A dramatic monologue is spoken by a solo speaker, and it is addressed to a silen

t listener whose presence is felt. The speaker is usually in a state of some int
ense emotional crisis which initiates the speech that combines suspense and inte
nsity of drama with the passion and melody of the lyric.
Arnold's poem Dover Beach is an elegy on the crumbling of faith in the industria
lized and commercialized world of man. It is a solo speech that ventilates a dee
p sense of doubt and anguish, comparing the calmness of the Dover sea which is f
ull to the brim and the receding 'sea of faith' from the shores of human habitat
ion. The speaker addresses someone, presumably his beloved, as is evident in ' C
ome to the window'. The presence of the silent listener is also suggested at the
beginning of the concluding verse--' Ah love, let us be true to one another'.
Dover Beach is a dramatic monologue with the lover as the speaker and the ladylo
ve as the silent interlocutor. The poem aesthetisizes the apprehension of a sens
itive spiritualist at the erosion of faith from the Victorian life which had bec
ome crassly materialistic. It is also an elegy ,for the speaker-poet mourns for
the recession of faith in Christianity. According to the poet, life without fait
h is barbaric. If civilization becomes corrupted, war can not be far behind.
. Within the poem, a young man calls his lover to the window, intending to share
with her a pair of landscapes, one external, lit by haunting melancholic moonli
ght, and the other dark, fearful, and internal. Arnold relies on raw emotional h
onesty to draw the reader to what he feels is the moral crisis in an age of spir
itual discomfort, the loss of faith, meaning, and innocence in the wake of both
the rise of science and the decline of Empire. Arnolds metaphor of the Sea of Fait
h expresses this sentiment particularly well, presenting the reader with a symbol
of a lost time where religion stood strong without the doubts brought about by
progress, science, and Darwinism.
"Dover Beach is broken into four uneven stanzas. The first contains fourteen line
s, with the first half-dozen consisting of a rather straightforward description
of the moonlit seashore. Here, Arnold sets a placid tone, using words like calm, fa
ir, and sweet, the building blocks from which he crafts the mood of the remainder o
f the poem. He repeatedly uses the word is to show the reader what can be seen, The
sea is calm to-night. / The tide is full. Soon, however, he reaches a climax wit
h, on the French coast "the light / Gleams and is gone, stealing the light away f
rom the reader, leaving in its place only darkness. In a metaphorical sense of t
he word, not only the light is gone, but also certainty. The darkness makes it h
ard to define both ones own and somebody elses position, and one can never be cert
ain that the light will ever return. As the stanza continues, Arnolds narrator cal
ls his companion to the window, inviting the reader to share the tranquil scene,
but this pleasant landscape begins to change as he describes the point Where the
sea meets the moon-blanched land, invoking the pale whiteness of bone. This unco
mfortable image is followed by another, as the grating roar of pebbles flung by th
e sea serves to bring The eternal note of sadness in.
The second stanza of Dover Beach is the shortest at six lines. Arnold makes his fi
rst intertextual reference here, invoking the tragedies of Sophocles, and ponder
ing whether the playwright may also have been reminded of human misery while liste
ning to the turbid ebb and flow of the sea. Arnold discovers also in the sound a th
ought, but leaves it to the reader to wonder just what that thought might be.
The eight lines of the third stanza begin to explore Arnolds unspoken thought, in
forming the reader that The Sea of Faith / Was once, too, at the full, and round
earth s shore / Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. Arnolds metaphoric Se
a is one of the strongest images in the poem, reminding the reader of a simpler,
more comfortable time where humanity found definition through being jacketed by
a tradition of faith in God. In the next few lines, however, Arnold tears away t
his security blanket.These naked shingles chill the reader, exposing him to the bi
tter future feared by Arnold, a future in which rationality and science have ban
ished God to the fringes, made Him obsolete. Arnolds vision of the retreating Sea
of Faith feels hauntingly prophetic when one considers that in 1859, just a few s
hort years after the poems birth, Charles Darwin published The Origin of the Spec

ies, forever marking a tidal shift in the struggle between religion and science.
Within the nine lines of Dover Beachs final stanza, Arnold offers a solution, addre
ssing his companion directly, just as he did in the first. Ah, love, let us be tr
ue / To one another!Arnolds answer provides only empty hope amid an uncertain futu
re. Stefan Collini reasons that, Ostensibly, love is then invoked as the only sol
ace, but almost immediately this comes to seem something of a perfunctory gestur
e, as it is swallowed up by the gathering momentum of the poems powerfully dark p
icture of our homelessness in a cold, indifferent world.
At the close of the poem, Arnold leaves the reader on a darkling plain, / Swept w
ith confused alarms of struggle and flight, / Where ignorant armies clash by nig
ht. This is Arnolds second intertextual image drawn from classical mythology, this
time from Thucydides account of the Battle of Epipolae in The Peloponnesian War
. Thucydides describes a melee obscured by darkness, where the combatants could
not tell friend from foe, they could see the outline of figures in front of them,
but could not be sure whether these belonged to their own side or not. In hindsi
ght, these lines eerily seem to predict the bloodiness and brutality to come in
the Twentieth Century, particularly the horrors of trench warfare which would be
seen in the First World War. He suggests that fidelity can somehow fill the dee
p fissure vacated by vanishing faith. As in the third stanza, this security is f
leeting.
Central to understanding this poem is recognising that through it Arnold is lame
nting the loss of faith or culture in his society and painting a picture of a wo
rld that, as a result of this loss of faith, is full of cruelty, uncertainty and
violence.
The Victorian Era was, without a doubt, an extraordinarily complex age. It was a
time of tremendous scientific progress, invention and exploration. It was a per
iod of economic and social changes, industrial revolution, discussion and argume
nt about the nature and role of woman, known also as "The Woman Question. What is
more, it was the age of transition and an era of the crisis of faith. It was th
e time of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species publication (1859). His revolu
tionary theory of evolution undermined the foundations of religion. The Bible wa
s becoming questioned. Many people began to doubt what was written in the book o
f Genesis. It ceased to be treated as a reliable source of information on how th
e universe was created. God seemed to be powerless against the rising age of the
machine. In his poem Dover Beach Matthew Arnold laments on the worlds loss of reli
gious faith but at the same time he appoints/ designates love as the solution to
the problem of isolation and separation between man and God.
Dover Beach, published in 1867, is a dramatic monologue in which the poetic person
a, the voice of Arnolds contemporaries, presents the fear of being alone in the a
ge of dwindling faith and fading religion.