PETRLEOS Y AMBIENTAL
TERMODINMICA Y FSICO-QUMICA
CURSO: QUINTO
GASES IDEALES
2.1. Cinco gramos de etano se encuentran dentro de un frasco sellado
de 1dm3 de capacidad. El frasco es tan dbil que se romper si la
presin sobrepasa 1MPa. A qu temperatura alcanzar la presin del
gas el valor de rotura?
Datos:
gC H =5 g
2
V C H =1 dm 3=1 L
2
M C H =30
2
g
mol
PV =nRT
n=
g
M
T=
PV
nR
g
30
( 9.878104 atm )( 1 L )
(
mol )
PV
M PV
T=
=
=
g
gR
atm . L
R
( 5 g ) (0.082
M
mol . K )
T =722.788098 K
T C =722.788098273.15
T C =449.638098
V =0.050 m3=50 L
P=15 MPa=148.171563atm
T =300 K
n=?
gO =?
2
M O =32
2
g
mol
Solucin
PV =nRT
n=
PV (148.171563 atm ) ( 50 L )
=
RT
atm . L
0.082
( 300 K )
mol . K
n=301.161713mol
gO =nM O
2
gO =( 301.161713 mol ) 32
2
g
mol
gO =9637.174829 g
2
Kg O =9637.174829 g
2
1 Kg
=9.637174 Kg
|1000
g|
9.80665 m/s
Datos:
T =30.2=303.35 K
V 1=100.2 cm 3=0.1002 L
V 2=110.0 cm3 =0.11 L
Pena =20.14 mmHg=0.0265 atm
Hg=13.5212
a=9.80665
M He =4
g
g
=13521.2
3
L
cm
m
s2
g
mol
Solucin
V T =V 1+V 2
V T =0.1002 L+0.11 L
V T =0.2102 L
PV =
W
RT
M
W He=
M He P ena V
RT
30.2
es
13.5212 g /cm
y la aceleracin de la
g
4
( 0.0265 atm )( 0.2102 L )
(
mol )
=
atm. L
( 303.35 K )
(0.082 mol
.K )
W He
W He=0.000896 g=896 g
V1
; el volumen en el matraz 2,
V 1=?
V 2=110.0 cm3 =0.11 L
Pena =15.42mmHg=0.020289 atm
Penb =27.35 mmHg=0.035987 atm
T =30.2=303.35 K
Hg=13.5212
a=9.80665
M He =4
g
mol
Solucin
m
s2
g
g
=13521.2
3
L
cm
1.W He =
M He PV M He Pa ( V 1+ V 2 )
=
RT
RT
En el punto b
2.W He =
M He PV M He Pb ( V 1 )
=
RT
RT
Igualando 1=2
M He Pa ( V 1+ V 2 ) M He Pb ( V 1 )
=
RT
RT
Pa ( V 1+ V 2 )=Pb ( V 1 )
Pa V 1+ P a V 2=P b V 1
Pa V 1Pb V 1=P a V 2
( PaP b ) V 1 =P a V 2
V 1=
Pa V 2
( PaPb )
V 1=
V 1=0.14217 L
a) Entonces la masa del helio cuando se eleva hasta b
V 1=0.14217 L
Penb V
RT
M
W He =
He
g
4
( 0.035987 atm )( 0.14217 L )
(
M PV
mol )
=
=
RT
atm. L
( 303.35 K )
(0.082 mol
.K )
He
W He
W He=0.000822 g=822 g
2.5.
condiciones estndar
(exactamente) y
las escalas
Po=1 atm ,
V o=0.03 m
Po=1 atm
3
m
L
~
V o=0.03
=30
mol
mol
T o=300 K
R=?
23
N o=6.02310 molculas
n H =1 mol
2
nO =1mol
2
M H =?
2
M O =?
2
Solucin
~
Po V o=Ro T o
L
( 1atm ) 30
~
P V
mol
Ro= o o =
To
( 300 K )
Ro=0.1
| ||
kg
m2
1 m3
9.8 N
1J
J
=10.1234
1atm
1000 L
1 kg
Nm
mol . K
10330
atm . L
mol . K
|| || |
P=1 atm
PV =nRT
R1=
P1 V 1
=
T1
( 1atm ) 22.414
L
mol
273.15 K
) =0.082057 atm . L
mol . K
atm . L
P V
R
mol . K
n= o o = 0 =
=1.218665
R 1 T o R1
atm . L
0.082057
mol . K
0.1
N 1=nN o
N 1=( 1.218665 mol ) ( 6.0231023 molculas )
23
N 1=7.3410 molculas
M H 0
N 1=
N0
2
(1 molg ) (7.3410
23
23
6.02310 molculas
M H =
2
M H =1.218662
2
molculas )
g
mol
V =22.414
L
mol
T =273.15 K
M O
2
g
16
( 7.3410
(
mol )
N =
1
N0
23
molculas )
23
6.02310 molculas
M O =
2
M O =19 . 498589
2
2.6.
El
g
mol
coeficiente
( V1 )( VT )
de
expansin
1. PV =nRT
2 .V =
nRT
P
Derivando 2
V=
3.
nR
T
P
( TV ) = nRP
P
De 1:
4.
V nR
=
T
P
4 en 3
5.
( VT ) = VT
P
( V1 )( VT )
est
definido
( V1 )( VT )
trmica
por
1
T
2.7.
El
coeficiente
( V1 )( VP )
de
compresibilidad
. Calclese el valor de
( V1 )( VP )
1. PV =nRT
2.V =
nRT
P
Derivando 2
V=
3.
nRT
P
2
P
( VP ) =nRT
P
2
1 en 3
PV
=
( V
P)
P
2
4.
( VP ) = VP
T
( V1 )( VP )
1
P
est
definido
por
1 V
V T
( )
1. =
2. =
1 V
V P
( )
( VT ) ( VP ) ( PT ) =1
P
( PT ) = T 1 V
(V ) ( P )
V
V
(
T )
P
3. (
=
T )
( VP )
PV =nRT
4. V =
nRT
P
PV
V
nR
T
V
5.
= =
=
T P P
P
T
( )
6.
VP V
=
=
( VP ) =nRT
P
P
P
T
Remplazando 5 en 1:
1 V
V T
7. =
( )
1
T
( PT )
Remplazando 6 en 2:
( )
1 V
V
P
( 1P )
8. =
Con 3:
P
T
=
T V V
P
( )
9.
