NaturalGasCoolingSolutions

Anoverviewofthetechnologyandopportunities
August15,2013

TableofContents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

AirConditioningMarketOverview
WhatisGasCooling?
BenefitsofGasCooling
ReducingElectricDemand
VaporCompressionCycle
NaturalGasCoolingEquipment
NaturalGasCoolingEconomics
NaturalGasCoolingEmissions
Resources

AirConditioning
Airconditioning istheprocessofalteringtheproperties
ofair(primarilytemperatureandhumidity)tomore
favorableconditions.Moregenerally,airconditioning
canrefertoanyformoftechnologicalcooling,heating,
ventilation,ordisinfectionthatmodifiestheconditionof
air.*
Todaywewillfocusonspacecoolingorprocesscooling

* ASHRAE

NaturalGasConsumptionInCanada
2010
EnergyConsumption Terajoules

1,200,000
1,000,000
Other

800,000
600,000

Water
Heat

400,000
200,000

Pulp&Paper
Iron&Steel
Chemicals&
Fertilizer

Appliances

Space
Heat

Other
Health
Education
Retail

Mining
Oil&
Gas

Electric
Power

Offices

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

ElectricPower

EnergyConsumptionforComfortCooling
byBusinessActivity
X1000BTU/SqFt

20
15
EnergyUseIntensity
byMarket
(1000BTU/SqFt)

10
5
0

EverybodyneedsAirConditioning
Source:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,2011BuildingsEnergyDataBook

EnergyUseinCommercialBuildings
Undistributed
11%
Space Heating
26%
Other
14%

Computers
2%
Ventilation
6%
Cooking
2%
Electronics
3%
Refrigeration
5%
Water Heating
7%

Source:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,2011BuildingsEnergyDataBook

Lighting
14%

Space Cooling
11%

EnergyUsedforComfortCooling
Natural Gas
5%

Electricity
95%

Mostbuildingsuseelectricairconditioningtoday,but
electriccanbemoreexpensivethanthealternative.
Source:U.S.DepartmentofEnergy,2011BuildingsEnergyDataBook

WhatisGasAirConditioning
GasAirConditioningisanyformofairconditioningthat
usesnaturalgasastheprimarysourceofenergyforany
sortofairconditioningsystem,including:
Humidification
Dehumidification(liquidanddrydesiccant)
Spaceorprocesscooling
Todays focus

Benefitsof
NaturalGasCooling
Internal
External

NaturalGasCooling

InternalBenefits
SaveMoney
ImproveProductivity
AddFlexibilitytoExistingSystem

SaveMoneywithGasCooling
Savemoneyonelectricusagecharges
Saveonelectricdemandcharges
Inthemonthlybill
ReduceWinterdemandpenaltiesfromSummer
Peak

ImproveLoadFactorandreducecostof
electricfromthirdparty

ImproveProductivitywithGasCooling
Comfortableworkersaremoreproductive
Healthyworkerscometowork
% Relative Humidity

H1N1
Influenza

Too much or too little

humidity is bad.
Natural gas desiccant
systems and natural
gas humidifiers help
control humidity.

Optimum
Level

HybridChillerApplicationsadd
FlexibilitytotheCoolingPlant
Incorporateelectric&gas
chillersintoacombinedchiller
plant
Installbothunittypesintosystem
50%electric/50%gascapacities
Baseloadchillerbasedonutility
costsortimeofday
Idealforfacilitiesthathave
minimalelectricalservice

NaturalGasCooling

ExternalBenefits
EnvironmentalBenefits
ImproveGridReliability

SourcetoSiteEnergyEfficiency

The process of generating and delivering electricity is not efficient.

Electric generation is only about 32% efficient compared to natural gas at
92% efficient from source to site

ElectricgenerationMakeup

Almost half of all electric produced is done so by burning coal which is

one of the dirtiest of all fossil fuel.

GasversusElectricEmissions

Greenhouse Gas emissions are far lower when natural gas is consumed
directly at the site versus purchasing power from a source generator.
Far fewer emissions of NOx, SOx, CO2, Particulates, PM10, VOCs,
Mercury, etc. with natural gas versus electric

ElectricGridReliabilityIsDECLINING
Per IEEE

Outages Greater
than 100 MW

Outages Affecting more

than 50,000 Customers

1991-1995

66

41

1996-2000

76

58

2000-2004

156

149

2005-2009

264

349

Starting in 1995, the amortization and depreciation rate has exceeded utility
construction expenditures. In other words, for the past 15 years, utilities have
harvested more than they have planted. The result is an increasingly stressed grid.
Indeed, grid operators should be praised for keeping the lights on, while managing a
system with diminished shock absorbers.
Source: IEEE Web Site

http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/policy/us-electrical-grid-gets-less-reliable

TransmissionandDistributionCongestion&
Constraintscontinuetoincrease
9,000 MW

Generation:
(Growing)

>

7,000 MW

<

Transmission
& Distribution:

8,000 MW

Load:
(Growing)

(?????)

