
Dec
.
3
2
2
c
In
If angle is increased further from 2 then we observe that its ratio i.e. output starts repeating.
Which implies y = sinx is periodic function with fundamental period = 2.
Properties of y = sinx :
(i)
Domain of y = sinx is x R
(ii)
fundamental period of 2.
3
2
Principle cycle
y [1, 1] 1 sinx 1
(v)
2
m
Section 2
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y = cos or cosx
In 1st quadrant :
As x varies from 0 to
then corresponding ratio of y = cosx is positive and decreases from 1
2
to 0.
In 2nd quadrant :
As x varies from to then corresponding ratio of y = cosx is negative and decreases from 0
2
to 1.
In 3rd quadrant :
3
As x varies from to
then corresponding ratio of y = cosx is negative and increases from
2
1 to 0.
In 4th quadrant :
3
As x varies from
to 2 then corresponding ratio of y = cosx is positive and increases from
2
0 to 1.
De
c.
.
Inc
+
O
1
2 Dec
.
. 3
nc 2
If angle is increases further from 2 then we observe that its ratio i.e. output starts repeating.
Which implies y = cosx is periodic function with fundamental period = 2.
Properties of y = cosx :
(i)
Domain of y = cosx is x R
(ii)
10
1 cosx 1
Section 2
3
2
Principle cycle of
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(v)
A A cos (mx) A
2
m
y = tan or tanx
In Ist quadrant :
As x varies from 0 to
0 to and at x =
In 2nd quadrant :
As x varies from
to 0.
Now, from the above discussion, we have the graph of y = tanx in 0 to is
Inc.
Inc
.
If angle is increased further from then we observe that its ratio i.e. output starts repeating.
Which implies y = tanx is periodic function with fundamental period = .
Properties of y = tanx :
(i)
(ii)
Range of y = tanx is y (, )
Section 2
11
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(v)
y = cot (x)
(ii)
(v)
y (, )
y = cosec (x)
(ii)
(v)
12
Section 2
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(vi) Period of A cosec (mx) is T = 2/m
6.
y = sec (x)
(i)
(ii)
2.5.
2.6.
Degree
30
45
60
90
120
135
150
180
270
Radian
/6
/4
/3
/2
2/3
3/4
5/6
3/2
Sin
1/2
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/2
cos
3/2
tan
1/ 3
1/ 2
1
3/2
3/2
1/2
1/2
1/ 2
3/2
1 / 3
Section 2
13
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Y
+ 4
+ 2 X
O
+ 6
Note:That T-ratios will be same for , 2 + , 4 + , 6 + , or one can say same for and +
2n, n I
Hence adding and subtracting a multiple of 2 in an angle does not change the value of T-ratio.
T-Ratios for
:
2
T-Ratios for
+ :
2
sin cos
2
cos ec sec
2
sin cos
2
cosec sec
2
cos sin
2
sec cosec
2
cos sin
2
sec cosec
2
tan cot
2
cot tan
2
tan cot
2
cot tan
2
T-Ratios for :
T-Ratios for + :
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
sin ( + ) = sin
cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan
cot ( ) = cot
tan ( + ) = tan
cot ( + ) = cot
14
3
:
2
T-Ratios for
cosec ( + ) = cosec
3
:
2
sin
cos cos sec
2
sin cos
2
cos sin
2
tan
cot
2
tan
cot
2
cot tan
2
Section 2
cot tan
2
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sec
cos ec cos ec
sec
2
T-Ratios for 2 :
sec
cos ec cos ec
sec
2
T-Ratios for 2 + :
sin (2 + ) = sin
cos (2 + ) = cos
tan (2 + ) = tan
cot (2 + ) = cot
cos () = cos
tan () = tan
cot () = cot
cosec () = cosec
sec () = sec
sin (1050) = sin (1080 30) = sin (6 /6) = sin (/6) = sin/6 = 1/2
3/2
Section 2
15
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Section - 3
where A n , B n
1 tan A tan B
2
2
tan A tan B
tan ( A B )
and
A B m
1 tan A tan B
2
tan ( A B )
cot A cot B 1
cot A cot B where A n , B n
cot B cot A
tan (A + B + C) =
cot (A + B + C) =
sin (A + B + C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC sinA sinB sinC
cot ( A B )
or,
sin (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (tanA + tanB + tanC tanA tanB tanC)
cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC sinA sinB cosC sinA cosB sinC cosA sinB sinC
or,
cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (1 tanA tanB tanB tanC tanC tanA)
S1 S3 S5 S7 ....
, where
1 S2 S 4 S6 ....
S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + ..... + tan An = the sum of the tangents of the separate angles,
16
Section 3
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S2 = tan A 1 tan A2 + tan A 2 tan A3 + ..... = the sum of the tangents taken two at a time,
S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ..... = the sum of the tangents taken three at
a time, and so on.
3.2.
(ii)
1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2 A
1 cos 2A = 2 sin2 A
(v)
tan 2A =
(vii) cos 2A =
Illustration - 5
(x)
or,
2 tan A
2 tan A
1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
cos 3A = 4
cos3A
3 cosA
(vi)
sin 2A =
(ix)
(xi)
tan 3A =
1 tan 2 A
3 tan A tan 3 A
1 3 tan 2 A
3.3
Tranformation Formulae
3.3A
(ii)
The above four formula can be obtained by expanding the right hand side and simplifying.
Note : In the fourth formula, there is a change in the pattern. Angle (A B) comes first and (A + B) later. In
the first quadrant, the greater the angle, the less the cosine. Hence cosine of the smaller angle is written
first [to get a positive result]
3.3B
CD
2
CD
, these formulae can be rewritten as
2
CD
CD
cos
2
2
Section 3
17
3.4
18
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CD
CD
cos
2
2
CD
CD
cos
2
2
CD
CD
sin
2
2
or
2 sin
CD
DC
sin
2
2
General formulae
tan A tan B
sin ( A B)
where A, B n , n Z
cos A cos B
2
cot A cot B
sin ( B A)
where A, B n , n Z
sin A sin B
1 tan A tan B
1 cot A cot B
1 cos
sin
tan
where n
sin
2 1 cos
1 cos
1 cos
1 cos
cot 2 , where 2n
1 cos
2
cos 2
4
1 tan cos sin
cos 2
4
1 tan cos sin
Section 3
cos ( A B)
where A, B n , n Z
cos A cos B
2
cos ( A B)
where A, B n , n Z
sin A sin B
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3.5
3.6
Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Important Angles and Some Important Results
sin 15 = cos 75
3 1
2 2
cos 15
tan 15 2 3 cot 75
cot 15 2 3 tan 75
sin 22
1 1
2 2
cos 22
tan 22
1
2 1
2
cot 22
sin 18
5 1
cos 72
4
cos 18
10 2 5
sin 72
4
sin 36
10 2 5
cos 54
4
cos 36
5 1
sin 54
4
sin 9
cos 9
cos 36 cos 72
cos 36 cos 72
2 2
3 5 5 5
cos 81
4
1
2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1
2 1
2
3 5 5 5
sin 81
4
1
4
Note :
3 1
2 2
A
A
cos
2
2
We must be careful while determining the square root of trigonometrical function e.g.