( )
( TP ) = TP
V
Remplazando 7 y 8 en 9:
( PT ) =
V
27
V =2 dm =2 L
T =27 =300.15 K
Solucin
gH =1 g
a)
gO =1 g
2
M H =2
2
g
mol
g
mol
M O =32
2
nH =
2
gH
1g
=
=0.5 mol
MH
g
2
mol
2
nO =
2
gO
1g
=
=0.03125 mol
MO
g
32
mol
2
nT =n H + nO
2
XH =
nH
0.5 mol
=
=0.941176=94.1176 H 2
nT 0.53125 mol
XO =
n O 0.03125 mol
=
=0.058824=5.8824 O2
nT 0.53125 mol
PV =nRT
P=
nRT
=
V
atm . L
( 300.15 K )
mol . K
2L
P=6.537642 atm
PH = X H P=( 0.941176 )( 6.537642 atm ) =6.153072atm
2
gN =1 g
b)
gO =1 g
2
M N =28
g
mol
M O =32
g
mol
nN =
2
gN
1g
=
=0.035714 mol
MN
g
28
mol
2
nO =
2
gO
1g
=
=0.03125 mol
MO
g
32
mol
2
nT =n N +nO
2
XN =
n N 0.035714 mol
=
=0.533331=53.3331 N 2
nT 0.066964 mol
XO =
nO
0.03125mol
=
=0.466669=46.6669 O2
nT 0.066964 mol
PV =nRT
P=
nRT
=
V
P=0.824069 atm
2L
atm . L
( 300.15 K )
mol . K
gCH =1 g
c)
gNH =1 g
3
M CH =16
g
mol
M NH =17
g
mol
nCH =
4
gCH
1g
=
=0.0625 mol
M CH
g
16
mol
4
n NH =
3
g NH
1g
=
=0.058824 mol
M NH
g
17
mol
3
nT =nCH +n NH
4
X CH =
nCH
0.0625 mol
=
=0.51515=5 1.515 CH 4
n T 0.121324 mol
X NH =
n NH 0.058824 mol
=
=0.48485=48.485 NH 3
nT 0.121324 mol
PV =nRT
P=
nRT
=
V
atm . L
( 300.15 K )
mol . K
P=1.493031 atm
gH =1 g
d)
gCl =1 g
2
M H =2
2
g
mol
g
mol
M Cl =71
2
nH =
2
gH
1g
=
=0.5 mol
MH
g
2
mol
2
nCl =
2
g Cl
1g
=
=0.014084 mol
M Cl
g
71
mol
2
nT =n H + nCl
2
XH =
nH
0.5 mol
=
=0.972604=97.2604 H 2
nT 0.514084 mol
X Cl =
PV =nRT
P=
nRT
=
V
atm . L
( 300.15 K )
mol . K
P=6.326395 atm
La diferencia con los resultados del problema anterior debe a que tenemos las
mismas masas pero diferentes pesos moleculares, lo que hace que haya muchas
ms moles de H2 que de O2 ya que es bastante ms ligero. Entre N 2 Y O2 la
diferencia no es tan fuerte.
20
. En el
20
T =20 =293.15 K
X N =78 =0.78
2
X O =21 =0.21
2
X Ar =1 =0.01
Solucin
a) En la muestra seca
Paire hmedo =P N + PO + P Ar + P H O
2
PH O =P airehmedo (P N + PO + P Ar )
2
PH O =0.023079 atm
2
XN =
2
XO =
2
X Ar =
PN
Paire hmedo
PO
Paire hmedo
P Ar
Paire hmedo
X H O=
2
PH
0.761998 atm
=0.761998
1 atm
0.205153 atm
=0.205153
1 atm
0.009769 atm
=0.009769
1 atm
P airehmedo
0.023079 atm
=0.023079
1 atm
60
bajo
una presin total de 1 atm en la que la presin parcial del vapor de agua
es 0.120 atm. Supngase la composicin del aire seco dada en el
problema 2.10.
60
60
si la
V =20 L
T =60 =333.15 K
Pvapor de agua=0.120 atm
Aire seco:
X N =78 =0.78
2
X O =21 =0.21
2
X Ar =1 =0.01
Solucin
a) En la muestra seca
Paire hmedo =P N + PO + P Ar + P H O
2
PH O =P airehmedo (P N + PO + P Ar )
2
PH O =0.12 atm
2
XN =
2
XO =
2
X Ar =
PN
Paire hmedo
PO
b)
Paire hmedo
P Ar
Paire hmedo
X H O=
2
PH
0.6864 atm
=0.6864=68.64 N 2
1 atm
0.1848 a tm
=0.1848=18.48 O2
1 atm
0.0088 atm
=0.0088=0.88 Ar
1 atm
P aire hmedo
0.120 atm
=0.120=12 H 2 O
1 atm
T =60 =333.15 K
HR=100
H . R .=100
Pw
P wo
P wo=0.197 atm
Pw=
%HRPwo
100
Pw=
1000.197 atm
100
PT =P aireseco + P H
PV =nRT
n=
n=
PV
RT
( 0.197 atm )( 20 L )
atm . L
0.082
(333.15 K )
mol K
n=0.144226 mol
Cuando:
V=
PT =0.317 atm
nRT
P
atm . L
( 333.15 K )
mol K
( 0.317 atm )
V =12.42 L
c)
PT =200 atm
PT =P aireseco + P H
PH O =P T P aireseco
2
PH O =199.803 atm
2
X H O=
PH O
PT
X H O=
199.803 atm
200 atm
X H O =0.999015
2
30
agua a
31.82Torr
30
es
T =30 =303.15 K
Pvapor de agua=31.82 Torr=0.041868 atm
gH O =0.90 g
2
M H O=18
2
g
mol
V =?
Solucin
PV =nRT
V=
gRT
MP
( 0.90 g ) 0.082
V=
atm . L
( 303.15 K )
mol . K
V =29.67 L
Datos:
P=1 atm
PH =0.40 atm
puro
X H =?
2
X O =?
2
Solucin
XH =
puro
PH
0.40 atm
=
=0.40
P
1 atm
puro
X H =2 ( 0.40 )
2
X H =0.80=80 H 2
2
X =X H + X O
2
X O =X X H
2
X O =10.80
2
X O =0.20=20 O2
2
20
Solucin
Pi=P N + PH
a)
Pf =PN
XN =
2
b)
PN P f 0.980263 atm
= =
=0.980263=98.0263 N 2
PT P i
1atm
2
X H O=
2
T =20 =293.15 K
gH O =0.150 g
2
M H O=18
2
PV =
V=
g
mol
g
RT
M
gRT
=
MP
( 0.150 g ) 0.082
atm . L
( 293.15 K )
mol . K
V =10.149423 L
CuO+ H 2 Cu+ H 2 O
El oxigeno se re oxida el cobre formado:
1
Cu+ O2 CuO
2
100.0 cm3 de la mezcla metidos a
25
25
y 750 Torr
V =100 cm 3=0.1 L
T =T O =25 =298.15 K
2
P=PO =750Torr=0.986842atm
2
Solucin
PV =nRT
nT =
PV
=
RT
nO =
2 seco
nO =nO seco + nO
2
nO
2 que reaccionaron
n H =2 nO
2
2 que reaccionaron
1
= nH
2
2 que reaccionaron
nT =nO + nH
2
nT =nO
seco
nT =nO
seco
nT nO
seco
nH =
2
+nO
2 que reaccionaron
1
+ n H +n H
2
2
3
= nH
2
+ nH
2
n n
3 ( T O seco )
2
2
n H = ( 0.004036 mol0.003411 mol )
3
2
n H =0.0004166 mol
2
Composicin inicial
XH =
nH 0.0004166 mol
=
=0.103238=10.32 H 2
nT
0.004036 mol
XO =
X N =78 =0.78
2
X O =21 =0.21
2
X Ar =1 =0.01
2C 2 H 6+7 O2 4 CO 2+ 6 H 2 O
Solucin
Composicin inicial
XH =
nH
=0.747=74.7 H 2
nT
XO =
nO
=0.101=10.1 O2
nT
X Ar =
nH
=0.010=1 Ar
nT
XCO =
n CO
=0.058=5.8 C O 2
nT
XH =
nH
=0.086=8.6 H 2 O
nT
2O
2O
20
V =200 cm =0.2 L
P=100 kPa=0.98781 atm
T =20 =293.15 K
ggas =0.3846 g
g
mol
M C =30
2H 6
g
mol
M C H =58
4
10
Solucin
PV =nRT
n=
PV
=
RT
n gas=0.008219 mol
n gas=nC +nC
2 H6
n gas=
gC
2H 6
MC
2 H6
4 H10
gC
MC
ggas =gC + g C
2 H6
n gas=
gC
2H 6
MC
2 H6
0.008219=
4 H 10
4 H10
gC =g gas gC
2 H6
4 H 10
4 H 10
gC
4 H 10
MC
ggas gC
MC
4 H 10
0.3846gC
30
H10
4 H10
2H 6
gC H
58
4
gC
4 H 10
MC
4 H10
0.3846gC
30
10