Reducing electric demand helps stabilize the grid

NaturalGasCooling

ReducingElectricDemand

EnergyDemandProfiles GasChillerforAnnualBaseLoad
100%

80%

60%

Demand
Charge
Penalty

40%

20%

0%

Initial
Natural Gas
Demand

Initial
Electric Demand
w/ Electric Chiller

EnergyDemandProfiles GasChillerforAnnualBaseLoad
100%

80%

60%

Initial
Electric
Demand

40%

20%

Decreased
Electric Demand
w/ Gas Chiller
InstallNaturalGasCooling SizedforAnnualBaseLoad

0%

EnergyDemandProfiles GasChillerforAnnualBaseLoad
100%
Initial
Electric
Demand

80%

60%

More consistent
gas usage year
round

Decreased
Demand
Charge
Penalty

40%
Initial
Natural Gas
Demand

20%

0%

Decreased
Electric Demand
w/ Gas Chiller

NaturalGasCooling

VaporCompressionCycle

VaporCompressionCycle
Cooling
Step1:Refrigerantentersthe
Tower
compressorinalowpressure,low
temperature,gaseousform
Rejected
Step2:Therefrigerantiscompressedto
ahighpressureandtemperature
3
gaseousstate
Hot Refrigerant Vapor

Condenser

Simplified

Warm Refrigerant Liquid

Drive

Fill
aerosol
Can

Heat

Engine
Motor
Turbine

Compressor

Cold Refrigerant Liquid

Evaporator
Evaporator
Cold Refrigerant Vapor

Can heats
up

Load

Heat

VaporCompressionCycle
Step3:Thehighpressureandtemperaturegas Cooling
Tower
entersthecondenserwhereitchangesphase
fromthehighpressureandtemperaturegasto
Rejected
ahightemperatureliquidbytransferringheat
toalowertemperaturemedium,usually
3
ambientair
Hot Refrigerant Vapor

Condenser

Simplified
Cool
can
Gas inside
changes
phases
from vapor
to liquid

Heat

Warm Refrigerant Liquid

Drive
Engine
Motor
Turbine

Compressor

Cold Refrigerant Liquid

Evaporator
Evaporator
Cold Refrigerant Vapor
Load

Heat

VaporCompressionCycle
Cooling
Tower

Step4:Thehightemperature
liquidthenentersthe
expansiondeviceallowinga
portionoftherefrigerantto
entertheevaporator

Rejected

3
Hot Refrigerant Vapor

Condenser

Simplified

Warm Refrigerant Liquid

Drive

Spray
can for
cooling
effect

Heat

Engine
Motor
Turbine

Compressor

Cold Refrigerant Liquid

Evaporator
Evaporator
Cold Refrigerant Vapor
Load

Heat

CompressorSizeRanges
Scroll <2 RT 10 RT

Reciprocating 20-200 RT

Rotary Screw 60-350 RT

Centrifugal 200 RT +

VaporCompressionDriveOptions
Electricmotor
Constantspeed
VariableSpeedDrive(VSD)

NaturalGasEngine
SteamTurbine

NaturalGasCooling
Equipment
EngineDriven
SteamTurbine
Absorption
HeatPump

Engine Driven Cooling

Engine replaces electric motor
in an Engine Driven system
Requires very little electricity for
operation, ~5KW ancillary
electric
Offer variable speed capability
(just like your automobile)
Can run at 20% capacity
without loosing efficiency

EngineDrivenChillerwithHeat
RecoveryOptions
Exhaust Gas /
Heat Recovery

To Load
From Load
Evaporator

Expansion Valve

Compressor
Cooling

Condenser

Cooling
Tower

EngineFuelUseandHeatRecovery
Radiation(3%)
Exhaust
Unrecoverable(16%)
Recoverable
Energy
(48%)

Exhaust(15%)
JacketCoolant33%
ShaftPowertoDrive
ChillerCompressor
33%

EngineChillerManufacturers

Tecogen (25-400 Tons)

Trane (165-3000 Tons)

York (400-2100 Tons)

