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TA BL E F.1 Formulas for Unit Conversions*

Name, Symbol, Dimensions

Conversion Formula
1 m  3.281 ft  1.094 yd  39.37 in  km/1000  106 m
1 ft  0.3048 m  12 in  mile/5280  km/3281
1 mm  m/1000  in/25.4  39.37 mil  1000 m  107

Length

Speed

L/T

1 m/s  3.600 km/hr  3.281 ft/s  2.237 mph  1.944 knots

1 ft/s  0.3048 m/s  0.6818 mph  1.097 km/hr  0.5925 knots

Mass

1 kg  2.205 lbm  1000 g  slug/14.59  (metric ton or tonne or Mg)/1000

1 lbm  lbf s2/(32.17 ft)  kg/2.205  slug/32.17  453.6 g
 16 oz  7000 grains  short ton/2000  metric ton (tonne)/2205

Density

M/L3

Force

ML/T 2

1 lbf  4.448 N  32.17 lbm ft/s2

1 N  kg m/s2  0.2248 lbf  105 dyne

p, 

M/LT 2

1 Pa  N/m2  kg/m s2  105 bar  1.450  104 lbf/in2  inch H2O/249.1

 0.007501 torr  10.00 dyne/cm2
1 atm  101.3 kPa  2116 psf  1.013 bar  14.70 lbf/in2  33.90 ft of water
 29.92 in of mercury  10.33 m of water  760 mm of mercury  760 torr
1 psi  atm/14.70  6.895 kPa  27.68 in H2O  51.71 torr

Volume

L3

Volume Flow
Rate (Discharge)

L3/T

#
m

1 m3/s  35.31 ft3/s  2119 cfm  264.2 gal (US)/s  15850 gal (US)/m
1 cfs  1 ft3/s  28.32 L/s  7.481 gal (US)/s  448.8 gal (US)/m

M/T

1 kg/s  2.205 lbm/s  0.06852 slug/s

E, W

ML2/T 2

# #
P, E, W

1 J  kg m2/s2  N m  W s  volt  coulomb  0.7376 ft lbf

 9.478  104 Btu  0.2388 cal  0.0002388 Cal  107 erg  kWh/3.600  106

ML2/T 3

1 W  J/s  N m/s  kg m2/s3  1.341  103 hp

 0.7376 ft lbf/s  1.0 volt-ampere  0.2388 cal/s  9.478  104 Btu/s
1 hp  0.7457 kW  550 ft lbf/s  33,000 ft  lbf/min  2544 Btu/h

Angular Speed

T 1

Viscosity

M/LT

1 Pa s  kg/m s  N s/m2  10 poise  0.02089 lbf s/ft2  0.6720 lbm/ft s

Kinematic
Viscosity

L2/T

1 m2/s  10.76 ft2/s  106 cSt

Temperature

Pressure, Shear
Stress

Mass Flow Rate

Energy and
Work
Power

1000 kg/m3  62.43 lbm/ft3  1.940 slug/ft3  8.345 lbm/gal (US)

1 m3  35.31 ft3  1000 L  264.2 U.S. gal

1 ft3  0.02832 m3  28.32 L  7.481 U.S. gal  acre-ft/43,560
1 U.S. gal  231 in3  barrel (petroleum)/42  4 U.S. quarts  8 U.S. pints
 3.785 L  0.003785 m3

1.0 rad/s  9.549 rpm  0.1591 rev/s

K  C 273.15  R/1.8
C  (F  32)/1.8
R  F 459.67  1.8 K
F  1.8C 32

*A useful online reference is www.onlineconversion.com

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TA BL E F. 2 Commonly Used Equations

Mass ow rate equation

Ideal gas law

p  RT

(Eq. 1.10, p. 14)

Specic weight
  g

V d A  V d A
A

(Eq. 2.3, p. 31)

Specic gravity



S
 H2 O at 4C
 H2O at 4C

(Eq. 2.5, p. 32)

Kinematic viscosity

 /

(Eq. 2.15, p. 38)

Denition of viscosity
dV

dy

(Eq. 2.16, p. 39)

Pressure equations
pgage  pabs  patm
pvacuum  patm  pabs

(Eq. 3.3a; p. 62)

(Eq. 3.3b, p. 62)

(Eq. 3.10b, p. 66)

p  z

(Eq. 3.10c, p. 66)

(Eq. 3.10a, p. 66)

Manometer equations
p2  p1 a i h i  a i hi

(Eq. 3.21, p. 74)

h1  h 2  h 1B /A  12

(Eq. 3.22, p. 75)

down

up

Hydrostatic force equations (at panels)

FP  pA
I
ycp  y 
yA
Buoyant force (Archimedes equation)
FB  V D
The Bernoulli equation
p2
p1
V 21
V 22
z1 b  a
z2 b
a