sin 2 x | sin x | not sin x
Section 3
19
Illustration - 4
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Show that :
(i)
1 cos
tan
sin
2
(ii)
sin
tan
1 cos
2
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
4
1 tan cos sin
(vi)
4
1 tan cos sin
SOLUTION : (Hints)
(i)
LHS
(ii)
LHS
2 sin 2 / 2
tan / 2
2 sin / 2 cos / 2
2 sin / cos / 2
2 cos 2 / 2
tan / 2
(vi) LHS =
Illustration - 5
(i)
1
4
2 cot 2
sin cos
sin cos
sin 2
Calculate :
(ii)
SOLUTION :
(i)
sin 15 =
20
1 cos 30
sin 30
tan 15 = 2
Section 3
3 1
2 2
3 1
2 2
1 cos
using tan
2
sin
3
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and also,
(ii)
cot 15=
1
tan 22
2
1
cot 22
2
1
(iii) tan 7
2
and also,
Illustration - 6
1
tan 15
=2+
1 cos 45
2 1
sin 45
1
1
tan 22
2
2 1
1 cos 15
=
sin 15
3 1
2 2 2 2 3 1
3 1
3 1
2 2
1
tan 7 = ( 3 2) ( 2 1)
2
1
cot 7 =
2
Show that :
1
1
tan 7
2
( 3 2) ( 2 1)
SOLUTION :
LHS
[note that
2x 4x
3x]
2
2x 4x
2 x 4x
2 sin
cos
sin 3 x
2
2
4
x
2
x
4
x
2 cos
cos
cos 3x 2 cos 3 x cos ( x) cos 3x
2
2
sin 3x [2 cos x 1]
= cos 3 x [2 cos x 1] [ cos () = cos ]
= tan 3x = RHS
Illustration - 7
Simplify:
Section 3
21
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Given expression
sin 300 tan 330 sec 420 sin(360 60) tan(360 30) sec(360 60)
tan135 sin 210 sec 315 tan(180 45) sin(180 30) sec(360 45)
o
Illustration -14
3 1
2
1
2
3
2
o
o
o
1
1
( tan 45 ) ( sin 30 ) sec 45
1 2
2
2
( sin 60o ) ( tan 30o ) sec 60o
Illustration - 8
If cos
cos cos
, then show that tan tan cot .
2
2
2
1 cos cos
SOLUTION :
Manipulating the given condition as follows :
1 cos
1 cos
tan 2
[Apply C and D]
1 cos
tan 2
1 cos
2
tan 2 1 cos
tan 2
2
1 cos
2
Illustration - 9
1
1 cos cos
=
cos
cos cos
If tan
tan 2
tan 2 cot 2
2
2
2
tan
tan cot
2
2
2
1 e
cos e
.
SOLUTION : We have to find cos in terms of e and cos , so try to convert tan/2 to cos.
1 e
tan 2 =
tan 2
2 1 e
2
tan 2
1 e
1 e 1 cos
tan 2
=
2 1 e
2 1 e 1 cos
2 = 1 e cos e cos
1 e cos e cos
1
tan 2
22
Section 3
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1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
cos
Illustration - 10
If tan =
2 2 e cos 1 e cos
tan tan
, prove that :
1 tan tan
sin 2
sin 2 sin 2
.
1 sin 2 sin 2
SOLUTION : We have tan in terms of and , so and we have to express sin 2 in terms of , . Hence
we will start with sin 2 =
2 tan
1 tan 2
does not contain tan and tan , so express tan in terms of sine and cosine.
sin cos cos sin sin ( )
tan =
Now
sin =
2 tan
1 tan 2
2
sin 2 =
1
=
=
sin 2 =
sin ( )
cos ( )
sin 2 ( )
2 sin ( ) cos ( )
cos 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )
cos 2 ( )
sin [ ] sin [ )
1 sin 2 ( ) sin 2 ( )
sin 2 sin 2
1 sin [ ] sin [ ]
sin 2 sin 2
1 sin 2 sin 2
sin 2
.
5 cos 2
SOLUTION :
We have to express tan ( ) in terms of only. Starting with standard result of tan ( ) and
substituting for tan = 3/2 tan in R.H.S. we have :
Section 3
23
tan ( ) =
tan ( ) =
tan ( ) =
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1 tan tan
1 3 / 2 tan 2
tan
2 3 tan 2
sin cos
2 cos 2 3 sin 2
2 sin cos
4 cos 2 6 sin 2
sin 2
2 (1 cos 2) 3 (1 cos 2)
sin 2
5 cos 2
Illustration - 12 If
90 and then prove that tan tan 2 tan .
90
SOLUTION :
Now
tan tan
Illustration - 13
(A)
finite
tan 90
1 tan tan
0
tan tan
Now
tan tan 1
tan tan
1 tan tan
tan tan
2
a
2
2
2
2
a sin x b cos x c , b sin y a cos y d and a tan x b tan y , then
is
2
b
b c d b
a d c d
a d c a
b c d b
(B)
d a c a
b c d b
(C)
(D)
b c b d
a c a d
SOLUTION : (B)
We have to find value of
Given that :
, i.e.
a sin x b cos x c
24
Section 3
tan y
2
tan x
. a tan x b tan y
a sin x b 1 sin x c
sin x a b c b
sin x
cb
ab
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cos x 1 sin x
So,
tan x
cb
bc
ac
cos 2 x
ca
ac
ca
. . . .(i)
tan y
ad
[Replace c by d, b by a, a by b in (i)]
d b
tan y
2
tan x
ad
d b
ca
bc
, then
(A)
x + y + z = 0 (B)
x + y z = 0 (C)
y + z x = 0 (D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (A)
Consider x = sin ( ) sin ( ), multiply both side by 2. We get :
2 x 2sin sin
2 x cos cos
. . . .(i)
And similarly
2y cos cos
2 z cos cos
. . . .(ii)
. . . .(iii)
cos ( + ) = cos ( + )
cos ( + ) = cos ( + )
cos ( + ) = cos ( )
2x + 2y + 2z = 0
(B)
-1
x+y+z=0
3 cosec 20 sec 20 is :
(C)
(D)
Section 4
25
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SOLUTION :
Consider
L.H.S. =
3
1
3 cos 20 sin 20
sin 20 cos 20
sin 20 cos 20
1
4
cos 20 sin 20
2
2
=
2 sin 20 cos 20
= 4
tan A
(B)
cot A
(C)
tan
A
2
(D)
cot
A
2
SOLUTION : (B)
L.H.S.