AdvantagesofEngineDrivenCooling
Potentiallyloweroperatingcosts
Providesflexibilityofoperationtohelpcontroloverallenergycosts
wheninstalledinconjunctionwithelectricchillersinahybridplant
Variablespeedforefficientpartloadoperation
Engineheatrecoveryfordomestichotwaterandotherthermalenergy
needs
Capableofprovidingleavingchilledwatertemperaturesbelow42oF
Initialcostsquicklyoffsetbyenergysavingsinareaswithhigh
electricityprices
Environmentallyfriendly

NaturalGasEngineDrivenCooling
Sizing <25tonstoover1000tons
Applications Widerangeofcoolingcapacitiesand
temperaturesmakeenginedrivencoolinganexcellent
choicefor:

Schools
Hospitals
ApartmentBuildings
OfficeBuildings
NursingHomes
Hotels
Retailers
IceRinks
Industrialprocesses

Turbine Driven Chiller

Utilizes steam to drive

refrigeration compressor
Excellent use for heating
boilers in the summer months
Larger units 700-2800 RT
Variable speed capability
1.8 Coefficient of
Performance (COP)

TurbineDriveChillerSystem
Compressor

Steam
Turbine

Wet Steam
Tower Water
Return
Steam
Condenser
Steam Supply
Condensate

Tower Water Supply

Evaporator

Condenser

AbsorptionCooling
Heatdrivessystem
Oftenbestchoicewhen:
Electricdemandchargesare
high
Electricityuseratesarehigh
Summertimenatural
gaspricesarefavorable
Limitedelectricserviceavailable
RecoveredHeatisavailable

AbsorptionSystemComponents
Consistsoffourmajorelements

Generator
Condenser
Evaporator
Absorber

Single Stage Absorber Components

40

BasicAbsorptionChillerCycle

Tower
Water

Tower
Water
Pump

Chiller Heat Rejection

Chiller System

Generator
Pump

Absorber

Expansion Valve

Chilled Water
Supply
ColdAir
Chiller Heat Exchanger

Cooling
Tower

Air Handler

Warm Water
Return

Chilled
Water
Pump

NaturalGasAbsorptionCooling
Sizing severaltonstoover1000tons
Types

Heatrecovery e.g.,CHPsystem
Hybridsystems
Chiller
Chiller/heater
Singleordoubleeffectsystems
Direct&IndirectFired
AirCooled&WaterCooled
Absorptionheatpumps

AdvantagesofAbsorptionCooling
Heatandcoolwiththesameunit
Usuallyloweroperatingcosts
Safe,quietanddependableoperation
Reliable,lowmaintenance
Directfiredabsorberhasasmallerfootprintthan
anelectricchillerwithboiler
Initialcostsoffsetbyenergysavings

AbsorptionManufacturers

Broad
(100-1100 Tons)

Carrier (100-1500
Tons, aka Sanyo)

Energy Concepts (15150 Tons)

Custom systems to 15,000 tons)

Thermax
(10-1400 Tons)

Trane
(380-500 Tons)

Yazaki
(10-200 Tons)

Robur
(5 Tons)

York
(120-13500 Tons)

EngineDriven
Heatpumps
Similartoelectricheatpumps
Electricmotorreplacedwitha
naturalgasdrivenengine
Excellentpartloadefficiencies
Multiplezonecapable
Heatingefficiencyequivalentto
160%

GasHeatPump
LowTemperaturePerformance
120%

%Capacity

100%
80%
SanyoGasVRF

60%
40%

ElectricHeatPump
20%
0%
50

40

30

20

10

AmbientTemperature DegF

10

20

GasHeatPumpManufacturers

 8,11&15Tonunitsavailable
DuctedorDuctlessOptions
DuctlessUnitsidealforZoning

Aircooledcondensingin
packagedunit
CoolingCOPof1.4
HeatingCOPof1.6

EngineDrivenHeatPumps
16&24Tons
VariableRefrigerantFlow
SimultaneousHeatingandCooling
Somemodelsalsogenerateelectricity
Noemergencyheatneededwhenverycold
Upto120m(393ft)ofpipingbetweenthe
outdoorunitandthewaterheatexchanger

NaturalGasCooling
Economics
CoolingwithNaturalGasCostsLess

20YearLifeCycleCostAnalysis
20YrLifeCycleCost($mil)

