515-521 (2013 )
DOI: 10.6119/JMST-012-0529-3
515
ABSTRACT
Emergency evacuation of a ship becomes an important
issue in case of an accident. In order to present the TITANIC
incident in 1912 from recurring again, IMO has stipulated
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
(SOLAS). The main purpose of this study is to find an optimal
personnel evacuation route in order to increase personnels
security at sea. Mathematical programming is the research
methodology in this study. After formulating the model and
exploring different evacuation scenarios, we compare the
results from our minimum cost flow model with that of originnal evacuation plan. Some suggestions are provided.
I. INTRODUCTION
The passenger ship sailing at sea is like an isolating island,
if a ship accident happens, it will cause the loss of human lives.
In order to prevent the accidents of Titanic, the Estonia and
the Herald of Free Enterprise from recurring again, IMO has
stipulated international convention for the Safety of Life at
Sea (SOLAS), and revised relevant safe specification of personnel evacuation plan for many times in the Maritime Safety
Committee (MSC).
Emergency evacuation of a ship becomes an important issue in case of an accident. The investigation of evacuation
processes has been originally applied to building. Many studies
have been conducted on the evacuation models. The literature
on evacuation models can be generally classified into two
categories: analytical models and simulation models. Fig. 1
(Bakuli and Smith [1]) gives a snapshot of different ways in
which the evacuation problem has been approached or formulated.
In general, the deterministic model is a simple and useful
tool for building evacuation. If the evacuation problem is
Paper submitted 04/07/11; revised 01/11/12; accepted 05/29/12. Author for
correspondence: Ching-Wu Chu (e-mail: cwchu@mail.ntou.edu.tw).
1
Department of Shipping and Transportation Management, National Taiwan
Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
2
Cheng-Lie Navigation Co. Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Analytical approaches
Stochastic
networks
Dynamic networks
Simulation networks
516
decision variable:
Xi,j: the amount flow in arcs (i, j), i.e., the number of people
moving from node i to node j, Xi,j 0 and integer.
parameters:
Ci,j: length of arc (i, j), i.e., the travel distance of arc (i, j).
Ui,j: capacity of arc (i, j), i.e., the number of people of allowed
to pass through the arc (i, j).
bk: net demand at node k, i.e., subtracting the number of
people flow out from the number of people flow in at
node k.
Minimize z =
Ci , j X i , j
( i , j ) A
subject to
X i ,k
( i , k ) A
X i , j ui , j
X k , j = bk
(1)
( k , j ) A
k V
X i , j 0 (i, j ) A
(2)
(3)
C.-W. Chu et al.: Emergency Evacuation Route for the Passenger Ship
517
Item
Driving room
Aft reclining seat
Fore reclining seat
Crew cabins
Saloon
Chinese Restaurant
Restaurant
VIP room
Kitchen
1st class cabins
2nd class cabins
General berthing
Driving room
Crew cabin
Capacity (persons)
14
388
312
22
54
80
98
0
2
40
24
154
1
5
518
Space (m )
60.63
106.58
31.47
227.18
110.19
5.00
9.17
Symbol
X8
X9
X10
X11
X12
X13
X14
Space (m )
1.47
333.62
58.07
76.06
109.26
172.5
1.10
Width (m)
1.42*2
2.00*2
2.00
2.00
0.75
1.5
1.5
2.0*2
Symbol
E21
E22
M
N1
O
P
N2
Q
Width (m)
2.00
2.00
0.8
0.7
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
Symbol
Width (m)
Symbol
Width (m)
1.6
28
0.65
1.6
29
1.6
1.7
30
1.6
1.7
31
1.6
11
1.765
32
0.7
12
1.765
33
1.6
13
1.5
34
0.7
14
0.65
35
1.08
15
0.65
36
1.08
19
1.8
37
0.65
22
1.6
38
0.75
23
1.6
39
0.7
24
1.54
40
0.65
25
1.46
42
0.8
26
0.75
Item
door
door
door
transshipment points
stairs
stairs
stairs
door
cabins
General Berthing
driving room
crew cabin
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
transshipment points
door
door
door
Symbol
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Item
Door
Door
Door
Door
Door
transshipment points
Stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
transshipment points
door
Symbol
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Item
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
door
transshipment points
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