1 tan 2 4 A
2 tan 4 A
1 tan 2
By using cot 2
2 tan
4 tan 2 4 A 4 4 tan 2 4 A
= tanA + 2 tan 2A +
tan
4
A
1 tan 2
By
using
cot
2
2 tan
2
2
= tanA + 2 cot 2A
1 tan 2
By using cot 2
2 tan
1 tan 2 A
= tanA + 2
2 tan A
tan 2 A 1 tan 2 A
=
= cotA = R.H.S.
tan A
26
Section 3
Vidyamandir Classes
Note : Students are advised to learn above result as formulae.
i.e., tanA + 2 cot 2A = cotA
Illustration - 17
Find set of all possible values of in [ , ] such that
1 sin
is equal to (sec
1 sin
tan ).
(A)
(B)
(C)
2
2
(D)
SOLUTION : (C)
Clearly
as,
sec tan =
1 sin
cos
. . . .(i)
1 sin
(1 sin ) 2
1 sin 1 sin
. . . .(ii) As
2
1 sin
cos
| cos |
cos
and
From (i) and (ii) two expressions are equal only if cos > 0, i.e., / 2 / 2
1 sin
sec tan are equal only where ,
and
1 sin
2 2
Illustration - 18
(A)
If
cos
(B)
y
2
cos
z
2
cos
(C)
, then x + y + z is equal to :
(D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
Given
cos
y
2
cos
z
2
cos
(say)
2
2
2
x + y + z = cos cos
cos
cos 2 cos cos
3
3
3
Section 3
27
Vidyamandir Classes
cos 2 52
(B)
cos 2
(C)
(D)
Column II
1
1
sin 2 22
2
2
1.
2.
3 3
4 2
sin 24 + cos 6
3.
3
4
sin250 + cos2130
4.
3
4
cos 2
5
5
15 3
4
2
2
2
2 2
4 2
(i)
cos 2 52
(ii)
5 1
3
4 5 1
3
cos
cos2
5
5 2
4
4
15 3
4
Section - 4
In this section, we shall discuss problems on finding the maximum and minimum values of various
trigonometrical expresions.
As discussed that 1 sin x 1, 1 cos x 1, tan x , | sec x | 1 and | cosec x | 1
Consider the expression a cos b sin , where is a variable.
Let y = a cos b sin
Further, let a = r cos and b = r sin . Then, r =
y = r cos ( )
for all
r r cos ( ) r
for all
28
Section 4
b
a 2 b2 and tan a
Vidyamandir Classes
a 2 b2 y a 2 b2
for all
a 2 b 2 a cos b cos a 2 b 2
for all
1
1
2
sin
cos
2
2
2 sin
4
1 sin 1
4
2 2 sin 2
4
and
1
3 sin cos 2
sin cos
2
2
( 3)2 (1)2 ]
= 2sin
6
as 1 sin 1
6
2 2 sin 2
6
Section 4
29
Vidyamandir Classes
5 sin + 12 cos + 7
= 13 [sin ( + )] + 7
52 122 ]
as 1 sin ( ) 1
13 13 sin ( ) 13
13 7 13 sin ( ) 7 13 7
If is an angle of triangle,
Note : Above questions can be solved using formula given in section -4.
4 and 10
(B)
-4 and 10
(C)
(D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
= cosx 5
3
3 3
3
sin x
2
2
13
3 3
cos x
sin x 3
2
2
169 27 13 / 2
cos x
4
4 169 27
4
4
3 3/2
4
4
[where tan =
2
3 3 ]
13
2
2
3 3
]
13
= 7 cos ( + x) + 3
As
1 cos ( x) 1
i.e., 7 3 7 cos ( x) 3 7 3
i.e., 4 7 cos ( x ) 3 10
30
Section 4
Vidyamandir Classes
1 2
1 2
b ( a c )2 and
b (a c)2
2
2
(B)
ac
ac
and
2
2
(C)
ac 1 2
ac 1 2
b (a c)2 and
b ( a c )2
2
2
2
2
(D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
Let f () = a sin2 + b sin cos + c cos2
=
b
a c
c a
a (1 cos 2) b
c (1 cos 2)
sin 2
= cos 2 sin 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
1
(a c ) b 2 (a c )2 (sin 2 cos cos 2 sin )
2
b2 ( a c) 2
1
(a c )
sin (2 )
2
2
As 1 sin (2 ) 1
b 2 (a c )2
b 2 (a c ) 2
a c
a c
f
(
2
2
2
2
Note : Above questions can also be solved by directly applying result given in Section -4.
1 and
1
4
(B)
1 and
3
4
(C)
0 and
1
4
(D)
0 and
3
4
SOLUTION : (C)
If the function contains only even powers of sine and cosine of the same angle, use the following propeties
(i) sin2x + cos2x = 1
(ii)
2 sinx cosx = sin2x.
6
6
Let f (x) = sin x + cos x
= (sin2x)3 + (cos2x)3
= (sin2x + cos2x)3 3 sin2x cos2x (sin2x + cos2x)
= 1 sin2x cos2x
=1
3
(sin 2x)2
4
Section 4
31
Vidyamandir Classes
When (sin 2x)2 is minimum i.e. 0, then y will be maximum and when (sin 2x)2 is maximum i.e. 1, then y
will be minimum.
Hence f (x)max = 1
3
0 1
4
and
f (x)max = 1
3
1
1 .
4
4
5.1
Section - 5
TYPE-1
Problems based on finding the sum of series of sines or cosines whose angles are in A.P.
Following two results are very useful in solving such problems.
n
2 sin (n 1) .
Result I : sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2) + ........ + sin ( + n 1 ) =
2
sin
2
n
sin
2 cos ( n 1) .
Result II : cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + .......... + cos ( + n 1 ) =
2
sin
2
sin
, we get :
2
. . . . (i)
Now, first term of above R.H.S. can be written as 2sin sin cos cos
2
2
2
32
Section 5
cos cos
2
2
2
Vidyamandir Classes
Now, adding above all terms, we get R.H.S. of (1) as cos cos (2 n 1) .