3.0

2.4
Annual
EnergyCost

2.5
2.0

Average
Maintenance

1.5
1.4

1.2

InstalledCost

0.9

1.5

0.6

1.0
Simple
Payback

Internal
Rateof
Return

Absorption SingleEffect/
usingWasteHeat

4.17

8.1%

EngineDrivenw/Heat
Recovery

5.67

6.9%

ComparedtoElectric
CentrifugalChiller

0.5
0.0

Electric
Absorption Absorption Absorption
Centrifugal
Single
SingleEff Double
Effect
/using
Effect
DirectFired WasteHeat

Example Only Values will vary by region and project

Energy Prices EIA US Average as of Nov 2012
Electricity @ $0.10 / KWH & Natural Gas @ $8.01 / MCF

Engine
Driven
Chiller

Engine
Drivenw/
Heat
Recovery

NaturalGasCooling
Emissions
NaturalGasCoolingisCleaner

TonsCO2perYear

ChillerAnnualGHGEmissions
300

263

237

240

200

108

100

0
Electric
AbsorptionSingle
CentrifugalChiller EffectChillerusing
WasteHeat

GasEngineChiller

GasEngineChiller
wHeatRecovery

GasAirConditioningWebsite

GeneralGasCoolingandHumidityControlInformation
Videos
CaseStudies
Tools
Studies

Allmajorcategoriesofgascoolingarediscussedonthe
EnergySolutionCentersGasFiredAirConditioning
Equipmentsiteathttp://www.gasairconditioning.com

WhyChooseNaturalGasCooling?

Reducesenergycosts
Reduceselectricdemandcharges
Goodfortheenvironment
Reliable,plentifulenergysource
Optionstosuitvirtuallyanyapplication
Avoidelectricsystemupgradechargeswhenaddingnew
coolingequipment
Smallerstandbygeneratorrequirementsforemergency
cooling

Questions?

Appendix
Manufacturers

EngineDrivenEquipment
Manufacturers

TECOCHILLPackagedChillers
25 400Tons(Chillers/DX)
Automotive/IndustrialEngines
ManufacturedinUSA
HCFC(R22)andHFC(R134a)
Screw&ReciprocatingCompressors
Water&AirCooledCondensing
ETL/MEAListed

EngineDrivenEquipment
Manufacturers
TRANE Gas Powered
CenTraVac (GPC)
Chiller Package
1653,000Tons
WaukeshaEnginator
ManufacturedinUSA
HCFC123
CentrifugalCompressor
OptionsonCondensing

EngineDrivenEquipment
Manufacturers
YORKYB&YGChillers
4002,100Tons(Chillers)
IndustrialEngines
ManufacturedinUSA
HFC(134a)
CentrifugalCompressors

SteamTurbineChiller
YorkInternational
Sizes700to2800Tons
Usestraditionalvaporcompression
refrigerationcycle
Backpressureorcondensingturbineoption
1.8CoefficientofPerformance(COP)
ProvidesopportunitytoIntegratewaste
steamfromCogeneration

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers
BROADUSA
DirectFiredChillerHeater
100 1,100Tons
NOCFCs
Standard&HighEfficiency
Models

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers

CarrierChiller/Heater
Direct&SteamFired
100 1,500Tons
PrivateLabeled Japan
InternationalServiceProgram

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers

Absorption15 150tons
HeatPumps(absorptionbased)
Customsystemsto15,000tons
Simultaneousheatandcooling,orrefrigeration
Coproducehotwater,
Airorwatercooled,(ammoniawater)

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers

DirectFiredChillers&HeatPumps
4tonunitspackagedto25tons
Ammoniawatersystem
Lowtempunitsavailable
ManufacturedinUSA
Aircooledsystems
Singlephasepower

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers

Thermax Chiller/Heater
Direct,HotWater&SteamFired
10 1,400Tons
ProducedinIndia
InternationalSales&ServicePrograms

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers
TRANE HORIZON Series
DirectFiredChillerHeater
380 500Tons
ManufacturedinUSA
DoubleEffectOnly
ULListed

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers

Yazaki AbsorptionChillers
DirectFiredSingle&DoubleEffectUnits
3 200Tons
ManufacturedinJapan
WaterCooledCondensing

AbsorptionEquipmentManufacturers

SingleEffect,DoubleEffect
andDirectFiredChillers
120 1,350Tons
ManufacturedinUSA
HeatRecoveryUnitsAvailable
SteamUnitsAvailable

8and15TonOutdoorUnits

AddedDiversity
w/ExtraAirHandlers

VarietyofAirHandlersavailable
tosuitneedsofeachzone.
Upto17zoneswith8TonUnit
Upto33zoneswith15TonUnit

11TonRooftopUnit