0.008219=0.012820.033333 g C H +0.017241 g C H
4
0.033333 g C H 0.017241 gC
4
10
0.016092 g C H =0.004601
4
10
0.004601
0.016092
gC
H10
gC
H10
=0.285918 g
H 10
10
10
=0.012820.008219
H 10
gC H
58
4
10
nC
H 10
gC H 0.285918 g
=
=0.004929 mol
MC
g
58
mol
4
10
4 H 10
XC
H 10
nC H 0.004929 mol
=
=0.599784=59.9784 C4 H 10
n gas 0.008219 mol
4
10
Datos:
V =138.2 ml=0.1382 L
g=0.6946 g
P=756.2 Torr=0.995 atm
T =100 =373.15 K
Solucin
PV =nRT
PV =
M=
g
RT
M
gRT
=
PV
M =154.6
atm . L
( 373.15 K )
mol . K
( 0.995 atm ) ( 0.1382 L )
( 0.6946 g ) 0.082
g
mol
25
T =25 =298.15 K
P=0.80 Po
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
2
s
Solucin
a)
P=Po e
M gz
RT
M gz
0.80 Po
=e RT
Po
ln 0.80=ln e
ln 0.80=
M=
M gz
RT
M gz
RT
RT ( ln 0.80 )
=
gz
M =5.6442103
M =5.6442
b)
8.314
kg 1000 g
mol
1 kg
Z =1km=1000 m
P=Po e
( )
g
mol
M gz
RT
J
( 298.15 K ) ( ln 0.80 )
mol . K
m
9.8 2 ( 10 000 m)
s
M gz
0.80 Po
=e RT
Po
ln 0.80=ln e
ln 0.80=
M=
M gz
RT
M gz
RT
RT ( ln 0.80 )
=
gz
8.314
J
( 298.15 K ) ( ln 0.80 )
mol . K
( 9.8 ms ) ( 1000 m)
2
M =0.056442
M =56.442
c)
kg 1000 g
mol
1 kg
g
mol
Z =1m
P=Po e
M gz
RT
M gz
0.80 Po
=e RT
Po
ln 0.80=ln e
ln 0.80=
M gz
RT
M gz
RT
RT ( ln 0.80 )
M=
=
gz
8.314
J
( 298.15 K ) ( ln 0.80 )
mol . K
( 9.8 ms ) ( 1m )
2
M =56.442
kg
mo l
d) La masa molar del literal c) nos muestra que las molculas son
macromolculas por lo tanto se tratan de polmeros.
2.20. Suponiendo que el aire tiene una masa molar media de 28.9 g/mol,
y que la atmsfera es isotrmica ha
25
, calclese la presin
M =28.9
g
mol
T =25 =298.15 K
P=760 Torr
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
a)
z=1600 m
M gz
RT
P=Po e
28.9
P=633.024296 Torr
b)
z=4348 m
P=Po e
M gz
RT
28.9
P=462.447606Torr
gi=100 g=0.1 kg
N
=106
No
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
a)
T =25 =298.15 K
N=N o e
ln
M gz
RT
N M gz
=
No
RT
z=
N
RT
ln o
Mg
N
( )
M =giN A=0.1kg6.0231023=6.0231022
Entonces
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
(
mol . K )
z=
( ln 10 )
6
( 6.02310 22 kg ) 9.8 m2
( s)
20
z=5.80193510
M =0.0289
kg
mol . Si la presin al nivel del suelo permanece a 1 atm,
kg
mol
Po=1 atm
T 1 =300 K
T 2 =320 K
R=8.314
g=9.8
m
s2
Solucin
J
mol . K
P1=Po e
M gz
RT
0.0289
P1=( 1 atm ) e
kg
mol
P1=0.321257 atm
P2=Po e
M gz
RT
)(9.8 ms )( 10000 m)
(8.314 molJ . K ) (320 K )
0.0289
P2=( 1 atm ) e
kg
mol
P2=0.344885 atm
P=P 2P1=0.344885 atm0.321257 atm
P=0.024 atm
M =0.0280
kg
mol ; el resto es dixido de carbono,
M =0.0440
kg
mol .
T =300 K
P=1 atm
PoN =0.600
2
M N =0.0280
2
kg
mol
PoCO =0.400
2
M CO =0.0440
2
R=8.314
g=9.8
kg
mol
J
mol . K
m
2
s
Solucin
a)
z=50 km=50000 m
P=Po e
M gz
RT
)(9.8 ms ) (50000 m )
(8.314 molJ . K )( 300K )
0.0280
PN =( 0.600 ) e
kg
mol
PN =0.00245 atm
2
P=Po e
M gz
RT
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 50000m)
mol
s
J
8.314
( 300 K )
mol. K
0.0440
PCO =( 0.400 ) e
)(
PT =P N + PCO
2
XN =
2
PN
0.00245 atm
=
=0.971761=97.1761 N 2
PT 0.002521 atm
b)
n=
A=5 m2
~
M gz
AC oRT
(1e RT )
Mg
mol
J
1
8.314
( 300 K )
L
mol . K
2
n N =( 5 m )
(1e
kg
m
0.028
9.8 2
mol
s
)(
(
)(
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 50000m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 300 K )
mol . K
0.028
)(
n N =1.1210 mol
2
Datos:
T =25 =298.15 K
kg
mol
kg
mol
kg
mol
kg
mol
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
2
s
Solucin
a)
P=Po e
z=50 km=50000 m
M gz
RT
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 50000 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
mol . K
)(
0.0280
PN =( 0.7809 ) e
PN =3.0819103 atm
2
)(9.8 ms )(50000 m)
(8.314 mol.J K )(298.15 K )
0.0440
PCO =( 0.0003 ) e
kg
mol
kg
mol
kg
mol
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 50000 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
mol . K
)(
0.0320
PO =( 0.2093 ) e
PO =3.7463104 atm
2
)(9.8 ms )( 50000 m)
(8.314 molJ . K )( 298.15 K)
0.039948
P Ar=( 0.0093 ) e
kg
mol
P Ar=3.459310 atm
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 50000 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
mol. K
0.020183
PNe =( 0.000018 ) e
)(
)(9.8 ms )(50000 m)
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
(
6
mol . K )
PHe =( 510 ) e
(
0.004
kg
mol
PT =P N + PCO + PO + P Ar + PNe + P He
2
PT =3.462610 atm
XN =
2
PN 3.0819103 atm
=
=0.89=89 N 2
PT 3.4626103 atm
2
P CO 5.0091108 atm
X CO =
=
=0.000014=0.0014 CO 2
PT 3.4626103 atm
2
XO =
2
PO 3.7463104 atm
=
=0.1082=10.82 O2
PT 3.4626103 atm
2
P Ar 3.4593106 atm
X Ar =
=
=0.001=0.1 %Ar
P T 3.4626103 atm
X Ne=
P Ne 3.331107 atm
=
=0.000097=0.0097 %Ne
PT 3.4626103 atm
X He =
P He 2.2676106 atm
=
=0.000654=0.0654 %He
PT 3.4626103 atm
b)
P=Po e
z=100 km=100000 m
M gz
RT
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 100000 m)
mol
s
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
mol . K
)(
0.0280
PN =( 0.7809 ) e
PN =1.2163105 atm
2
)(9.8 ms )(100000 m )
(8.314 molJ . K )( 298.15 K)
0.0440
PCO =( 0.0003 ) e
kg
mol
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 100000 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
mol. K
0.0320
PO =( 0.2093 ) e
)(
PO =6.7055107 atm
2
)(9.8 ms )( 100000 m)