2
2
2sin
n
2 sin (n 1)
S=
2
sin
2
sin
S 2 sin ( n 1) sin
2
2
2
1
2
(B)
1
2
(C)
(D)
SOLUTION : (B)
L.H.S.
2
4
6
2 sin cos
cos
cos
7
4
7
7
=
2 sin
7
3
5
3
7
5
sin
sin sin
sin sin
sin
7
7
7
7
7
7
2 sin
7
1
7 = 1
=
2
2 sin
7
Alternative Method :
sin sin
2a n 1 d
sin nd / 2
cos
sin d / 2
2
Section 5
33
4
2 / 7
2
sin 3
2
2 cos 7
7
L.H.S. =
2 / 7
sin
2
sin
5.2
Vidyamandir Classes
3
4
3
4
cos sin
cos sin
cos
1 sin
14
14
2 7
2 7
7 1
7
7
=
2 sin 2
sin
sin
sin
7
7
7
7
TYPE - 2
If angles are in A.P. and sum of the first and the last angles is or /2. Then we will use the following
working rule and power of sine and cosine may or may not be one.
Working Rule
If angles are in A.P. and sum of the sum first and last angles is /2 or etc., then group equidistant
terms from both ends, express last angle in terms of the first in each group and simplify.
Illustration - 24
(A)
1
2
3
2
(C)
3
5
7
is :
cos 4
cos 4
cos 4
8
8
8
8
1
4
(D)
3
4
SOLUTION : (B)
7 4 3
5
8
8
8
8
4
3
3
cos 4 cos 4
cos 4
= cos
8
8
8
8
= 2 cos 4
3
2 cos 4
8
8
2
2
2
2
cos
1
cos
4
4
= 2 cos 2 cos 2 = 2
8
8
2
2
2
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
= 1
1
= 2 2
2
2
2
34
Section 5
1 3
2 2
Vidyamandir Classes
5.3
TYPE - 3
If angles are in G.P. having common ratio 2 or 1/2, terms of sine or cosineare in power one and in
product.
Illustrating the Concepts:
1
sin ( 2n A )
2 sin A
L.H.S. =
Illustration - 25
(A)
1/8
2n 1
n
2 sin A
2n 2
2n sin A
2n 3
n
2 sin A
1
n
2 sin A
1
2n sin A
[2 sin 2n 1 A cos 2n 1 A]
sin (2 .
2n 1
A) =
sin (2n A)
2n sin A
1/4
(C)
1/16
(D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
1
and
2
by using Type 3 on Page no. 37, to get :
In given expression :
cos 60
n3
1
1
3
sin (2 20)
L.H.S. = 2 3
2 sin 2
=
1
1
sin 160
16 sin 20
1 sin 20 1
1
sin (180 20) =
16 sin 20 16
16 sin 20
Section 5
35
Illustration - 26
(A)
1/8
Vidyamandir
Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
1/16
(C)
1/4
(D)
3/4
SOLUTION : (B)
By complementry rule
sin = cos (90 )
The given expression reduces to cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80
which is same as above illustration.
5.4
TYPE-4
If angles are in A.P., terms in sine or cosine having power one, and in product and sum of the first and
last angles is not /2 or etc. then
Working Rule :
(i) Change the last angle using formula for etc.
(ii) rearrange the terms in ascending order of angles.
(iii) group the terms in two parts: One part consisting of terms having angles in G.P. and the other
part consisting of remaining terms.
(iv) Simplify
Illustration - 27
(A)
1
2
2
4
6
is :
cos
cos
7
7
7
(C)
1
8
(D)
1
16
SOLUTION : (C)
Let
y = cos
2
4
6
cos
cos
7
7
7
2
4
cos
cos
= cos
7
7
7
36
Section 5
2
4
2
4
cos
= cos cos
.
7
7
7
2 y sin
2 y sin
2
2
4
sin
cos
cos
7
7
7
7
Vidyamandir Classes
4 y sin
2
2
4
2 sin
cos cos
7
7
7
4 y sin
4
4
sin
cos
7
7
7
4
4
2 sin
cos
7
7
7
[Multiplying both side by 2]
8 y sin
8 y sin
sin
sin
7
7
7
8 y sin
1
sin
y
7
7
8
Illustration - 28 The value of expression is sin2 12 + sin2 21 + sin2 39 + sin2 48 - sin2 9 - sin2 18
is:
(A)
(B)
(C)
-1
(D)
None
SOLUTION : (A)
sin2 12 + sin2 21 + sin2 39 + sin2 48 sin2 9 sin2 18
sin2 12 + sin2 21 + (sin2 39 sin2 9) + (sin2 48 sin2 18)
Multiplying and divide by 2,
1
[ 2 sin2 12 + 2 sin2 21 + 2 (sin2 39 sin2 9) + 2 (sin2 48 sin2 18)]
2
By using 2 sin2 = 1 cos2 and sin2 sin2 = sin ( + ) sin ( )
1
[1 cos 24 + 1 cos 42 + 2 sin 48 sin 30 + 2 sin 66 sin 30] = 1
2
As sin 30 =
1
and by complementary rule sin 66 = cos 24; sin 48 = cos 42.
2
3
4
(B)
1
4
(C)
1
16
(D)
1
2
SOLUTION :
Note that (66 + 6)/2 = 36 and (66 6)/2 = 30. Hence sin 6 and sin 66 should be combined.
L.H.S. = 1/4 [2 sin 6 sin 66] [2 sin 42 sin 78]
= 1/4 [cos (6 66) cos (6 + 66)] [cos (42 78) cos (42 + 78)]
= 1/4 [cos 60 cos 72] [cos 36 cos 120]
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
Section 5
37
Vidyamandir Classes
L.H.S. = 4 2 4 4 2 = 4
4
4
1
3 5
64
3 5 161 R.H.S.