2g
2g
V 12
V 22
g z1 b  ap2
gz 2 b
2
2

Coecient of pressure
pz  pzo
h  ho
Cp 
 2
Vo2 /2
Vo / 12g2
Volume ow rate equation
#
m
Q  VA   VdA 

A

Continuity equation
d
d V V d A  0
dt cv
cs

(Eq. 5.28, p. 183)

d
#
#
Mcv a mo  a mi  0
dt
cs
cs
 2 A 2 V2   1 A 1 V1
Momentum equation
d
a F  dt v dV
cv

aF

d 1mcv vcv 2
dt

(Eq. 5.11, p. 174)

(Eq. 5.29, p. 183)

(Eq. 5.33, p. 189)

vV d A

(Eq. 6.7, p. 213)

#
#
a mov o  a mi v i

(Eq. 6.10, p. 213)

cs

cs

cs

Energy equation

Hydrostatic equation
p1
p2
z1 
z2  constant


pz  p1 z 1  p2 z 2  constant

ap1

#
m  AV  Q 

(Eq. 3.28, p. 80)

(Eq. 3.33, p. 81)

p1


1

p2
V 21
V 22
z1b hp  a 2
z 2 b ht hL

2g
2g
(Eq. 7.29; p. 262)

The power equation

P  FV  T
#
P  m gh  Qh
Eciency of a machine
Poutput

Pinput
Reynolds number (pipe)
#
VD
4m
4Q
VD
Re D 




v
Dv
D

(Eq. 4.21b, p. 133)

(Eq. 4.21a, p. 133)

L V2
V2
hL  a f
a K
2g
pipes D 2g
components

(Eq. 10.1, p. 361)

(Eq. 5.10, p. 174)

(Eq. 10.45, p. 382)

Friction factor f (Resistance coecient)

64
f
Re  2000
(Eq. 10.34, p. 370)
ReD
0.25
f
1Re
 30002 (Eq. 10.39, p. 375)
ks
5.74 2
clog10 a
0.9 bd
3.7D
Re D
Drag force equation
FD  C D Aa

(Eq. 7.32; p. 267)

Combined head loss equation

(Eq. 3.41a, p. 87)

(Eq. 4.47, p. 147)

V dA

(Eq. 7.3, p. 255)

(Eq. 7.31; p. 265)

V 20
b
2

Lift force equation

V 20
b
FL  CL A a
2

(Eq. 11.5, p. 409)

(Eq. 11.17, p. 424)

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TA BL E F.3 Useful Constants

Name of Constant
Acceleration of gravity
Universal gas constant
Standard atmospheric pressure

Value
g  9.81 m/s2  32.2 ft/s2
Ru  8.314 kJ/kmol K  1545 ft lbf/lbmol R
patm  1.0 atm  101.3 kPa  14.70 psi  2116 psf  33.90 ft of water
patm  10.33 m of water  760 mm of Hg  29.92 in of Hg  760 torr  1.013 bar

TA BL E F.4 Properties of Air [T  20C (68F), p  1 atm]

Property

SI Units

Traditional Units

Specic gas constant

Rair  287.0 J/kg K

Rair  1716 ft lbf/slug R

Density

  1.20 kg/m3

  0.0752 lbm/ft3  0.00234 slug/ft3

Specic weight

  11.8 N/m3

  0.0752 lbf/ft3

Viscosity

  1.81  105 N s/m2

  3.81  107 lbf s/ft2

Kinematic viscosity

 1.51  105 m2/s

 1.63  104 ft2/s

Specic heat ratio

k  cp/cv  1.40

k  cp/cv  1.40

Specic heat

cp  1004 J/kg K

cp  0.241 Btu/lbm R

Speed of sound

c  343 m/s

c  1130 ft/s

TA BL E F.5 Properties of Water [T  15C (59F), p  1 atm]

Property

SI Units

Traditional Units

Density

  999 kg/m3

  62.4 lbm/ft3  1.94 slug/ft3

Specic weight

  9800 N/m3

  62.4 lbf/ft3

Viscosity

  1.14  103 N s/m2

  2.38  105 lbf s/ft2

Kinematic viscosity

 1.14  106 m2/s

 1.23  105 ft2/s

Surface tension (waterair)

  0.073 N/m

  0.0050 lbf/ft

Bulk modulus of elasticity

Ev  2.14  109 Pa

Ev  3.10  105 psi

TA BL E F.6 Properties of Water [T  4C (39F), p  1 atm]

Property

SI Units

Traditional Units

Density

  1000 kg/m3

  62.4 lbm/ft3  1.94 slug/ft3

Specic weight

  9810 N/m3

  62.4 lbf/ft3