9, SEPTEMBER 2014
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I. INTRODUCTION
ENERALLY, the acdc converter consists of a full-bridge
diode rectifier, a dc-link capacitor and a high frequency
dcdc converter. These converters absorb energy from the ac
line only when the rectified line voltage is higher than the dclink voltage. Therefore, these kinds of converters have a highly
distorted input current, resulting in a large amount of harmonics
and a low power factor. To solve the harmonic pollution caused
by acdc converters, a number of power factor correction (PFC)
acdc converters have been proposed and developed [1][8].
The PFC acdc converter can be implemented by using two
power-processing stages. The PFC input stage is used to obtain
high power factor while maintaining a constant dc-link voltage.
Most PFC circuits employ the boost converter [9][15]. The
output stage, which is a high frequency dcdc converter, gives
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Fig. 1. Block diagrams of the conventional PFC converters and the proposed
converter. (a) Two-stage converter. (b) Single-stage converter. (c) Single powerconversion converter.
CHO et al.: SINGLE POWER-CONVERSION ACDC CONVERTER WITH HIGH POWER FACTOR AND HIGH EFFICIENCY
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(1)
of a main switch S1 , an auxiliary switch S2 , and a clamp capacitor Cc . The switch S1 is modulated with a duty ratio D and the
switch S2 is complementary to S1 with a short dead time. The
active-clamp circuit serves to clamp the voltage spike across S1
and to recycle the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the
transformer T . Also, it provides ZVS turn-on of S1 and S2 . The
series-resonant circuit is composed of the transformer leakage
inductance Llk , the resonant capacitors C1 , C2 , and the output
diodes D1 , D2 and provides ZCS turn-off of the D1 and D2 .
In order to analyze the operation principle, several assumptions are made during one switching period Ts :
1) the switches S1 and S2 are ideal except for their body
diodes D1 , D2 and capacitances C1 , C2 ;
2) the input voltage vin is considered to be constant because
one switching period Ts is much shorter than the period
of vin ;
3) the output voltage Vo is constant because the capacitance
of the output capacitor Co is sufficiently large, similarly,
Cc is sufficiently large that is voltage ripple is negligible.
Thus, the clamp capacitor voltage Vc is constant;
4) the power transformer T is modeled by an ideal transformer with the magnetizing inductance Lm connected
in parallel with the primary winding Np , and the leakage
inductance Llk connected in series with the secondary
winding Ns .
The steady-state operation of the proposed converter includes
six modes in one switching period Ts . The operating modes and
theoretical waveforms of the input side and the output side are
shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The rectified input voltage
Vi is |vin | = |Vm sint|, where Vm is the amplitude of the input
voltage and is the angular frequency of the input voltage. Prior
to Mode 1, the primary current i1 is a negative direction and the
secondary current i2 is zero.
Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]: At the time t0 , the voltage vs1 across S1
becomes zero and Ds1 begins to conduct power. After the time
t0 , S1 is turned on. Since i1 started flowing through Ds1 before
S1 was turned on, S1 achieves the ZVS turn-on. As shown in
(2)
di2
= nVi vc1
dt
dvc1 (t)
.
i2 = Cr
dt
(3)
(4)
nVi Vc1
sin r (t t0 )
Zr
(5)
where Vc1 is the average voltage of C1 . Also, the angular resonant frequency r and the resonant impedance Zr are given
by
Llk
1
,
Zr =
.
(6)
r =
Cr
Llk Cr
As can be seen in Fig. 4(a), i1 increased by the first series
resonance is calculated as follows:
Vi
n2 Vi nVc1
(t t0 ) +
sin r (t t0 ).
Lm
Zr
(7)
As shown in Fig. 4(b), the output current io becomes half of the
output diode current iD 1 by the resonant capacitors C1 and C2
as follows:
i1 (t) = im (t0 ) +
1
iD 1 (t).
2
(8)
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Fig. 3.
di2
= n(Vc Vi ) vc2
dt
dvc2 (t)
.
i2 = Cr
dt
(10)
(11)
(12)
CHO et al.: SINGLE POWER-CONVERSION ACDC CONVERTER WITH HIGH POWER FACTOR AND HIGH EFFICIENCY
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n2 Lm + Llk
Vi = (1 D)Vo
nLm
(14)
Vc2 =
n2 Lm + Llk D
Vi = DVo
nLm
1D
(15)
(16)
Fig. 4. Theoretical waveforms of the proposed converter. (a) Input side waveforms. (b) Output side waveforms.
n2 Vc n2 Vi nVc2
sin r (t t3 ).
Zr
(13)
im
Ts
(18)
(20)
|vin |
1D
Vc =
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Fig. 6.
Fig. 5.
n
nVi
+ Lm
im = Dn + D
Vo,ref
Vo,ref Ts
(21)
where the nominal duty ratio Dn and the duty ratio variations
D are expressed as follows:
Dn = 1
nVi
,
Vo,ref
D = Lm
n
im .
Vo,ref Ts
(22)
(23)
(24)
vin iin
Vm Im
=
sin2 t.
Vo,ref
Vo,ref
(25)
(27)
(28)
where Hi (s) and Hv (s) are current sensor gain and voltage
sensor gain, respectively. The small signal transfer functions
of the duty ratio-to-output current and the output current-tovoltage, respectively, can be obtained as follows:
Gid (s) =
io (s)
,
d(s)
Gv i (s) =
vo (s)
io (s)
(29)
CHO et al.: SINGLE POWER-CONVERSION ACDC CONVERTER WITH HIGH POWER FACTOR AND HIGH EFFICIENCY
Fig. 8.
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Fig. 7.
.
1 + Hi (s) Cic (s) Gid (s)
(31)
From Fig. 7 and (31), the stability and dynamics of the proposed converter can be analyzed. Fig. 7 shows the bode plot of
Top (s) with designed parameters. The gain and phase margins
are infinite and 140.1 , respectively. The proposed converter is a
highly stable system whose stability is not affected by its gain. It
also possesses considerable phase margin. Hence, it is theoretically acceptable for the controllers gain to tend to infinity since
overshoots or oscillations will be damped by the high phase
margin.
IV. DESIGN GUIDELINES
In this section, the design guidelines of the proposed converter are introduced. These guidelines help to define the acdc
converter with the input voltage vin . From (19), the voltages
across the switches S1 and S2 are
Vi
.
(32)
1D
Thus, if Vi , Vo , and D are selected, the voltage margin of the
switches S1 and S2 can be calculated from (32).
The soft switching of S2 is naturally achieved by the stored
energy in Llk and Lm . However, the ZVS design of S1 is determined by Lm and po . The relationship between Ii and io
has an inverse proportion with the relationship (16). Also, since
the average of the secondary current is zero, the average of the
magnetizing current im ,avg is equals to Ii and can be obtained
from the relationship between Ii and io as follows:
Vs1 = Vs2 = Vc =
im ,avg = Ii =
n2 Lm + Llk 1
io .
nLm
1D
(33)
i1 (t0 )
n
1 D(1 D)Ts
io
Vo .
1D
nLm
2
(35)
(36)
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Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12. Experimental waveforms of the ZVS turn-on of the switches. (a) v s 1
and is 1 . (b) v s 2 and is 2 .
CHO et al.: SINGLE POWER-CONVERSION ACDC CONVERTER WITH HIGH POWER FACTOR AND HIGH EFFICIENCY
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Fig. 13. Experimental waveforms of the ZCS turn-off of the output diodes.
(a) v D 1 and iD 1 . (b) v D 2 and iD 2 .
Fig. 14.
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