1
8
(B)
1
4
1
16
(C)
(D)
SOLUTION : (D)
Consider L.H.S. = sin 20 sin 40 sin 80
= sin 20 sin (60 20) sin (60 + 20)
=
Illustration - 31
(A)
1
8
1
1
3
sin 3(20) = sin 60 =
4
4
8
1
4
(C)
3
5
7
is :
sin
sin
sin
14
14
14
14
1
2
(D)
1
16
SOLUTION : (A)
(i) sin
6
8
8
6
sin
cos
cos
cos
14
14
14
14
2 14
sin
3
4
4
sin
cos
14
14
2 14
sin
5
2
2
sin
cos
14
14
2 14
L.H.S. = cos
=
38
2
4
8
cos
cos
14
14
14
1
23 sin A
Section 5
sin (23 A)
[where A
2
]
14
Vidyamandir Classes
1
8 sin
Illustration - 32
(A)
sin
8
7
1
1
sin (1)
7
8
8
8 sin
7
1
[sin ( + ) = sin ]
3
7
9
1
8
(B)
1
4
(C)
1
16
(D)
3
8
SOLUTION : (C)
By supplementary rule : cos ( A) = cos A
3
3
L.H.S. = 1 cos
1 cos 1 cos 1 cos
10
10
10
10
5 1 5 1
1
2
2 3
2
2
= 1 cos
1 cos
sin 18 sin 54 =
10
10
4 16
1
8
(B)
1
4
(C)
1
16
(D)
3
8
SOLUTION : (C)
Consider L.H.S. :
1
1 5 1 1
( 5 1) (cos 120 cos 36)
= 16 ( 5 1) 2 4 =
.
4
16 4
16
16
n
fn () = tan ( 1 sec ) ( 1 sec 2 ) ( 1 sec 4 ) ...( 1 sec 2 ). Then :
2
(A)
f2 1
16
(B)
f3 1
32
(C)
f4 1
64
(D)
f5
1
128
Section 5
39
Vidyamandir Classes
SOLUTION : (ABCD)
sin ( / 2)
1 sin ( / 2) 2 cos 2 ( / 2)
We have tan (1 sec )
1
2
cos ( / 2) cos cos ( / 2)
cos
2 sin ( / 2) cos ( / 2)
sin
tan
=
cos
cos
f3 tan 23 tan 1
32
32
4
f 4 tan 24 tan 1
64
64
4
and
f5
tan 2
tan 1
128
128
4
CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
Section - 6
TYPE-I
Problems based on transformation of the plus form of sine or cosine in product form :
Working Rule :
(i)
(ii)
40
Simplify the terms containing A and B using the formula of sinC sinD and cosC cosD whichever
is applicable.
Simplify the term containing C by using sin 2 = 2 sin cos or cos 2 = 2 cos2 1 or cos
Section 6
Vidyamandir Classes
2 = 1 2 sin2 . and write A + B in terms of C and then take out the common factor (which
will be a term containing C).
(iii) Then transform C in A + B (not in the factor which has been taken common).
(iv) Then simplify to get the desired result.
Illustrating the Concepts :
If A + B + C = , then show that :
(i) sin2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
(ii) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 4 cosA cosB cosC
(iii) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + 4 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2
(iv) sin A + sinB + sinC = 4 cosA/2 cos B/2 cos C/2
(i)
LHS
[Convert A + B to C]
LHS
Section 6
41
Vidyamandir Classes
AB
AB
cos
cos C
2
2
AB
C
cos C
= 2 cos cos
2
2 2
= 2 sin
C
A B
C
cos
1 2 sin 2
2
2
2
= 2 sin
C
AB
C
cos
sin 1
2
2
2
= 2 sin
C
AB
A B
cos
cos
1
2
2
2
= 2 sin
C
A
B
2 sin sin 1
2
2
2
= 1 4 sin
C
]
2
A
B
C
sin sin RHS
2
2
2
TYPE-II
Problems involving squares of sines or cosines of angles.
Working Rule :
(i)
First, rearrange the terms in L.H.S. so that either sin2 A sin2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
or cos2 A sin2 B = cos (A + B) cos (A B) can be applied.
(ii)
Simplify the term containing C and then take out the common factor (which will be a term containing
C).
(iii) Then transform C in A + B (not in the factor which has been taken common).
(iv) Then simplify to get the desired result.
Illustrating the Concepts :
If A + B + C = , then show that :
(i) sin2A + sin2B sin2C = 2sin A sin B cos C
(ii) cos2 A/2 + cos2 B/2 + cos2 C/2 = 2 + 2 sin A/2 sin B/2 sin C/2
(iii) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2 + 2 cos A cos B cos C
42
Section 6
Vidyamandir Classes
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
TYPE III
Problems involving only tangents or cotangents of angles.
Working Rule :
(i)
(ii)
Write the given relation between angles keeping two angles on one side and remaining on the
other side.
Take tangent or cotangent of both sides and simplify to get the desired result.
(ii)
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan tan tan tan tan 1 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
Section 6
43
Vidyamandir Classes
(ii)
A+B+C=
tan (A + B) = tan ( C)
In ABC,
A+B=C
[By taking tan on both side]
tan A tan B
tan C
1 tan A tan B
A+B+C=
A B C
2 2 2 2
C
A B
C
tan tan cot
2
2 2
2 2
[ tan ( C ) tan C ]
or,
A B C
2 2 2 2
A
B
tan
2
2 1
A
B
C
1 tan tan
tan
2
2
2
A
C
B
C
A
B
tan tan tan tan 1 tan tan
2
2
2
2
2
2
A
B
B
C
C
A
tan tan tan tan tan tan 1.
2
2
2
2
2
2
A+B+C=
A+B=C
tan
(iii)
cot (A + B) = cot ( C)
cot A cot B 1
cot C
cot B cot A
TYPE IV
Miscellaneous Type
Working Rule :
(i)
(ii)
44
Section 6
Vidyamandir Classes
1 x2
y
1 y 2
z
1 z2
4 xyz
( 1 x2 ) ( 1 y 2 ) ( 1 z 2 )
tan A tan B
1
cot C tan C
1 tan A tan B tan C
2
tan (A + B) = tan C
2
A + B = C
[Taking principal value]
2
A+B+C=
2
x
y
z
Now,L.H.S. =
1 x2 1 y 2 1 z 2
tan A
1 tan 2 A
tan B
1 tan 2 B
tan C
1 tan 2 C
. . . .(i)
1 2 tan A
2 tan B
2 tan C
1
(tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2C )
2
2A + 2B + 2C =
or,
2A + 2B = 2C
or,
tan 2 A tan 2 B
tan 2C or,
1 tan 2 A tan 2 B
or,
. . . .(ii)
1
(tan 2A + tan 2B + tan 2C)
2
1
(tan 2 A tan 2 B tan 2C )
2
[From (iii)]
Section 6
45
Vidyamandir
Vidyamandir Classes
Classes
1 2 tan A
2 tan B
2 tan C
2
2
2 1 tan A 1 tan B 1 tan 2 C
1 2x
2y
2z
4 xyz
=
2
2
2
2
2 1 x 1 y 1 z
(1 x ) (1 y 2 ) (1 z 2 )
+ = A,
+ = B,
+=C
and
Now, A + B + C = + + + + +
or,
A+B+C=++=
or,
A+B=C
tan (A + B) = tan ( C)
or,
tan A tan B
= tanC
1 tan A tan B
or,
[As ]
or,
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
7.1
(ii)
46
Section - 7
= n
where n I.
