Configurations of Springs.
Stresses in Helical Springs.
Helical Compression Spring Design for Static Service.
Critical Frequency of Helical Springs.
Fatigue Loading of Helical Compression Springs.
The basic stress, angular deflection and spring rate equations are:
T r
TL
JG
JG
L
16T
3
d
32TL
4
d G
d 4G
32 L
E
2(1 )
Configurations of Springs
Springs can be categorized in different ways: based on load types or by the
springs physical configuration.
Configurations of Springs
(e) Spring washers. Push-Belleville has high loads and low deflectionschoice of rates
(constant, increasing, or decreasing). Wave has light loads, low deflection, uses limited
radial space. Slotted has higher deflections than Belleville. Finger is used for axial
loading of bearings. Curved is used to absorb axial end play.
Configurations of Springs
(h) Power or motor springs. Twistexerts torque over many turns. Shown
in and removed from retainer.
Configurations of Springs
o Spring Lengths
Compression springs have several lengths and deflections as shown in the next Figure:
o Spring Lengths
o Active Coils
The total number of coils Nt may or may not contribute actively to the springs deflection,
depending on the end treatment. The number of active coils Na is needed for calculation
purposes. Four Styles of End-Coil Treatments for Helical Compression Springs are:
o Active Coils
a. The four types of ends generally used for compression springs are also
illustrated in the Figure,
b. Table 101 shows how the type of end used affects the number of coils and the
spring length.
Nonparallel ends.
Parallel ends.
o Spring Materials
Ideal spring material: high ultimate strength, high yield point, low E (to
provide maximum energy storage).
For dynamically loaded springs, the fatigue strength properties of material
are important.
High strength and yield points: Carbon alloys & steels.
Spring wire: round wire is the most common spring material.
Descriptions of the most commonly used steels will be found in Table 103.
Spring materials may be compared by examination of their tensile strength.
Wire size, materials and its processing have an effect on tensile strength.
Tensile strength vs. wire diameter almost straight line when plotted on loglog papers.
A: intercept and m: slope can be found from Table 10-4.
o Spring Materials
o Spring Materials
o Spring Index
The spring index C is the ratio of coil diameter D to wire diameter d,
4 12
o Spring Deflection
o Spring Rates
It is the slope of force-deflection curve of the spring. If the slop is constant, it is a
linear spring and can be defined as =/.
The equation for spring rate (K) is found by rearranging the deflection equation:
o Spring Rates
1. Series combinations
2. Parallel combinations
Design Strategy
Design Strategy
o Example 10.2
The harmonic, natural, frequencies for a spring placed between two flat and
parallel plates, in radians per second, are:
= 2f
where the fundamental frequency is found for m = 1, the second harmonic for
m = 2 and so on.
assuming the spring ends are always in contact with the plates.
Unpeened:
Peened:
Peening: is a procedure used by manufacturers to increase the operating
capabilities of metals used in components. Shot peening is accomplished by
blasting metal surfaces with small particles that increase the materials
strength and ability to withstand different types of damage.
o in constructing certain failure criteria on the designers torsional fatigue
diagram, the torsional modulus of rupture Ssu is:
o (Sut) see Table 1004.
F. P. Zimmerli, Human Failures in Spring Applications, The Mainspring, no. 17, Associated Spring Corporation,
Bristol, Conn., AugustSeptember 1957.
o Example 10.4
o Example 10.5
o Problem 1:
An as-wound HCS is made of music wire, has a wire size of d = 2 mm, an outside coil
diameter of D0 = 15 mm, a free length of L0 = 115 mm, number of active coil Na = 21
and both ends are squared & ground. The spring is unpeened. This spring is to be
assembled with a preload of 20 N and will operate with maximum load of 100 N.
i. Estimate the safety factor guarding against fatigue failure using a torsioanl Goodman
with Zimmerli data.
ii. Check the spring stability.
o Problem 2:
8FD
8F
CK w
w
3
2
d
d
8FD
8F
CK s
s
3
2
d
d
6FL
2
bh
6FL
Ebh3
6FL
2
bh
6FL3
Ebh3
6FL
2
bh
12FL3
Ebh3