(8.314 mol.J K )(298.15 K )
0.039948
P Ar=( 0.0093 ) e
kg
mol
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 100000 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 298.15 K )
mol .K
0.020183
PNe =( 0.000018 ) e
)(
)(9.8 ms )(100000 m )
(8.314 molJ . K )(298.15 K )
0.004
PHe =( 5106 ) e
kg
mol
PT =P N + PCO + PO + P Ar + PNe + P He
2
XN =
2
PN 1.2163105 atm
=
=0.8770=87.7 N 2
PT 1.3869105 atm
2
P CO 8.36381012 atm
X CO =
=
=6.0306107=6.0306105 CO 2
5
PT
1.386910 atm
2
XO =
PO 6.7055107 atm
=
=0.0483=4.83 O2
PT 1.3869105 atm
X Ar =
P Ar 1.2867109 atm
=
=9.2775105=0.0093 %Ar
5
P T 1.386910 atm
X Ne=
P Ne 6.1644109 atm
=
=0.00044=0.044 %Ne
PT 1.3869105 atm
X He =
P He 1.0284106 atm
=
=0.0742=7.42 %He
PT 1.3869105 atm
M =200
kg
mol , a 27 C, llena un
kg
mol
M =200
T =27 =300.15 K
z=10 cm=0.1 m
C o=C o
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
2
s
Solucin
C=C o e
M gz
RT
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 0.1 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 300.15 K )
mol . K
200
C=C o e
)(
C=C o e0.07854
C=0.9245 Co
M =150
kg
mol ,en un
M =150
kg
mol
C=0.00080
mol
L
C o=0.0010
mol
L
T =300 K
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
C=C o e
a)
ln
M gz
RT
( CC )= MRTgz
o
z=
RT
C
ln
Mg
Co
( )
J
mol
( 300 K )
0.00080
mol . K
L
ln
mol
kg
m
0.0010
150
9.8 2
L
mol
s
8.314
z=
)(
|1001 mcm|
z=0.3786 m
z=37.86 cm
b)
z=0.10 m
C=C o e
M gz
RT
kg
( mol
)(9.8 ms )(0.10 m )
(8.314 molJ . K )(300 K )
150
C= 0.0010
mol
e
L
C=9.43 104
~
C=
9.43 10
mol
L
mol
mol
+0.0010
L
L
2
~
4 mol
C=9.715 10
L
c)
M gz
A~
C oRT
n=
(1e RT )
Mg
mol
J
1
8.314
( 300 K )
L
mol . K
2
n=( 0.002 m )
(1e
kg
m
150
9.8 2
mol
s
)(
(
)(
kg
( mol
)(9.8 ms )( 0.10 m)
(8.314 molJ . K )(300 K ) )
150
n=1.94104 mol
promedio,
Datos:
M =20
kg
mol
mol
~
C=0.100 3
m
T =25 =298.15 K
z=50 cm=0.5 m
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
C
+C
~
C= a los50 cm enel fondo
2
~
C alos 50 cm=2 CC enel fondo
C o=C enel fondo
C=C alos 50 cm
C=C o e
M gz
RT
)(9.8 ms )( 0.5m)
(8.314 molJ . K )( 298.15 K )
e
(
20
C=C o
kg
mol
C=0.9612C o
~
2 CC o=0.9612C o
~
2 C=0.9612C o +C o
2 ( 0.100 )=1.9612 Co
C o=0.102
mol
m3
C=0.9612 0.102
C=0.098
mol
m3
mol
m3
Calclese
la
masa
total
del
polmero
en
el
recipiente,
mol
~
CO =0.25 3 .
m
c) Calclese la concentracin promedio del polmero en la solucin.
Datos:
T =300 K
z=0.20 m
A=20 cm2 =0.002m2
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
a)
C=C o e
C=0.95 Co
M gz
RT
si
( ms ) (0.20 m)
M 9.8
0.95 Co =C o
J
8.314
( 300 K )
(
mol . K )
e
( ms )( 0.20 m)
M 9.8
0.95C o (
=e
Co
J
8.314
( 300 K )
mol . K
( ms ) ( 0.20 m )
M 9.8
ln 0.95=
8.314
M=
n M=
J
( 300 K )
mol . K
m
9.8 2 ( 0.20 m )
s
( )
M =65.27
b)
ln 0.95
kg
mol
mol
~
CO =0.25 3
m
M gz
A~
C oRT
(1e RT )
g
mol
J
0.25 3 8.314
( 300 K )
mol . K
m
2
g=( 0.002m )
(1e
m
9.8 2
s
)(
( )
g=6.3628103 kg
g polmero =6.3628 g
kg
m
9.8 2 ( 0.20 m )
mol
s
J
8.314
( 300 K )
mol . K
65.27
)(
c)
C=C o e
M gz
RT
mol
~
CO =0.25 3
m
)(9.8 ms )( 0.20 m)
(8.314 mol.J K )(300 K )
65.27
mol
e
3
m
mol
0.95
m3
C= 0.25
C= 0.25
C=0.2375
kg
mol
mol
m3
C
+C
~
C= a los0.20 m en elfondo
2
mol
mol
0.2375
+ 0.25
(
)
(
m
m )
~
C=
3
mol
~
C=0.244 3
m
20
ya
20 ,
isotrmica,
V =10 000 m
T =20 =293.15 K
28.9
6
1.310 g .
g
mol
y la presin a nivel
P=1 atm=101234
M aire=28.9
M He =4
N
m2
g
kg
=0.0289
mol
mol
g
kg
=0.004
mol
mol
6
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
M gz
RT
M aire PV MRTgz
=g
e
RT
Ya que:
m MP
=
V RT
W He=mHeg= Vg=Vg e
M gz
RT
=g
M He PV MRTgz
e
RT
W globo=m globog
Para la carga sabemos que a nivel del suelo la carga mxima seria aquella que
sumada al peso del globo y del helio igualara el peso del volumen del aire
desalojado, es decir.
W cargamxima =g
M aire PV
M PV
m globo gg He
RT
RT
M aire PV MRTgz
M He PV MRTgz
M PV
M PV
g
e
=g
e
+mglobo g+0.80 g aire
m globo gg He
RT
RT
RT
RT
M aire e
M gz
RT
M He e
M gz
RT
=0.2 m globo
kg
m
9.8 2 z
mol
s
J
8.314
( 293.15 K )
mol .K
)(
)
0.0289
kg (
(0.0289 mol
)e
RT
+ 0.80 ( M aire M He )
PV
)(9.8 ms ) z
J
8.314
( 293.15 K )
(
mol . K )
e
=0.2 ( 1300 kg )
(
0.004
0.004
kg
mol
kg
mol
kg
m
9.8 2 z
mol
s
J
8.314
( 293.15 K )
mol .K
)(
)
0.0289
kg (
(0.0289 mol
)e
)(9.8 ms ) z
J
8.314
( 293.15 K )
(
mol . K )
e
=0.2 ( 1300 kg )
(
0.004
0.004
kg
mol
kg
mol
kg
(0.0289 mol
)e
1.146210 4 z
0.004
kg 1.608410 z
kg
e
=0.02054593
mol
mol
z=1410 m=1.41 km
X Ar =1 =0.001
M Ar=39.948
g
kg
=0.039948
mol
mol
T =300 K
Po=1 atm
6
r tierra=6.3610 m
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
2
nJC = n JCo e
M gz
RT
4 r 2 dz
Integrando:
nJC =n JCo
nJC o=
RT
4 r2
Mg
M gn
4 r 2 RT
nJC =X Ar
PV
=0.01
RT
N JC o=n JCoN o=
((
(1 atm )( 0.5 L )
=2.0325104 mol
atm . L
( 300 K )
0.082
mol . K
M gn
N o
4 r 2 RT
kg
m
0.039948
9.8
( 2.032510 mol )
(
)
(
mol
s )
=
( 6.02310
J
4 ( 6.3610 m ) ( 8.314
( 300 K )
mol . K )
4
N JC o
23
N JC o= 37.8018
)(
molculas )
molculas
m
molculas
0.0005
=0.0189
3
inhalaciones
inhalaciones
m
1
inhalaciones
inhalaciones
=52.9
=53
mo lculas
molculas
molculas
0.0189
inhalaciones
x i=
yi
Mi
( )
[( ) ( )
y1
y
+ 2 +
M1
M2
, en la que
xi ,
yi
Mi
son
i , respectivamente.