Section 7
(iii)
= (2n + 1) /2
where n I.
= n
where n I.
Vidyamandir Classes
(iv) If sin = 1 then,
(v)
7.2
(4n 1)
5 9
,
,
, .....
2 2 2
where n I.
(vi)
5 9
,
,
, .....
4 4 4
If tan = 1 then,
= 2n where n I.
(4n 1)
where n I.
If sin = sin
(ii)
then = n + (1) n ,
where n I
then = 2n ,
(iv)
where n I
(vi)
where n I
where n I
If tan2 = tan2
then = n ,
If cos2 = cos2
then = n ,
If cos = cos
where n I
If sin2 = sin2
then = n ,
where n I
(ii)
sin = sin
sin sin = 0
2 cos
Either : cos
sin
0
2
2
0
2
or
(2l 1)
2
2
= (2l + 1)
or
= (odd no.) or
sin
0
2
n
2
or
= 2n +
= (even no.) +
= n + (1) n , n I.
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
[where, n I ]
Section 7
47
cos = cos
sin
0
2
2
0
Either sin
2
sin
0
or
2
tan = tan
= 2 n + [where, n I ]
sin sin
cos cos
sin cos cos sin = 0
sin ( ) = 0
= n, n I
= n + , n I
or
or
2 sin
(iii)
n
2
n
[where, n I ]
2
= 2n
cos cos = 0
Note :
Vidyamandir Classes
sin = sin
(ii)
nI
= n + (1) n, n I
cos = cos
= 2n , n I
= n + , n I
Illustration - 36 The number of value of x lying between 0 and 2 satisfying the equation : sin x +
sin 3x = 0 is are:
(A)
2
(B)
3
(C)
4
(D)
5
SOLUTION : (B)
The given equation is sin x sin 3x 0
2 sin
x 3x
x 3x
cos
0
2
2
2 sin 2 x cos x 0
Either sin2 x 0
or
cos x 0
2 x n
or
x ( 2n 1 ) / 2,
[where , n 1]
x n / 2
or
x ( 2n 1 ) / 2,
[where , n 1]
This is the general solution of the equation. To get particular solution satisfying 0 x 2 , we will
substitute integral values of n.
48
Section 7
Vidyamandir Classes
n0
x 0 , / 2
(ii)
n 1
x / 2, 3 / 2
(iii) n 2
x , 5 / 2
(iv)
n3
x 3 / 2 , 7 / 2
(i)
Section - 8
Squaring should be avoided as far as possible, If squaring is done check for the extraneous roots.
(ii)
Never cancel equal terms containing unknown or variable on two sides which are in product. It
may cause root loss.
(iii) The answer should not contain such values of which make any of the terms underfined.
(iv) Domain should not change. If it changes, necessary corrections must be made.
(v)
Check that denominator is not zero at any stage while solving equations.
TYPE-I
Problems based on method of factorisation :
Working Rule :
Step I. Take all the terms to L.H.S. i.e. make R.H.S. zero, then factorise L.H.S.
Step II. Equate each factor to zero and solve.
Step III. Check for root loss and extraneous roots.
Illustrating the Concepts :
(i)
(ii)
(i)
3 = n or 2 tan2 = 2 (1 tan2)
= n/3,
or
tan =
= n/3,
or
= n tan1
1
2
[where, n I]
1
[where, n I]
2
Section 8
49
Vidyamandir Classes
(ii)
Either sinx = 1
or
sinx + cosx = 1
sinx = sin /2
or
2 cos (x /4) = 1
x = n + (1) n /2
or
x /4 = 2n /4
[where, n I ]
x = n + (1) n /2
or
x = 2n /4 + /4
[where, n I ]
x = n + (1) n /2
or
x = 2n, 2n + /2
[where, n I ]
(B)
(C)
(D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (C)
cosx + (cos2x + cos4x) = 0
cosx + 2 cos3x cosx = 0
cosx (1 + 2 cos3x) = 0
cosx = 0
or
1 + 2 cos3x = 0
or
cosx = 0
cos3x = 1/2 = cos 2/3
x = (2n + 1)/2
or
3x = 2n 2/3
x = (2n + 1) /2,
or
x = 2n/3 2/9,
n = 0 x = /2, 2/9
50
Section 8
(less than 0)
[where, n I]
[where, n I]
Vidyamandir Classes
(i)
n=0
x = /10, /6
(ii)
n=1
x = /2
4x = 2n (/2 x)
Either 4x = 2n + /2 x
or
4x = 2n /2 + x
x = 2n/5 + /10
or
x = 2n/3 /6
(iii) n = 2
x = 9/10, 7/6
(iv) n = 3
x = 13/10, 11/6
(greater than )
(v)
n = 1
x = 3/10, 5/6
(less than 0)
(B)
10
(C)
12
(D)
14
SOLUTION : (C)
sec 4x sec2x = 2
or
1
1
2
cos 4 x cos 2 x
cos 6x + cos 4x = 0
2 cos 5x cos x = 0
Either cos 5x = 0
5x = 2n /2
or
x = 2n /2
x = 2n/5 /10
x = 2n /2
[where, n I]
or cos x = 0
x = /10
n=1
x = /2, 3/10
n=2
x = 9/10, 7/10
Consider x = 2n /2 :
n=0
[where, n I]
x = /2
Section 8
51
Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 40 The solution of the given equation cos cos2 cos3 = 1/4 are ( 2n 1 )A and n B ,
then A and B are :
(A)
,
8 3
(B)
(C)
,0
2
(D)
None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
1
2
cos
2
3
(2n 1)
8
2
2 2n
or
3
n
[where, n I ]
3
Hence,
or
or,
or,
or,
or,
or,
cos 4 [2 cos 2 + 1] = 0
Either cos 4 0,
or 2 cos 2 + 1 = 0.
4 (2n 1)
cos 2
TYPE-II
Equations of the form acos + bsin = c
Working Rule :
a 2 b2 on both sides and to get
(i)
Divide by
(ii)
Write L.H.S. as
a 2 b 2 cos( )
a
a 2 b2
cos
[where cos
a2 b2
a
a 2 b2
sin
and sin
c
a2 b2
b
a2 b2
Illustration - 41 The number of solution of the equation 3 sinx + cosx = 1 in the interval 0 x
2 .
