Conflict Between Kashmir and India 1947

1. Kashmir Before 1947

Background
Conflicts between countries in South Asia are affected most countries international relations
in South Asia. The conflict occurred between India and Pakistan that has continued until now. The
conflict started since the post-independence India and Pakistan. There are areas in the name of
Kashmir is disputed between the two countries. Kashmir area fertile and drained by major rivers,
which influences the geographic South Asia as a whole. That's what makes these two countries
continue the conflict until today.1 Moreover why India-Pakistan conflict occurs because the two
countries are trying to achieve national interests (National Interest) of each country. In this case is
related to the ownership of the territory of Kashmir. Pakistan considers that India had annexed
Kashmir and this is one reason why the struggle over Kashmir between Pakistan and India.

Kashmir region
Term Kashmir historically described as a valley in the south of the western end of the
Himalayas lineup. Politically, the term described Kashmir as a larger region that includes the
provinces of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh "Vale of Kashmir" relatively low key and very fertile,
surrounded by incredible mountain and fed by many streams in valleys.2 Kashmir was known as a
wonderful place of spectacular in the world. Srinagar, the capital of the ancient city, located near the
Dal lake and famous for its canals and houseboat. Srinagar (altitude of 1,600 m or 5,200 Ft) is
effective as the summer capital for many foreign conquerors who get hot in north India. Just outside
the city there are beautiful Shalimar gardens created by Jehangir, the Mughal emperor, in 1619.3
Kashmir is located in northern India. The area is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Afghanistan to
the north, and the people of the Republic of China (PRC) to the east. Prior to 1974, during the reign
of Maharaja Hari Singh, the region has an area of 222,236 km (85.809 sq. mi), which is divided

Abu Al-Ashari,the born conflict of kashmir,2001,University of Baghdad

Nat-Geo,Demography of Kashmir,2011,England

James Reston,the kashmir,New York Times Book Review,2003

into four provinces, namely: azad Kashmir (Northern Areas), Kashmir Valley (often referred to
Kashmir only), Jammu, and Ladakh.4

After the end of the rule Hari Singh in 1947, the area was divided into three parts. Azad
Kashmir proclaim themselves to be part of Pakistan. Aksai China region, which is part of Ladakh,
the PRC and the remaining occupied (Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh) became part of India. All three
of these areas by India and then merged into one state with reference to Jammu and Kashmir. Total
area under the control of India's 143,798 sq. km (54,571 sq mi).

Jammu and Kashmir region is divided by the Indian government on 14 districts. Kashmir
region consists of 6 districts (Anantnag, Bagdam, Baramulla, Kupwara, Pulwarma, Srinagar).
Jammu 6th district (Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Poonch, Rigour, Udhampur). And Ladakh 2 district
(Kargil, Leh)

Residents of Jammu and Kashmir is dominated by Muslims and Hindus. Muslims make up
the majority population by the number of 3,843,305 people (19%). However, the Muslim population
is concentrated in Kashmir. In areas that have the densest population, 94.96% of its citizens to
convert to Islam. In two other districts (Jammu and Ladakh) Muslim population was only 19.60%
and 46.04% of total residents. Three times in the war between India and Pakistan led to a massive
exodus of Muslims to Azad Kashmir, India's big cities, English, some other European countries and
the United States. The area is the largest exodus from Jammu. Census 1941 shows that Muslims in
this area back 61% of the total population. But now home to 60%. This reduction makes only a
majority Muslim population that is only three district Doda, Poonch, Rajouri.

A majority population in Jammu is Hindu. In other regions (Kashmir and Ladakh) Hindu
population only slightly. While in Ladakh, Muslims and Hindus are not too obtrusive. The area
immediately adjacent to the PRC is mostly inhabited by Buddhist.5

retrieved from http//www.kashmirorigin.com.my

Abdullah Torouti,the exodus of muslim in Kashmir,Univesity of Allahabad,India,1993

2. The Conflict in Kashmir 1947

Kashmir is located in a remote northern India has made the region that its status as an
autonomous region that is long enough until the year 1586. At that time, Kashmir organize itself
like a state. Within the various religions came and went (Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam) in order to
live in peace in Kashmir. The arrival of the last wave, namely Islam, making the majority of
Kashmiris to Islam.