Solucin
ni =
gi
Mi
x i=
ni
nT
y i=
gi
100
gT
Si:
nT =n1 +n 2+ .. ni
Entonces:
ni =
yi gT
100 M i
Por lo tanto:
y 1 gT
y g
+ 2 T + ...
100 M 1 100 M 2
nT =
gT y i
yi gT
100 M i
100 M i
x i=
=
y1 gT
y g
gT y 1 y 2
+ 2 T + ...
+
+ ..
100 M 1 100 M 2
100 M 1 M 2
( )
x i=
yi
Mi
( )
(
y1 y2
+
+ ..
M1 M 2
~
ci , y b) en funcin de las
ri .
Solucin
Pi=X i P
a)
X i=
ni
n
Ecuacin de estado:
PV =nRT
P RT
=
n V
Por lo tanto:
Pi =
ni RT
V
Concentracin molar
Ci =
ni
V
Pi=C i RT
b) Las razones molares se definen como:
r i=
ni
n1
1+ r i=
X i=
ni = nT
n1
n1
ni
ri
=
nT ( 1+ r i )
Por lo tanto:
Pi=X i P=
ri
( 1+ r i)
ri
Pi =
( 1+ r i )
pz
y que a z=0 es
z=z
Pz =Po e
M gz
RT
1. P z=Po e
M g z
RT
z=Z
Pz =Po e
M gZ
RT
M g Z
RT
)
2 . P =P (e
z
f = pz / p o .
M g
Pz
= e RT
Po
Despejando de 2
3.
g
Pz Z1 M
=e RT
Po
( )
Remplazo 3 en 1
Pz =Po
4 . P z=Po
5.f=
1 z
Z
(( ) )
Pz
Po
Pz
Po
( )
z
Z
Pz
Po
Remplazo 5 en 4
z
Pz =Po f Z
2.34. Considrese un gas ideal con una masa molar fija y a una
temperatura especfica en un campo gravitacional. Si a 5.0 Km de altura
la presin es 0.90 de su valor al nivel del suelo, qu fraccin del valor
al nivel del suelo se tendr a 10 Km? A 15 Km?
Datos:
z=5 km=5000 m
P=0.90 Po
R=8.314
g=9.8
J
mol . K
m
s2
Solucin
P=Po e
M gz
RT
P
=e
Po
ln
M gz
RT
P M gz
=
Po
RT
0.90 Po
ln
=
Po
( ms ) (5000 m )
M 9.8
J
mol . K
T 8.314
( ms )( 5000 m )
M 9.8
ln ( 0.90 )=
T 8.314
J
mol . K
ln ( 0.90 )=5893.6733
M
T
ln ( 0.90 )
M
=
5893.6733 T
M
kg
=1.7877105
T
mol . K
a)
z=10 km=10000 m
P=Po e
P
=e
Po
M gz
RT
M gz
RT
)(9.8 ms ) (10000m )
( 8.314 molJ .K )
1.787710
P
=e
Po
P
=e0.2107
Po
kg
mol . K
P
=0.81
Po
z=15 km=15000 m
b)
P=Po e
P
=e
Po
M gz
RT
M gz
RT
)(9.8 ms ) (15000m )
( 8.314 molJ .K )
1.787710
P
=e
Po
kg
mol . K
P
0.3161
=e
Po
P
=0.73
Po
z=
RT
Mg
po
g , donde
po
Mi ,
xi ,
masa de la atmsfera.
Solucin
n10
a)
dn=n0 A dz
Integrando:
1
n= n10 A dz=n10 A z=
0
RT
Mg
dn=n10 A e
M gz
RT
dz
n=n10 A e
M gz
RT
dz
n=n0 A
RT
Mg
d mi =oi e
b)
M gz
RT
Adz
Integrando
mi= oi e
M gz
RT
Adz=oi A
1. mi= oi A
RT
Mg
RT
Mg
Si:
2. oi =
M i Poi
RT
Remplazando 2 en 1:
mi=
M i Poi RT
A
RT
Mg
3 . mi=
A Poi
g
mT = mi =
mT =
A P oi A
A
= Poi = P o
g
g
g
A
P
g o
Po=1 atm
c)
r=6.37 x 106 m
A=4 r
g=9.8
m
2
s
mT =
A
P
g o
mT =
4 r2
Po
g
2
4 ( 6.37 x 106 m )
( 1atm )
mT =
m
9.8 2
s
mT =5.20311013
| || || |
atm . m . s
kg
kg . m
2
m
9.8 N
s2
1 atm
1 kg
1N
10330
mT =5.26731018 kg
xi
, de las
1. x i=
ni
nT
d ni=n 0i A e
M gz
RT
dz
Integrando:
0
2 .n i=ni A
RT
Mi g
3. nT =n0T = n0i
n0i
RT A RT A
=
M
Mi g
g
i
n 0i A
x i=
RT
Mi g
0
ni
RT A
g
Mi
ni
Mi
4 . x i=
n 0i
Mi
n
x = 0i
nT
0
i
5 . n0i =x 0i n0T
Remplazo 5 en 4:
x0i n0T
Mi
x i=
x 0i n0T
Mi
x 0i n0T
Mi
x0i 0
n
Mi T
x 0i
Mi
x0
Mi
xi
Mi
x i=
x 0i
Mi
x i=
b)
xi
Mi
x0i
Mi
X N X O X Ar
x 0i
=
+
+
M i M N M O M Ar
2
x 0i
=
Mi
xi
mol
=0.03467
Mi
g
0.78
0.21
0.01
+
+
g
g
g
28
32
39.948
mol
mol
mol
)(
)(
0.78
g
mol
28
0.02785
mol
g
=
=
=0.8035
0
x i 0.03467 mol 0.03467 mol
g
g
Mi
XN
MN
X N =
2
0.21
g
mol
32
0.00656
MO
mol
g
X O =
=
=
=0.1893
0
mol
mol
x i 0.03467
0.03467
M
g
g
i
XO
0.01
X Ar
M Ar
X Ar =
x 0i
Mi
g
mol
39.948
0.00025
(
mol )
g
=
=
=0.0072
0.03467
mol
g
0.03467
mol
g
W iT =niT M i =ni A
RT
RT
0
M i=ni A
Mi g
g
W T = W iT = n0i
Por lo tanto:
RT
n0i A
W
g
f i = iT =
W T A RT 0
nT
g
0
f i = ni
n0T
Si:
A RT A RT
A RT 0
=
n0i =
nT
g
g
g
x 0i =
n 0i
n0T
Entonces:
f i =x 0i
dm=mo e
Si
M gz
RT
Adz
A=1 cm 2 , tendremos:
dm=m o e
M gz
RT
dz
m ( Z )=mo e
m ( Z )=mo e
1. m ( Z ) =m o
M gz
RT
M gZ
RT
RT
Mg
RT
RT
+mo
Mg
Mg
RT
1e
Mg
M gZ
RT
2 .mT =m ( Z )=mo
RT
Mg
Dividiendo :
M gZ
RT
RT
mo
1e
m(Z )
Mg
=
mT
RT
mo
Mg
3.
