2011 Second International Conference on Digital Manufacturing & Automation

Three-phase Z-source Grid-connected Wind Power Generation System Based on

Novel Deadbeat Control
Li Xiao, Chen Jing , Zhang Jingning
Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
seamissu@gmail.com
network uses its unique passive network to realize the switch
of voltages and at the same time maintains the single-stage
structure as well as the high efficiency; therefore, it displays
great values. When the wind power generation group has
lower output voltage, Z-source network activates the
voltage-increasing mode by the intervention of shootthrough time; conversely, when the output voltage is high,
Z-source network will activate the voltage-lowering mode
without the intervention of shoot-through time. By doing so,
Z-source network is perfectly compatible with the changing
of wind power generation. As for the control of Z-source
network, we can implement voltage space-vector modulation
to use shoot-through zero vectors in traditional zero vector
section, and realize the control of dc voltage without any
impact on effective output voltage vector. Compared with
sine pulse width modulation, it has more advantages.
However, traditional SVPWM does not have shoot-through
state, and therefore could not be utilized by Z-source
inverter. For this problem, the paper gives a solution.
Our control system is composed of three closed-loop
structures: ac grid-connected current tracking and control
closed loop; Z-source capacitor voltage closed loop; and
wind power generation group output voltage closed loop.
And ac grid-connected electricity closed loop realizes the
tracking of current; Z-source capacitor voltage closed loop
stabilizes the Z-source capacitor voltage; and wind power
generation group output voltage closed loop controls the
array voltage and realizes the tracking of maximum power
point of wind.
Current tracking control is realized by deadbeat control
algorithm which is based on accurate mathematical models
of controlled plants. In every switch period, it samples
inverting current and counts the inverter modulation
coefficient in the next period according to the reference
current, and finally achieves the error-free real-time current
tracking. But traditional method suffers a problem of
sampling delay, and needs to integrate with the predicting
algorithm of voltage and current to improve the control
performance of the whole system. To solve the problem, we
employ the current deadbeat control technology based on d-q
coordinate system (a rotating coordinate system). In the d-q
coordinate system, the given variable is dc quantity, and onebeat-delaying tracking current will not have any errors.
Therefore, deadbeat control can be achieved without
predicting technology. Thanks to this method, the control
becomes much easier, and the digitalization of inverting
grid-connected controller becomes more convenient. The
dynamic performance of the system is also enhanced.

AbstractThis paper presents a grid-connected control

strategy that applies to wind generation system on the basis of
Z-source inverter. It systematically explains the operating
principles and the mathematical model of the system
architecture, adopting a novel voltage space vector modulation
method with shoot-through zero vectors and analyzing its
performance characteristics. A method is developed for
generation shoot-through zero vectors. Meanwhile, a new
deadbeat control algorithm is proposed in the d-q coordinate
system. Considering dc controlled variables, forecasting
process can be omitted in the manner when the system
approaches steady state, which also improves the dynamic
characteristics of the system. In addition, closed loop control
means based on Z-source capacitor voltage is introduced,
which ensures that capacitor voltages stabilize at a proper
level and makes the system achieve the stabilization of output
voltages. With duty cycle and modulation ration being viewed
as the inputs of space vector pulse width modulation
(SVPWM) module, the method is designed to achieve
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and gridconnected control, rendering that the system is capable of
tracking the maximum power point of wind generator set and
fulfill grid-connected function. Finally, related simulation
suggests grid-connected current has fine sinusoidal output,
high power factor, both of which demonstrate the method is
accurate and efficient, with good dynamic and static
characteristics.
Keywords-Z-source inverter; MPPT control; three-phase
voltage vector; wind power generation; deadbeat control in the dq coordinate system

I.

INTRODUCTION

Since energy shortage and environmental issues are

getting worse, new energy, such as electric power generation
technology, is attracting more concerns. Wind power
generation technology, a representative clean renewable
power generation technology, has become an effective way
to solve the current problems. Grid-connected generation
features flexible generation modes, convenient power
transfer, and easier secondary switch, and becomes a trend of
renewable power generation technology.
To improve the efficiency of wind power generation, we
need to maximize the output power of wind power
generation group. The maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) control is frequently used for this purpose. The
paper adopts perturbation observation to achieve the control.
Generally, the efficiency of two-stage grid-connected
system is lower than the single-stage system. Z-source
978-0-7695-4455-7/11 $26.00 2011 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/ICDMA.2011.333

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II.

Z-SOURCE INVERTING STRUCTURE AND ITS

MODULATION STRATEGY

power point tracking control strategy. It alters very slowly

when compared with carrier cycle. So, in the analysis of Zsource inverter control model, we regard d 0 as a constant.