door
door
door
Symbol
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
Item
door
door
door
transshipment points
stairs
stairs
stairs
door
door
door
door
door
door
stairs
stairs
stairs
stairs
transshipment points
door
door
door
door
transshipment points
door
door
lifeboat
lifeboat
C.-W. Chu et al.: Emergency Evacuation Route for the Passenger Ship
519
Density (p/m2)
< 1.9
1.9-2.7
2.7-3.2
> 3.2
< 1.9
1.9-2.7
2.7-3.2
> 3.2
< 1.9
1.9-2.7
2.7-3.2
> 3.2
Condition
Low
Optimum
Moderate
Crush
Low
Optimum
Moderate
Crush
Low
Optimum
Moderate
Crush
Stairs (up)
12
107
99
95
101
102
103
104
105
65
106
99
97
NAV BRI DECK
96
11
98
69
79
108
100
78
80
81
82
83
74
76
89
85
93
84
A DECK
86
90
91
92
94
10
73
77
43
42
45
46
35
56
57
53
50
81
58
59
16
13
18
20
75
60
61
62
19
64
77
42
35
25
27
21
23
29
30
31
32
28
92
43
45
46
44
47
67
INTERMEDIATE DECK
72
65 71
65 persons
are missing
66
70
54
55
56
57
53
50
52
65
58
60
61
62
14
67
64
63
27
53
41
200
200
40
20
19
30
141
22
25
27
21
59
23
29
3
24
142
34
59
18
17
14
68
34
48
15
13
88
39
16
14
9
73
10
87
38
36
94
200
37
33
3
26
80
140
93
142
34
24
69
90
40
49
C DECK
1
91
86
63
41
22
2
17
85
200
18
40
15
82
150
128
14
89
76
145
142
38
11
80
84
51
39
106
40
160
78
74
B DECK
36
79
52
37
103
160
65
55
102
105
104
140
persons
are
missing
160
83
87
51
98
915
71
54
101
97
96
108
67
100
12
72
88
48
49
95
70
44
47
The
number
of
person
is not
corret
68
66
75
Two
persons
are
missing
107
65
26
30
31
32
33
23
28
141
520
12
107
100
101
104
106
99
98
967
103
42
80
89
81
85
91
92
228
83
84
93
86
151
43
102
103
1
104
105
45
47
78
81
74
71
82
85
34
87
48
54
55
53
58
59
60
61
91
84
93
86
145
75
65
43
37
42
45
47
46
73
92
67
72
10
94
71
288
44
54
64
49
51
35
62
15
54
48
55
53
49
39
51
41
38
40
16
20
18
65
58
59
60
61
22
25
17
27
29
19
21
30
31
32
23
26
33
16
14
23
18
30
34
20
152
22
25
2
17
27
24
19
21
29
30
31
32
23
26
33
22
28
13
14
126
14
156
43
111
152
83
107
100
101
105
98
99
103
68
79
80
89
90
291
78
82
85
91
290
74
84
93
76
86
142
75
43
54
42
45
46
47
55
56
57
52
39
60
62
59
18
15
20
17
19
21
23
27
29
3
26
30
86
91
45
46
27
47
93
44
32
22
28
152
54
55
56
57
52
65
58
59
60
61
62
24
64
63
98
22
41
156
40
34
156
18
20
22
2
17
14
70
53
50
39
15
66
178
80
156
16
14
67
72
10
94
87
38
33
68
71
48
201
36
9
73
88
194
31
92
183
37
35
64
154
84
51
13
108
43
24
42
34
25
85
86
77
201
151
82
49
27
238
22
75
69
90
121
183
41
11
89
201
64
106
121
76
63
40
16
81
201
31
86
78
33
61
2
103
254
65
58
102
1
105
104
254
74
70
101
80
83
66
6
91
237
108
14
54
53
38
13
14
50
115
108
67
66
73
87
37
36
72
1164
71
48
51
35
10
290
44
49
115
73
100
254
79
68
92
88
290
77
94
98
154
83
142
64
69
81
96
69
97
11
290
1155
30
106
95
102
108
104
97
96
12
107
30
99
95
12
39
39
14
63
235
83
15
28
62
64
40
111
24
32
41
235
38
36
156
15
118
34
43
52
39
118
57
70
65
90
37
35
199
56
50
66
73
87
63
23
199
126
13
8
27
37
36
57
52
133
14
56
50
68
88
287
77
64
154
76
145
69
288
83
66
90
290
108
69
89
70
46
10
11
14
133
106
68
80
1156
67
230
44
18
42
101
288
72
88
229
77
94
98
79
68
73
140
76
75
80
42
82
96
69
90
227
78
74
100
97
11
228
79
151
95
102
108
105
97
96
12
38
38
99
95
107
37
37
19
194
25
27
24
21
23
29
30
31
3
26
28
156
32
33
22
4
C.-W. Chu et al.: Emergency Evacuation Route for the Passenger Ship
V. CONCLUSION
The paper presents a simple and efficient mathematical
programming model that identifies the emergency evacuation
routes that are available to the passengers for their movements.
As for further research, a system that monitors the number of
people in a room or place at any point and can solve the optimal evacuation route in real time. These evacuation routes
could be indicated in the hallways by signs pointing the way.
As room occupations change, so do optimal routes, so that the
optimal evacuation route from any given room or place may
change as well. Then, the mathematical model developed in
this study as well as other models in current literature can
evacuate people more efficiently and decrease the loss of lives
at sea.
521
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was partially supported by the National Science
Council of Taiwan under grant NSC 96-2416-H-019-006.
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