M gZ
RT
m (Z )
= 1e
mT
mT
2
4. m ( Z )=
Remplazando 4 en 3:
mT
M gZ
2
= 1e RT
mT
1
= 1e
2
M gZ
RT
M gZ
RT
M gZ
RT
1
2
( )
= 1
1
2
M gZ
1
=ln
RT
2
Z=
RT
1
ln
Mg
2
()
25
N2O4
N 2 O 4 2 N O2 , la constante de equilibrio a
calclese V/n a P=2 atm, 1 atm y 0.5 atm, suponiendo que la mezcla de
equilibrio se comporta idealmente. Comprense los resultados con los
volmenes si no ocurre la disociacin.
Datos:
T =25 =298.15 K
K=0.115
K=4 2 p/ ( 12 )
V
=?
n
Solucin
Ecuacin 3-1, del texto:
PV =n ( 1+ ) RT
1.
V ( 1+ ) RT
=
n
P
Calculamos :
P=2 atm
a)
K=
4 2 P
( 12 )
0.115=
4 2 ( 2 )
( 12 )
0.1150.115 2=8 2
0.115=8 2+ 0.115 2
0.115=8.115 2
2=0.014171
=0.1190
en 1:
V
=
n
at m. L
( 298.15 K )
mol . K
( 2 atm )
( 1+0.119 ) 0.082
V
L
=13.6788
n
mol
Si no ocurriera disociacin:
=0
V ( 1+0 ) RT
=
n
P
V RT
=
n
P
atm . L
0.082
( 298.15 K )
(
mol . K )
V
=
n
( 2 atm )
V
L
=12.2242
n
mol
b)
K=
P=1 atm
4 2 P
( 12 )
2
0.115=
4 ( 1)
( 12 )
0.1150.115 2=4 2
0.115=4 2 +0.115 2
0.115=4.115
2=0.02795
=0.1672
en 1:
V
=
n
atm . L
( 298.15 K )
mol . K
( 1 atm )
( 1+0.1672 ) 0.082
V
L
=28.5361
n
mol
Si no ocurriera disociacin:
=0
V ( 1+0 ) RT
=
n
P
V RT
=
n
P
atm . L
0.082
( 298.15 K )
(
mol
.K)
V
=
n
( 1 atm )
V
L
=24.4483
n
mol
P=0.5 atm
c)
K=
4 P
( 12 )
0.115=
4 2 ( 0.5 )
( 12 )
2
0.1150.115 =2
0.115=2 2 +0.115 2
0.115=2.115 2
2
=0.054373
=0.2332
en 1:
V
=
n
atm . L
( 298.15 K )
mol . K
( 0.5 atm )
( 1+0.2332 ) 0.082
V
L
=60.2993
n
mol
Si no ocurriera disociacin:
=0
V ( 1+0 ) RT
=
n
P
V RT
=
n
P
atm . L
0.082
( 298.15 K )
(
mol . K )
V
=
n
( 0.5 atm )
V
L
=48.8966
n
mol
PV =n ( 1+ ) RT
1.
PV
= (1+ )
nRT
2 . Z=
PV
nRT
Remplazando 2 en 1:
3. Z=( 1+ )
La mezcla descrita en el problema 2.38:
K=
4 2 P
( 12 )
K ( 12 )=4 2 P
P 0
K ( 12 )=0
12=0
2=1
4. =1
4 en 3:
Z =( 1+1 )
Z 2
Con la ecuacin III-2:
5. nT =n (1+ )
Cuando:
P 0
1
En 5:
nT =n ( 1+1 )=2 n
Remplazando en la ecuacin de Estado:
nT =2 n
PV =nT RT
6 . PV =2nRT
Despejamos de 6:
7.
PV
=2
nRT
Remplazo 7 en 2:
Z =2
Es decir, el hecho de que tengamos el doble de molculas que al principio hace
que
Z 2
Por lo que:
N 2 O 4 se convierte en 2 N O2
GASES REALES
3.1. Cierto gas a
T =0 =273.15 K
P=1 atm
Z =1.00054
b=?
Solucin
Ecuacin (3-4) del texto:
1. Z=1+
b
P
RT
RT ( Z1 )
=b
P
Z =1.00054
b=
RT ( Z1 )
P
atm . L
0.082
( 273.15 K ) (1.000541 )
(
mol . K )
b=
( 1 atm )
b=0.0121
b=1.21
||
L
1m
1 00 c m
3
mol 1000 L
1m
c m3
mol
Z =1.00054
3.2. Si
T =0 =273.15 K
P=1 atm
Z =1.00054
T Boyle=107 K
Solucin
De la ecuacin (3-9) del texto tomamos las 2 primeras expresiones:
1. Z=1+
T Boyle=
107=
1
a
b
P
RT
RT
a
bR
a
b ( 0.082 )
2 .a=8.774 b
Remplazando 2 en 1:
1.00054=1+
1
8.774 b
( 1 atm )
b
atm . L
atm . L
( 273.15 K )
( 273.15 K )
0.082
0.082
mol . K
mol . K
1.000541=0.04465 ( b0.391726 b )
0.027159 b=0.00054
b=0.0199
L
1m
mol 1000 L
b=1.99105
m3
mol
Remplazando b en 2:
a=8.774 ( 0.0199 )
| | | | | ||
a=0.1745
atm . L
mol2
a=0.0177
Pa . m6
mol 2
kg
3 2
m2 9.8 N 1 Pa ( 1 m )
1 atm
1 kg
N ( 1000 L )2
m2
10330
0.0566
Pc
T c =374 =647.15 K
Pc =22.1 MPa=218.31 atm
L
~
V c =0.0566
mol
Solucin
a) Con van der Waals
~
a=3 P c V c 2
a=2.0981
L
mol
atm . L2
mol2
1
b= ~
V
3 c
L
0.0566
(
mol )
b=
3
b=0.0188
L
mol
~
8Vc
R=
3 Tc
R=0.0509
L
mol
3 ( 647.15 K )
atm . L
mol . K
R=0.082
atm. L
mol . K
R=0.0509
atm . L
mol . K
%error=
Rcalculado R conocido
100
Rcalculado
atm. L
atm . L
0.0509
0.082
|
mol . K
mol . K |
%error=
100
0.0509
atm . L
mol . K
%error=61.1
El cual nos muestra que la constante de van der Waals no es muy preciso si se
trabaja en el estado crtico.
b) Con las ecuaciones del texto calculamos a y b usando
27 ( R T c )
a=
64 Pc
a=
((
atm . L
( 647.15 K )
27 0.082
mol . K
64 ( 218.31 atm )
a=5.4419
b=
atm . L2
mol2
RTc
8 Pc
atm . L
0.082
( 647.15 K )
(
mol . K )
b=
8 ( 218.31 atm )
T c y Pc
b=0.0304
L
mol
~
V c =3 b
L
~
V c =3 0.0304
mol
L
~
V c =0.0912
mol
El valor de la constante
~
Vc
es:
L
~
V c =0.0566
mol
El valor obtenido con las ecuaciones del texto es:
L
~
V c =0.0912
mol
Estos valores no concuerdan, siendo el porcentaje de error el siguiente:
~
~
V ccalculadoV cconocido
%error=
100
~
V ccalculado
L
L
0.0912
0.0566
|
mol
mol |
%error=
100
0.0912
L
mol
%error=37.9
Aunque los valores no concuerdan nos muestran que las ecuaciones del texto de
Castellan son ms precisas que la ecuacin de van der Waals.