A. Three-phase Z-source Inverting Network

The topological structure of Z-source inverter is shown
in Fig. 1. Z-source network is a two-port network composed
of two inductors and two capacitors. Two inductors, L1 and

In this case, the difference between Vpn , Vc and VDC is a

constant coefficient. As long as we control one of them, we
can control the other two. This paper chooses to control
Vc for the purpose to make sure that the system functions
well.
The analysis of the mathematical model of the inverter
shown in Fig. 1 is presented as follows. To simplify the
deduction, we make some hypothesis: the network has ideal
three-phase voltage source; the grid-connected inductances
of each phase are the same, namely La = Lb = Lc = L ;
three-phase circuit parameters are symmetrical; the switch
frequency is far higher than power frequency; the conduction
voltage drop and the switch loss are ignored. Then, the
equation of three-phase alternating voltage is:
ea
ia ua
d

(2)
eb = ( R + L d ) ib + ub
t
e

c
ic uc
In the equation, ea , eb , ec are three-phase alternating

L2 have the same inductance value, while two capacitors,

C1 and C2 , share the same capacitance values. These
components form the three-phase Z-source inverter. Zsource network couples dc supply with three-phase inverter
bridges. Diode VD is used to prevent inverse current from
flowing into supply.

Figure 1. Circuit structure of three-phase Z-source inverter

The output of three-phase Z-source inverter is connected

with the network via the filter. When traditional voltagesource rectifier (VSR) is working, the inverter has eight
switch states corresponding to eight different space voltage
vectors, six of which are valid vectors and two are zero ones.
Compared with traditional VSR, Z-source inverter allows
conduction between the upper and lower bridges, except for
eight switch states. It is called shoot-through zero voltage
state, and the corresponding space voltage vector is called
shoot-through zero voltage vector. Such state is totally not
allowed in traditional voltage-source rectifier. Nonetheless,
Z-source inverter relies on such state to increase the voltage
and allow the conduction of bridges, and therefore improves
the disturbance resistance. Because of the static
characteristics of Z-source network, dead time is not
necessary to drive the switch tube. In this case, the distortion
of sine voltage is smaller than traditional voltage-source and
current-source inverter. So, the inverter structure based on Zsource network will generate much better sine output
waveform. In accordance with the model analysis of Zsource network in the reference [4], as shown in Fig. 1, the
peak voltage of inverter, or input dc voltage, U pn and

voltages on the supply side; As inputs, ua , ub , uc are

three-phase alternating voltages of PWM rectifier bridges;
ia , ib , ic are three-phase alternating currents of PWM
rectifier bridges; R and L are the inductance and resistance
of ac reactor.
If we employ 3/2 transformation and rotation
transformation, we obtain a model in the d-q coordinate
system which has the synchronous rotation with the network
supply frequency:
di
ed = ( Rid + L d ) Liq + ud
(3)
dt
diq
) + Lid + uq
(4)
eq = ( Riq + L
dt
where ed , eq are components of network electrodynamic force vectors along the d-axis and the q-axis,
respectively; ud , uq are components of alternating voltage
vectors in PWM rectifier along the d-axis and the q-axis,
respectively; id , iq are components of alternating current
vectors in PWM rectifier along the d-axis and the q-axis,
respectively. According to the above equations, the supply
voltage in the d-q coordinate system can be separated into
three parts:
The voltage drop caused by the inductance and
resistance ac reactor.
Coupled voltage that generates the coupling function
between d-q axes.
The counter electromotive force of rectifier caused
by filter capacitor of the dc side of the rectifier.
Equations (3) and (4) can be transformed into:

capacitor voltage Vc as well as dc supply voltage VDC

satisfy the equation:

1
1
V pn =
VC =
VDC
(1)
(1 d0 )
(1 2d0 )

where

d 0 is the ratio between the time T0 while the

inverter is under shoot-through state and the time T1 while it

is not, namely, d 0 = T0 / T1 . In the equation, the shootthrough effect of the duty cycle is adjusted by maximum

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To apply SVPWM to the novel Z-source inverter, we

need to make some improvement to the traditional SVPWM.
In a switch cycle, traditional SVPWM needs a shoot-through
time T to realize voltage increase. Once we take the first
slice as an example, we obtain the waveform of SVPWM
control after improvement, as shown in Fig. 2.
Ts represents switch cycle. T1 and T2 are the working

ed
R
i 1 0 1 0 eq
L

id + L 1
=
L 1 u (5)

R
q
0 L 0
L d

uq

L

Here we obtain a mathematical model of three-phase
voltage-source PWM rectifier in d-q coordinate system with
the form of state equation:
did
dt
di
q
dt

X ( t ) = AX ( t ) + BU ( t )

Y (t ) = C X (t )

time of valid vectors (100) and (110), T0 is the working time

(6)

of zero vectors in traditional SVPMW, and T is shootthrough time. Note that t = T / 12 .