(A)
(B)
(C)
SOLUTION : (A)
3 sinx + cosx = 1
Section 8
( 3)2 (1)2 ]
(D)
None of these
2 cos (x /3) = 1
x /3 = 2n /3
Vidyamandir Classes
x = 2n + 2/3, x = 2n
[where, n I]
This is the general solution of the equation.
To get particular solution satisfying 0 x 2
we will substitute integral values of n.
(i) n = 0
x = 0 or
2/3
(ii)
(iii) n = 2
x = 4 + 2/3
or
4 (greater than )
(iv) n = 1
or
x = 4/3
2 (less than 0)
n = 1 x = 2 + 2/3 or 2
Illustration - 42
SOLUTION :
Let t = sinx + cosx
t2 = 1 + 2 sinx cosx
t2
sin 2x =
or
t2 t 2 = 0
t=2
sinx + cosx = 2
or
or
t = 1
sinx + cosx = 1
2cos (x /4) = 2
or
cos (x /4) = 2
2 cos (x /4) = 1
cos (x /4) =
1
2
cos (x /4) =
1
is the only
2
possibiilty.
x /4 = 2n 3/4
[where, n I ]
TYPE-III
Trigonometric Inequality
Working Rule :
While solving inequations involving trigonometric functions, it is best to use graphs of trigonometric functions.
Illustrating the Concepts :
Solve cos x
1
2
Section 8
53
Vidyamandir Classes
1
.
2
Now, on this graph we want those values of x for
which graph
1
of y = cosx is more than the graph of y which
2
is shown by color part of the graph.
solution is
O
1
5
2
0 x
(B)
x
3
2
(C)
0 x
(D)
, x
4
2
SOLUTION : (C)
Let sin x = t
cos2x = 1 2t2
2t2
t (2t 1) < 0
(t 0) (t 1/2) < 0
t<0
TYPE-IV
Simultaneous Equations
(i) Two equations in one variable.
Working Rule :
(i)
If two equations in one unknown (say x) are given, then solve given equations separately for x
lying between 0 and 2.
(ii)
Select the value of x for which both the equations are satisfied.
54
Section 8
Vidyamandir Classes
Illustrating the Concepts :
Solve cos x
1
, and tan x 1
2
1
7
x ,
4 4
2
3 7
tan x 1 x ,
4 4
cos x
Common value of x
in (0, 2)
in (0, 2)
General solution is x 2n
7
.
4
7
4
TYPE-IV
(ii) Two equations in two variable.
Working Rule :
Step I.
Find A + B and A B between 0 and 2 from the two given equations. Impose the
condition that A and B must be smallest and positive, since A and B are positive angles,
A + B > A B. Find A + B and A B accordingly.
Step II.
Step III.
Then generalised it with the help of common period. i.e. adding a factor of np.
(A + B) > (A B)
Now tan (A B) = 1
(A B) = /4, 5/4
sec (A + B) = 2/3
(A + B) = /6, 11/6
A B = /4
and
A + B = 11 /6
(ii)
A B = 5 /4
and
A + B = 11 /6
25
24
and
19
24
Section 8
55
37
24
and
Vidyamandir Classes
B
7
24
General Values
tan (A B) = 1
2
3
Taking A B = n +
4
(2k n) 5
A
2
24
sec (A + B) =
A B = n + /4
A + B = 2k
and
and
A + B = 2k + we get :
6
(2k n)
B
2
24
and
A + B = 2k
(2k n)
2
24
and
Taking A B = n +
A
we get :
6
(2k n) 5
2
24
TYPE-V
Miscellaneous Type
(i)
Whenever the terms on the two sides (L.H.S. and R.H.S.) of the equation are of different nature,
We use inequality method for testing whether the equation has any real solution or not.
Working Rule :
(i)
Let y = each side of the equation and break the equation in two parts.
(ii)
Form the inequality for y taking L.H.S. of the equation and also for R.H.S. of the equation. If
there is any value of y satisfying both the inequalities, then the equation will have real solution
and if there is no such y, the equation will have no real solution.
x
Show tht the equation 2 cos 2 sin2 x x 2 x 2 for 0 x has no real solution.
2
2
Let
x
y1 2 cos 2 sin 2 x
2
. . . .(i)
and
y2 = x2 + x2
. . . .(ii)
From (i),
2
y1 = 2 cos
x
sin 2 x
2
= (1 + cosx) sin2x
= (< 2) ( 1)
56
Section 8
Vidyamandir Classes
. . . .(iii)
<2
i.e.
y<2
1
1
2
2
2
From (ii), y2 = x x x 2 x 2 2
x
x
i.e.
y2 2
. . . .(iv)
[ x 0]
(ii)
If not possible to equate the base then take log of both side
(A)
2
3
3
81 + | cosx | + |cos x| + | cos x | + ... to infinity = 4 .
4
(C)
6
(D)
8
(B)
SOLUTION : (B)
2
3
81 + | cos x | + |cos x | + | cos x | + ... to infinity 82
This is an infinite geometric series with first term 1 and common ratio | cosx |.
1
2 [by using sum of infinite geometric series with first term a and common ration r is
1 |cos x |
a
1 r if | r | < 1]
or,
1 | cos x |
| cos x |
1
2
cos x
1
2
cos , x 2n
2
3
3
When
cos x
When
cos x
1
2
2
cos , x 2n
2
3
3
Section 8
57
Vidyamandir Classes
2
.
,
3
3
TYPE-VI
Whenever terms are in sin, cos in power 1, all terms connected with plus sign and number of terms
in L.H.S. is equal to the number in R.H.S. [with (+) or () sign] then each term must have its exteremum
value.
Working Rule :
In such problems each term will be (+1) when the number in R.H.S. is (+)ve and each term will be
(1) when the number in R.H.S. is ()ve.
Illustrating the Concepts :
Solve the equation sin6x + cos4x + 2 = 0.
sin6x + cos4x + 2 = 0 or sin6x + cos4x = 2
. . . .(i)
Now,
sin 6 x 1 sin
3
3
6 x 2 n
2
2
n
, where n I.
3 4
7 11 5 19 23
,
,
, ,
,
4 12 12 4 12 12
4x = 2n +
n
, where n I.
2 4
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
Hence, values of x lying between 0 and 2 satisfying both the equations are
5
,
4 4
5
x 2 n
2n
or,
4
4
(2n 1)
i.e. x 2n
or,
4
4
Combining these two results, to get :
x m
,
4
[where n I]
[where n I]
58
Section 8
Vidyamandir Classes
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1.
cosec2
1 + tan2
sec2
2.