RT
a
P= ~ ~2
V b T V
Solucin
~
(T ~
V 2) RT a ( V b ) R T 2 ~
RT
a
V 2 a ~
V +ab
P= ~ ~2 =
=
~
3
~2
~
~
2
V b T V
T V bT V
( V b ) ( T V )
P=
~
~
R T 2 V 2a V +ab
T~
V 3bT ~
V2
~
~
~
~
P ( T V 3bT V 2 )=R T 2 V 2a V + ab
~
~
~
~
PT V 3bPT V 2=R T 2 V 2 a V +ab
~
~
~
~
PT V 3bPT V 2R T 2 V 2 +a V ab=0 PT
~
~
RT V 2 a V ab
~
3
~
2
V b V
+
=0
P
PT PT
RT ~2 a ~ ab
~
V 3 b+
V +
V
=0
P
PT
PT
Si:
T =T c y P=Pc
R T c ~2
a ~ ab
~3
V b+
V +
V
=0
Pc
Pc T c
Pc T c
V ~
V c ) =0
(~
3
~
~~
~ ~ ~
2. V 33 V c V 2 +3 V c 2 V V c 3=0
Igualando los coeficientes de 1 y 2:
3. b+
RTc
=3 ~
Vc
Pc
a
~2
4. 3 V c =
Pc T c
5. ~
V c3=
ab
Pc T c
Despejamos a de 4:
~2
a=3 V c Pc T c
De 5 despejamos b y remplazamos en 3:
6. b=
~3
V c Pc T c
a
Remplazamos a en 6:
~3
V P T
b= ~c 2 c c
3 V c Pc T c
~
V
b= c
3
Remplazamos b en 3:
~
V c RTc
+
=3 ~
Vc
3
Pc
~
RTc
V
~
=3 V c c
Pc
3
~ ~
R T c 9 V c V c
=
Pc
3
~
RTc 8Vc
=
Pc
3
R=
~
8 V c Pc
3Tc
RT RT ~
P= ~
e V
V b
Solucin
a
RT RT ~
P= ~
e V
V b
Pc y T c
Si
R T RT ~
V
Pc = ~ c e
V b
c
Pc
~
V
R T R T ~
R T R T ~V
a
V
= ~ c2 e
+~ c e
~2
V b
R Tc V
( V b )
T
( )
Pc
~
V
Tc
Pc
~
V
Tc
( )
( )
R T c RT ~
V
=~
e
V b
c
a
1
~2 ~
V b
R TcV
=0
R T c RT ~
a
1
V
e
~
=0
~
~
2
V b
R T c V V b
c
a
1
~
=0
~
2
V b
RTcV
a
1
=0
~2 ~
V b
RTcV
a (~
V b )( R T c ~
V 2)
=0
RT ~
V 2 (~
V b )
~
~
a V abR T c V 2=0 R T c
a ~ ab ~2
V
V =0(1)
RTc
R Tc
~
1. V 2
~ ~
V =V c
V ~
V c ) =0
(~
2
~2 ~~ ~ 2
V 2 V V c + V c =0
~2 ~ ~ ~ 2
2. V 2 V c V + V c =0
Igualando los coeficientes de 1 y 2:
3.
a
=2 ~
Vc
RTc
4.
ab ~ 2
=V c
RTc
Despejando a de 3:
~
a=2 V c R T c
Despejamos b de 4:
~2
V RTc
5 .b= c
a
Remplazamos a en 5:
~2
V R Tc
b= ~c
2V RT
c
convergen en el punto
~
Vc
b=
2
~
PC V C 3
=
RTC 8 , y
T c =32.3=305.45 K
Pc =48.2 atm
Solucin
a) La ley del gas ideal
~
Pc V c =RT
RT
~
V c=
Pc
atm . L
0.082
( 305.45 K )
(
mol
.K)
~
V =
c
( 48.2 atm )
L
~
V C =0.5196
mol
b) La ecuacin de van der Waals, teniendo en cuenta que para el gas
de van der Waals
~
PC V C 3
=
RTC 8
3RTC
~
V C=
8 PC
~
V C=
3 0.082
atm . L
( 305.45 K )
mol . K
8 ( 48.2atm )
L
~
V C =0.1949
mol
c) La ecuacin modificada de Berthelot
RTC
=3.56
PC ~
VC
RTC ~
=V C
3.56 PC
RTC
~
V C=
=
3.56 PC
atm . L
( 305.45 K )
( 0.082 mol
.K)
3.56 ( 48.2 atm )
L
~
V C =0.146
mol
d) Valor experimental:
L
~
V C experimental=0.139
mol
El error para cada caso:
Gas ideal:
L
~
V C =0.5196
mol
L
L
0.5196
0.139
~
~
V ccalculadoV C experimental
mol
mol
%error=
100=
100=73.25
~
L
V ccalculado
0.5196
mol
Van der Waals:
L
~
V C =0.1949
mol
L
L
0.1949
0.139
~
V ccalculado~
V C experimental
mol
mol
%error=
100=
100=28.68
~
L
V ccalculado
0.1949
mol
Gas Berthelot:
L
~
V C =0.146
mol
L
L
0.146
0.139
~
V ccalculado ~
V C experimental
mol
mol
%e rror =
100=
100=4.79
~
L
V ccalculado
0.146
mol
T 1 =25=298.15 K
P=23.8 Torr=0.03 1 32atm
T 2 =100=298.15 K
P=760 Torr=1 atm
Solucin
a)
T 1 =25=298.15 K
RT
~
V=
P
atm. L
0.082
( 298.15 K )
(
mol . K )
~
V=
( 0.03132atm )
L
~
V =780.6
mol
T 1 =100=373 .15 K
b)
P=1 atm
RT
~
V=
P
atm. L
0.082
( 373 .15 K )
(
mol . K )
~
V=
( 1 atm )
L
~
V =30.6
mol
Con van der Waals:
( P+ Va )( V b) =R T
2
f ( V )=0.03132
24.4483 5.72
+
V 0.0319 V 2
24.4483
11.44
f ( V )= ~
~3
2
V
( V 0.0319 )
~
f (V 0 )
0.00001223
~
~
V 1=V 0 ~ =780.6
=780.4
0.0000401
f (V 0 )
f ( 780.4 )=2.03107
El porcentaje de diferencia del volumen molar calculado por van der
Waals respecto al ideal se obtendr:
~ ~
100V V 1
E=
~
V1
a 25 E=
100780.4780.6
=0.026
780.6
F ( V )=1
30.5983 5.72
+
=0
V 0.0319 V 2
f ( 30.6 )
0.00005121
~
V 1=30.6
=30.6
=30.44
0.00003235
f ( 30.6 )
5
f ( 30.44 )=8.1810 =0
El porcentaje de diferencia del volumen molar calculado por van der
Waals respecto al ideal se obtendr:
E=
~ ~
100V V 1
~1
V
a 100 E=
10030.4430.6
=0.52
30.6
100
Ya que el E a
es mayor que el E a
ms al comportamiento ideal a
25
que a 100
Z =1+ BP+C P + D P
los siguientes:
T,K
200
1000
5.7410
C
3
+0.189103
D
6
6.8610
18.010
0.275106
0.144109
Para Z a 200 K:
T (K)
200
1000
Z
-839,68
-2497,52
Z = f (P)
0
-500
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
-839.68
-1000
Z -1500
-2000
-2497.52
-2500
-3000
T (K)
300
Datos:
T =300 =373.15 K
P=200 atm
Solucin
P=
RT
c
A
1
( V +B ) 2
2
3
V
VT
V
a
V
b
V
A= A 0 1
B=B0 1
A 0=242.48103
B 0=34.15106
Pa . L2
L
a=170.31106
2
mol
mol
L
L
b=191.13106
mol
mol
K3 L
c=4768.8
mol
V =0,1445
L
mol
T =400 K
P=100 atm
Solucin
P=
RT
c
A
1
( V +B ) 2
2
3
V
VT
V
A= A 0 1
a
V
B=B0 1
b
V
A 0=507.31103
B 0=104.7610
c=660
Pa . L2
L
a=71.32106
2
mol
mol
L
6 L
b=72.3510
mol
mol
K3 L
mol
V =0 .312
P+
L
mol
a
( V b ) =RT
2
V
PV 3 Pb V 2 +( aRT ) V +ab=0
100 V 3 4,267 V 2 29,228 V + 0,15327=0
V =0 .559
L
mol
3.11.