Long autonomy period just ended when Akbar conquered Kashmir and make it a part of
Mughal empire in 1586.6 Since then, Kashmir was ruled by foreigners alternates. Indigenous people
(Muslims) have never been given the chance to govern.

Kashmiris causes the collapse of the Mughal empire. Hence, the reign changed hands from
the center of New Delhi. This time the ruling was Ranjit Singh, a Sikh who became ruler of Punjab.
Under his rule, the Muslim population is experiencing a lot of stress. And just before the mid-19th
century is ending pressure. Following the conquest of Punjab to the British colonialists, Punjab
Maharaja had to give up (sell) Kashmir and to the Hindu Dogra. This ridiculous statement (just Rs
7.5 million for an area of England) is a war indemnity and to be a part of Amritsar agreement signed
by the British East India Company and the emperor in 1846.

Under the Hindu Dogra Rajputs, Rajputs, Muslims suffered great pressure. Added
consolidation of authoritarian rule which made the rajput, it has causing widespread human rights
abuses and alienation of the Muslim population. Jobs predominantly Hindu Dogra, approximately
60% of the posts of government in the hands of their educational qualification even though they
were under Muslim population.

This excessive discrimination continuing into the early 20th century. Kashmir secluded park,
the swift flow of historical events in the territory of India and other parts of the world, and the
British policy of giving full autonomy for the territory of the so-called princely state, leading to
discrimination and oppression that lasted less attention from the colonial government.

Michael Howard,a commentary of Kashmiris priority,Oxford Readers Guide,1993

Patience Muslim population reached its peak in 1931. To improve the situation, the Muslim
population of the popular protest movements as Tebreek-i-Jihad. The protest ended with the
massacre of security forces by the Muslim population. In response to the bloody events of the
colonial government established the Glance Commission. The Commission is working to produce a
number of recommendations to reform the existing system. One is opening the taps political
participation and freedom to form political parties. For the people of Kashmir this development
marks the beginning of a chance for them to open their eyes and the colonial government of
discrimination and repression that took place in Kashmir.7

3. The Conflict between Hindu and Islam in Kashmir 1947

Kashmir's territory is situated between India and Pakistan has a Hindu monarchy which at
that time held by Maharaja Hari Singh. Therefore, Hari Singh felt closer to India. Meanwhile, the
majority of Kashmiris are Muslims so by Mountbatten, should integrate Kashmir with Pakistan.
This dilemma makes Hari Singh independence is the best alternative to Kashmir. Therefore, until
the independence of India and Pakistan was proclaimed, Singh has not yet decided to join one of
these countries.

At the beginning of October 1947, there was a rebellion in Poonch district. The uprising was
the culmination of an internal conflict, which broke out as a result of the policy of Maharaja Hari
Singh, who since August 1947 in an act of impeachment against the soldiers who came from
residents of Poonch and replace them with soldiers Hindu and Sikh. Policy Hari Singh responded
with a campaign of citizen Poonch. These tense political situation finally broke into revolt after
news circulated among residents about the massacre of Muslim Poonch in Jammu, Patiala, and
Kapurthala.

On September 21 October 1947 the rebellion is uprising peaked.Its combined citizens

Pathan, Muslim, Pakistan and Kashmiri rebels occupied the Hindu population Muzafarbad then
drove from it. In 24 October 1947 the rebellion proclaimed the founding group of the State Azad
Kashmir. The attack by the rebels did not stop there. They continue its efforts to take over other
cities in Poonch, and began to approach the summer capital, Srinagar.
7

Mohammad Mohsin Al-Anwari,the critic on political ethnic through hind-muslim in Kashmir,

journal,University of Al Azhar,Egypt 2003