3.
arc
r
=
=
radius
r
sin =
y
>0
r
cos =
x
> 0,
r
tan =
y
>0
x
r
x
r
> 0,
sec =
>0
and
cot =
>0
y
y
x
Thus, in the first quadrant all trigonometric functions are positive.
cosec =
sin =
y
>0
r
cos =
x
< 0,
r
tan =
y
<0
x
r
x
x
> 0,
sec =
<0
and
cot =
<0
y
y
r
Thus, in the second quadrant all trigonometric function are negative other than sine and cosecent.
cosec =
sin
y
0
r
cos
x
0,
r
tan
y
0
x
Things to Remember
59
cosec
r
0,
y
Vidyamandir Classes
sec
r
0 and
x
cot
x
0
y
Thus, in the third quadrant all trigonometric function are negative other than tangent and contangent.
In fourth quadrant, we have
x > 0, y < 0
sin
y
0
r
cos ec
r
0
y
cos
x
0,
r
sec =
r
0
x
tan
and
y
0
x
cot =
x
0.
y
Thus, in the fourth quadrant all trigonometric functions are negative other than cosine and secant.
It follows from the above discussion that the signs of the trigonometric ratios in different quadrants are
as follows:
y
4.
II Quadrant
I Quadrant
All positive
O
III Quadrant
IV Quadrant
5.
Properties of y = sinx :
Domain of y = sinx is x R
(ii)
Y
1
O
1
3
2
Principle cycle
60
Things to Remember
Vidyamandir Classes
II.
Properties of y = cosx :
(i)
Domain of y = cosx is x R
(ii)
period of 2.
1 cosx 1 1
ymax = 1 and ymin = 1
3
2
y [1, 1]
(v)
III.
A A cos (mx) A
A cos (mx) can never be greater than A or less than A ymax = A and ymin = A
Properties of y = tanx :
(i)
(ii)
Range of y = tanx is y (, )
(v)
IV.
Principle cycle
y = A cot (mx)
Y
c.
De
as
c.
De
y = A cot x
Principle cycle
Things to Remember
61
(ii)
Not defined
Not defined
3/2
O /2
c.
De
VI
A +
c.
I nc .
(i)
Inc
Vidyamandir Classes
y = A cosec x
Principle cycle
y = A sec (mx)
Properties of y = A sec (mx)
(ii)
Inc
6.
3 2
2
c.
De
Inc
.
c.
De
(i)
y = A sec x
where A n , B n
1 tan A tan B
2
2
tan A tan B
tan ( A B )
and
A B m
1 tan A tan B
2
tan ( A B )
62
Things to Remember
Vidyamandir Classes
cot A cot B 1
cot A cot B where A n , B n
cot B cot A
cot ( A B )
sin (A + B + C) = sinA cosB cosC + cosA sinB cosC + cosA cosB sinC sinA sinB sinC
or,
sin (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (tanA + tanB + tanC tanA tanB tanC)
cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC sinA sinB cosC sinA cosB sinC cosA sinB sinC
or,
cos (A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC (1 tanA tanB tanB tanC tanC tanA)
S1 S3 S5 S7 ....
, where
1 S2 S 4 S6 ....
S1 = tan A1 + tan A2 + ..... + tan An = the sum of the tangents of the separate angles,
S2 = tan A 1 tan A2 + tan A 2 tan A3 + ..... = the sum of the tangents taken two at a time,
S3 = tan A1 tan A2 tan A3 + tan A2 tan A3 tan A4 + ..... = the sum of the tangents taken three at
a time, and so on.
II.
(i)
(ii)
1 + cos 2A = 2 cos2 A
1 cos 2A = 2 sin2 A
(v)
tan 2A =
(vii) cos 2A =
or,
2 tan A
2
1 tan A
1 tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
2 tan A
(vi)
sin 2A =
(ix)
1 tan 2 A
Things to Remember
63
(x)
7.
Vidyamandir Classes
(xi)
tan 3A =
3 tan A tan 3 A
1 3 tan 2 A
Tranformation Formulae
I.
II.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
8.
CD
CD
cos
2
2
CD
CD
cos
2
2
CD
CD
sin
2
2
or
2 sin
CD
DC
sin
2
2
General formulae
64
tan A tan B
sin ( A B)
where A, B n , n Z
cos A cos B
2
cot A cot B
sin ( B A)
where A, B n , n Z
sin A sin B
1 tan A tan B
1 cot A cot B
cos ( A B)
where A, B n , n Z
cos A cos B
2
Things to Remember
cos ( A B)
where A, B n , n Z
sin A sin B
Vidyamandir Classes
9.
1 cos
sin
tan
where 2n
sin
2 1 cos
1 cos
1 cos
1 cos
cot 2 , where 2n
1 cos
2
cos 2
4
1 tan cos sin
cos 2
4
1 tan cos sin
Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Important Angles and Some Important Results
sin 15 = cos 75
3 1
2 2
cos 15
tan 15 2 3 cot 75
cot 15 2 3 tan 75
sin 22
1 1
2 2
cos 22
tan 22
1
2 1
2
cot 22
sin 18
5 1
cos 72
4
cos 18
10 2 5
sin 72
4
sin 36
10 2 5
cos 54
4
cos 36
5 1
sin 54
4
sin 9
cos 9
2 2
3 5 5 5
cos 81
4
2
sin sin (60 ) sin (60 + ) = 1/4 sin 3
cos 36 cos 72
3 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
2 2
1
2 1
2
3 5 5 5
sin 81
4
cos 36 cos 72
1
4
Things to Remember
65
10.
11.
Vidyamandir Classes
for all
12.
Result I :
n
2 sin (n 1) .
sin + sin ( + ) + sin ( + 2) + .......... + sin ( + n 1 ) =
2
sin
2
sin
Result II :
n
2 cos ( n 1) .
cos + cos ( + ) + cos ( + 2) + .......... + cos ( + n 1 ) =
2
sin
2
sin
13.
= n
where n I.
(v)
= 2n where n I.
Things to Remember
(iv)
where n I.
66
= n
(ii)
If sin = 1 then,
(vi)
= (2n + 1) /2
(4n 1)
where n I.
5 9
,
,
, .....
2 2 2
where n I.
(4n 1)
where n I.
Vidyamandir Classes
14.
If sin = sin
(ii)
n
then = n + (1) ,
where n I
then = n ,
then = 2n ,
(iv)
where n I
If sec2 = sec2
where n I
If tan2 = tan2
then = n ,
(vi)
where n I
If cos = cos
where n I
If cos2 = cos2
then = n ,
where n I
where n I
Things to Remember
67
Vidyamandir Classes
My Chapter Notes
Vidyamandir Classes
Illustration - 1
Vidyamandir Classes
Vidyamandir Classes