Utilizando
la
ecuacin
Beattie-Bridgeman,
calclese
la
temperatura de Boyle para el O2 y el CO2. Comprense estos valores con
los calculados por la ecuacin de van der Waals.
Datos
O2:
atm L2
a=1.360
mol2
b=0.03183
L
mol
CO2:
atm L2
a=3.592
mol2
b=0.04267
L
mol
Solucin
Para el O2:
PV2
A
+ 2 V T 2 ( 1c ) T=0
R (V + B) V
6115,28 T 2+ 47 T =0
T =273,768 K
P+
T=
a
( V b ) =RT
V2
atm L
1.360
2
mol
1 atm+
501.76 L2
)(
22.4
L
0.03183 L
mol
mol
atm . L
( 0.082 mol
.K)
T =273.35 K
Para el CO2:
PV2
A
+ 2 V T 2 ( 1c ) T=0
R (V + B) V
6115,28 T 2+659 T =0
T =273,04 K
( P+ Va )( V b) =RT
2
T=
atm L
2
mol
1 atm+
501.76 L2
3.592
)(
22.4
L
0.04267 L
mol
mol
atm . L
( 0.082 mol
.K)
T =274.43 K
~
PV
del producto
~
1/ V 2
del trmino en
en la ecuacin de Beattie-
~
1/ V
a) para oxgeno? b) qu
T =300 K
Solucin
a) Beattie-Bridgeman
P=
RT
c
A
1
( V +B ) 2
2
3
V
VT
V
a
V
b
V
A= A 0 1
B=B0 1
V =24.59
L
mol
P=1 atm
b)
RT
a
~
V=
+ b
P
R T2
En la que a y b son constantes. Encuntrese una expresin para , el
coeficiente de expansin trmica, como una funcin slo de T y P.
Encuntrese una expresin para la temperatura de Boyle en funcin de
a, b y R.
Solucin
Si empleamos
V =b +
V o=b
RT b 2
a
1 dV
p
V dT
( )
Como:
dV d
RT b
Rb
=
b+
=
dT dT
a
a
R b2
ab
bR
a
=( 1/V ) ( V /T )P
Solucin
T =1+T ( ln Z /T ) P ,
=( 1/V )( V / P )T .
P=1P ln
Z
P
, en donde
T =1+T
( lnTZ )
(
P=1P ln
( V1 )( VT )
Z
P
( V1 )( VP )
~
PV
=Z . Demostrar cmo afecta esto a la
RT
Z =1+ P , donde
dp=gdz
Como:
Z=
PV
nRT
n=
m
M
PM
ZRT
Derivando se tiene:
dP M g
=
dz
P
ZRT
P=Po e A
A=
M gZ
RT
dP
Mg
=
dz
P
( 1+ Bp ) RT
dP
M g
+ B dP=
dz
P
RT
ln P+BdP=
MgZ
+C
RT
Si z=0 P=Po
ln P0 +Bd P0=C
ln P+BdPln P0Bd P0=
M g Z
+C
RT
ln
P
MgZ
+ B ( PP0 ) =
P0
RT
( )
P
RT ~2 P ~3
~
V =b+ b+
V
V
a
P
a
) ( )
y cbicos, obtenemos
~
V o=b
~
V
~
2 RT
V =b+ b
a . A
bR
a .
Solucin
P
RT 2 P 3
V =b + b
V
V
a
P
a
) ( )
V 0=b
P
RT 2 P 3
V =b + b
b
b
a
P
a
) ( )
b 2 RT
V =b +
a
1 V
V T
( )
b 2 RT
=
b+
T T
a
V b2 R
=
T
a
b2 R
ab
bR
a
1. Z=
P V
=1+
+
+
2
RT
RT V R T V RT V 3
2. Z=1+
( RT )( V1 )+( RT )( V1 )+( RT )( V1 )
2
3. Z=1+ A1 P+ A 2 P 2+ A 3 P3
4.
1
P
=
RTZ
V
Remplazo 4 en 2:
( )( ) ( )(
5. Z=1+
RT
+
RTZ
RT
P2
+
2 2 2
RT
R T Z
) ( )(
P3
R3 T 3 Z 3
Igualando 5 y 3
( )( ) ( )(
1+ A 1 P+ A 2 P2 + A3 P3=1+
RT
+
RTZ
RT
) ( )(
+
2 2 2
RT
R T Z
Divido para P:
RT
+
RTZ
RT
( )( ) ( )(
A 1 + A 2 P+ A 3 P2 =
) ( )(
+
2 2 2
RT
R T Z
P 0 Z 1
6. A 1=
R T2
2
A 1 + A 2 P+ A 3 P =A 1
+ 3 3
Z
R T
2
A 2 + A 3=
()
2
A1
3
R T
3
P2
Z3
)( ) ( )( )
A1 1
A
1 + 3 3 2+ 4 4
P Z
P
R T Z
R T
P 0 Z 1
A 2=
( )(
+ 4 4
2
Z
R T
( ) ( )( ZP )
3
P2
R 3T 3 Z3
P
3 3 3
R T Z
A 2=
2 2
3 3
R T
R T
( )
7. A 2=
3 3
4 4
R T
R T
Remplazo 5 y 7 en 3:
8. Z=1+
+ 3 3 4 4 P 2+ A 3 P3
2 2
RT
RT
R T
Multiplico por
RT
P
en 8:
ZRT RT
2
=
+
+ 2 2 3 3 P+ A 3 RTP 2
P
P RT R T
RT
ZRT
=V
P
9. V =
RT
2
+
+ 2 2 3 3 P+ A 3 RTP 2
P RT R T
RT
10. ' =
2 2
3 3
R T R T
Remplazo 10 en 9:
RT
V =
+
+ ' P+ P2
P RT
1.
( ZP ) = RT1 (b RTa )
T
b
a
b
2a
=
2 2 = 2 2+ 2 3
P RT R T
R T RT
b
2a
+ 2 3 =0
2 2
R T R T
bRT +2 a=0
2.T =
2a
bR
Remplazo 2 en 1:
( ZP ) = R 12 a b R a2 a
( bR ) ( bR )
T
Z
b2
=
Valor mximode la pendiente
P T 4a
( )