As shown in Fig. 2, shoot-through states are averagely
designated into the whole switch cycle with the inserted
shoot-through time not adding any extra switch times. The
specific situation is displayed in Fig. 2.

We discretize (6) and get

X (k + 1) = FX (k ) + GU ( K )
(7)
Y (k ) = CX (k )
In the equation:
F = e AT
(8)

T AT
AT
1
(9)
G = ( 0 e dt ) B = (e 1) A B
Since C is an identical matrix, it remains unchanged
after discretization. We substitute A and B into (7) and we
have it discretize to get the mathematical model of PWM
rectifier:

TR

i d ( k + 1) = (1 L ) i d ( k ) + T i q ( k ) +

( e d ( k ) u d ( k ))

i ( k + 1) = (1 T R ) i ( k ) + T i ( k ) +
q
d
q
L

T
( e q ( k ) u q ( k ))

III.

FIGURE AND TABLE THE GRID-CONNECTED CONTROL

STRATEGY OF WIND GENERATION SYSTEM

Based on the rigorous mathematical model of controlled

plant, deadbeat control can be realized with microprocessor
with higher dynamic response speed. The pulse width of the
next sampling time of inverter can be figured out with the
state equation of the inverter and output feedback signal. The
control variable of each sampling period is calculated
according to present state vector and reference sine value of
next sampling time, and thus we can modify output voltage
deviation caused by load disturbances or nonlinear loads
during sampling period. With high dynamic performance
and the ability to track given values by outputs and fixed
switching frequency, deadbeat control is ideal for the control
of inverter of grid-connected power generating system which
is easily influenced by several kinds of circumstance and it
suits the implement in high-performance digital controller.
Researches on currents of deadbeat control in rectifiers are
mostly based on - coordinate system (static coordinate
system). The approach fulfills steady-stage deadbeat control
of the current with its simple principle. Since the controlled
variable, however, is ac quantity, the method must predict
the current of next beat which brings about a cycle delay
between sampling time and control time. For this purpose,
we adopt current deadbeat control in the d-q coordinate
system in which given value is dc quantity when the system
stabilizes. Because there is no error as the system tracks
direct current, we can achieve the same control effect
without predicting technology and therefore improve
dynamic performance.
From the circuit structure, as shown in Fig. 1, which is
based on hypothesis in second section, we list the following
equations according to relationship between voltages.
K a , K b and K c are switching coefficients of PWM

(1 0 )

(1 1 )

B. Modulation of Z-source Inverter

The modulation of Z-source inverter can achieve simple
voltage-increasing control, maximum voltage increasing
control, maximum constant voltage increasing control,
traditional sine pulse width modulation, and space-vector
pulse width modulation (SVPWM). All of them are
compatible with the system. However, since the
TMS320LF2407 DSP that installed in the system can
generate centrally symmetric impulse sequence, SVPWM is
easier to be applied in DSP than traditional SPWM and more
compatible with digitalization. Moreover, the physical
concept of SVPWM is clear, its algorithm is simple,
harmonic content is low, and the utilization rate of dc
voltage is high; therefore, the application of SVPWM in Zsource inverter can meet the requirement in many situations
where output voltage is sine. The method employs SVPWM
to realize the modulation of Z-source inverter network.

inverter and

La = Lb = Lc = L :
dia
= K aU dc ea
dt
di
Lb b = K bU dc eb
dt

La

Figure 2. Space vector PWM control with shoot-through zero vector

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(12)
(13)

identical to those of distribution network, enabling gridconnected system to operate at high power factor.
The deadbeat control algorithm in the d-q coordinate
system is introduced, along with three loops compromising
the control system, as shown in Fig. 3, including gridconnected ac loop, Z-source capacitor voltage loop and wind
turbines output voltage loop. With grid-connected ac loop,
the distribution network operates at unit power factor. Zsource capacitor voltage loop is implemented to keep Zsource capacitor voltage stable. By applying the wind
turbines output voltage loop to the system, it is possible to
control the array voltages and achieve maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) control.

dic
= K cU dc ec
(14)
dt
Taking one phase (phase a) into consideration, we obtain
the state equation:

Lc

X = A X + B U + C W
where X represents ia , and

(15)

A = 0, B = 1/ La , U = ea ,W = u DC
After discretizing the (15), we have
T
T
iL ((k + 1)T ) = U sa (kT )
U a (kT ) + iL (kT ) (16)
L
L
where T is the pulse width of next period. Therefore,
T can be obtained:
T U sa (kT ) + L iL ((k + 1)T ) L iL (kT )
T =
(17)
U a (kT )
Now we get the predicted value:

iL ((k + 1)T ) = K U sa ((k + 1)T )

(18)

and

p
,
U
sa (( k + 1)T )
U2
From the forecasting formula of sine quantity, we get:

K=

Figure 3. Block diagram of system control

U sa ((k + 1)T ) = U sa ((k 1)T ) + 2

(U sa ((k 1)T ) U sa ((k 2)T )) (19)

Due to the detection of the voltages and currents of wind

generator set, the strategy brings the system under MPPT
control and tracks the corresponding voltage value to the
maximum output power point. The output of MPPT link
represents the reference values of wind generator set, which
are determined by instructions, as shown in Fig. 4. The
accurate track of voltage instructions of wind turbines is
based on the adjusting of shoot-through duty cycle of
inverter bridges. As a significant parameter, Z-source
capacitor voltage value makes a critical difference in the
system. Z-source capacitor voltage fails to match the fixed
transmission ratio of converter when its value becomes too
low. When the value goes up, power tubes has tendency to
cause over-voltage damage. As a result, the introduction of
Z-source capacitor voltage loop ensures that capacitor
voltages stabilize at a proper level. Considering that Zsource capacitor voltage is related to the dc input current of
the inverter, we regard the outputs of Z-source capacitor
voltage as current amplitude instructions of ac current loop.
In order to gain lower ac harmonic, sine gird-connected
current and unit factor power, the deadbeat control is
adopted. The outputs of current loop and the shoot-through
time of MPPT link utilize the space vector modulation
method and generate six-channel signals to carry out the
operation of inverter.

We substitute iL ((k + 1)T ) into iL ((k + 1)T ) in the (17)

to calculate the pulse width of next period. From the above
equations, discretized mathematical model of three-phase
inverter is:
TR
T
id (k + 1) = (1 )id (k ) + T iq (k ) + (ed (k ) ud (k )) (20)
L
L
TR
T
iq (k + 1) = (1 )iq (k ) + T id (k ) + (eq (k ) uq (k )) (21)
L
L
After transforming the equations, we obtain voltage
instruction calculation formulas of deadbeat control:
L
L RT

id ( k ) +
u d ( k ) = T i d ( k + 1) + T

Lid ( k ) + ed ( k )

u q ( k ) = L i q ( k + 1) + L RT iq ( k )

T
T
Lid ( k ) + eq ( k )

As given currents

(22)

(23)

id , iq are dc quantities when the

system becomes steady, it is easy to sample them.

id and iq

are as follows: i*d (k + 1) = i*d (k ) i*q (k + 1) = i*q (k ) .

This also reveals that deadbeat control does not have
steady state error when the system tracks direct current.

IV.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STEADY NUMERIC

SIMULATION FOR FLOWING IN BEDPAN
The goal of grid-connected inverters is to control gridconnected current, of which frequency and phase are

V.

THE RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION

To test the method that we devised, MATLAB

simulation has been performed. Some parameters are as

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follows: U 0 = the initial voltage of supply, U c = the given

capacitor voltage, I = the current amplitude of girdconnected current, f s = sampling frequency, C = the Zsource capacitance, L = the inductance , U n = the voltage
of distribution network, f n = the frequency of distribution
network
And we hypothesize that:
U 0 = 300V; U = 410V; I = 10A; f s = 10kHz; C =

Figure 6. The waveform of output current with the deadbeat control

algorithm (x-axis represents time(s), y-axis represents
current(A))Boundary conditions

330F; L1 = 1mH; L2 = 1mH; Lg = 2.5mH; U n = 220V;

f n = 50H.
Fig. 4 shows the modulation results of steady girdconnected system. The voltage and current on the network
side share the same phase and current does track the voltage
successfully, as shown in Fig. 4. Compared with traditional
SVPWM control, the deadbeat control algorithm provides
the inverter with better output current waveform, as shown
in Fig. 5 and 6, revealing that it has lower harmonic and
excellent tracking performance.

VI.

CONCLUSIONS

With power quality and electric energy efficiency being

the critical factors, gird-connected inverter is the critical
piece of generating system. We present the paper describing
the grid-connected control strategy that applies to wind
generation system to perfect the Z-source inverter and
explain the operating principles of the system architecture. In
the paper, a practical SVPWM rectifier control strategy, or
the deadbeat control algorithm, has been explored. In the
single-stage power conversion, the strategy achieves MPPT
control, boosts dc-link peak voltage, implements the stable
tracking control of output current, and enhances the output
power quality. The simulation demonstrates the method
based on Z-source inverter that we apply to wind turbines is
accurate and efficient, with fine sinusoidal gird-connected
current, high power factor, featuring good dynamic and
static characteristics.
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Figure 4. The static waveform of output current (green) and voltage

(blue) on the grid side (x-axis represents time(s), y-axis represents voltage
(V))

Figure 5. The waveform of output current with traditional open loop

control( x-axis represents time(s),y-axis represents current(A))

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