Advanced Prog Lec 2

CvSUCCC(LecManual) 1
(COSC111AdvancedProgramming)
CHAPTER 1: PHP Introduction

Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, students must be able to:
defy what is PHP;
know the Pros, Cons and strengths of PHP; and
be familiar with the origin of PHP.
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language

that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML.
PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
PHP files have a default file extension of ".php"
The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) is a programming language that allows web developers
to create dynamic content that interacts with databases.
The Origin of PHP
This software, originally known as Personal Home Pages, was developed in 1997 and is currently
being used in over 10 million domains. Before PHP, developers used CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
scripts for interacting with users, querying databases, etc. However, since CGI applications are separate,
stand-alone programs, scalability is missing because multiple CGI applications running concurrently can
quickly consume all available memory. To avoid this problem, PHP was developed using a three layer
architecture. The first layer is the client also known as the browser. The second layer is the server
(including both the web server and PHP interpreter). The third layer is the database system. Using this
approach, it avoids the forking of external programs found in CGI applications which can quickly consume
all available memory.
With PHP you write HTML script with embedded code defined with special start and end tags.
The embedded code is executed on the server and then sent to your browser. What is displayed in the
browser is the result from the code's execution. This is very different from other scripting languages like
Perl and C where code is written to output HTML commands. While similar to JavaScript, the main
difference with PHP is the code is executed on the servers, whereas with JavaScript the code is executed
on the client-side. With JavaScript it is possible to determine the underlying code, whereas with PHP the
underlying code is hidden from the user.
How PHP works?
Every time a visitor goes to your site to read your content, a request is made that is sent to a host
server. The PHP programming language receives that request, makes a call to the MySQL database,
obtains the requested information from the database, and then presents the requested information to your
visitor via his web browser.
Dept.ofICT&ComputerStudies1stSem.A.Y.20132014
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Content refers to the data stored in the MySQL database which includes blog posts, pages,
comments, links, and options. The theme (or design) you choose to use for your site isn't part of the
database content. Themes files are considered the presentation layer and are essential to user friendly
website display. Theme files are part of the file system and aren't stored in the database. So creating and
keeping a backup of any theme files that you're currently using are good ideas.
Hardware and Software requirements and installation
install a web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer)
install PHP
install a database, such as MySQL

PHP Pros and Cons
Pros
Cons
It's a quick and easy server side scripting language.

It works well with databases, file systems, images
It is widely available with the apache web server, meaning cheap hosting and many people
already have access to it.
It's popular and common
PHP runs on different platforms (Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today (Apache, IIS, etc.)
PHP has support for a wide range of databases
PHP is free. PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the server side
Constantly changing. There hasn't been a release of PHP that didn't have a number of problems.
The only way to get rid of them is to upgrade, but then you get new problems, because they don't
have separate stable and development branches.
Strength of PHP
Supports database connectivity. PHP can access over 20 different databases including MySql,
Oracle, and MS Access.
Supports sessions. PHP can generate unique session IDs. The ID follows the user during a single
session on a web site.
Eliminates client configuration problems. With PHP there is no need to worry if the client has the
appropriate software installed, since the application is executed on the server.
Reduces development time. Even a newcomer can begin developing PHP applications in hours.
Yet PHP contains many advanced features for professional programmers.
Maintains source code security. The user does not see your source code as they do with
JavaScript.
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CHAPTER 2: Basic PHP Development

Objectives:
be familiar with the basic PHP syntax;
recognize PHP variables; and
understand PHP operations.
Basic PHP Syntax
A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".
A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.
Each code line in PHP must end with a semicolon. The semicolon is a separator and is used to
distinguish one set of instructions from another.
With PHP, there are two basic statements to output text in the browser: echo and print.
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PHP Variables
PHP variables can be used to hold values (x=5) or expressions (z=x+y).

Variable can have short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, carname,
totalvolume).
Example:
$X=2;
$Y=10;
Rules for PHP variables:
A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
A variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
A variable name should not contain spaces
Variable names are case sensitive ($y and $Y are two different variables)
Variables are "containers" for storing information:

A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.
When you assign a text value to a variable, put a quotation around the value, it is now called a
String variable.
Example:
$stringVar=variable_content;
Activity no.1
Topic: Creating and using variables
Direction:
1. Echo the following statement to the browser:
Twinkle, Twinkle little star.
2. Create two variables, one for the word Twinkle and one for the word star. Echo the statement
to the browser, this time substituting the variables for the relevant words. Change the value of
each variable to whatever you like, and echo the statement a third time. Remember to include
code to show your statements on different lines.
Sample Output:
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Thunder, Thunder little elephant.
Sample script:
<html>
<head>
<title>Twinkle Twinkle</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
echo"Twinkle, Twinkle little star. <br/>";
//Note that html tags can be included along with the text to be echoed.
$twinkle="Twinkle";
$star="star";
//This will print out exactly the same as the first echo statement.
echo"$twinkle, $twinkle little $star.<br/>";
$twinkle="Thunder";
$star="elephant";
/*This one will be different. Exactly what prints will depend
on what valued you assigned to the variables.*/
echo"$twinkle, $twinkle little $star.";
?>
</body>
</html>
PHP Operators
The assignment operator = is used to assign values to variables in PHP.

The arithmetic operator + is used to add values together in PHP.
PHP Arithmetic Operators
Operator
Name
Description
Example
Result
x+y
Addition
Sum of x and y
2+2
x-y
Subtraction
Difference of x and y
5-2
x*y
Multiplication
Product of x and y
5*2
10
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x/y
Division
Quotient of x and y
15 / 5
x%y
Modulus
Remainder of x divided by y
5%2
10 % 8
10 % 2
1
2
0
-x
Negation
Opposite of x
-2
a.b
Concatenation
Concatenate two strings
"Hi" . "Ha"
HiHa
PHP Assignment Operators
The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value
of the expression on the right. That is, the value of "$x = 5" is 5.
Assignment
Same as...
Description
x=y
x=y
The left operand gets set to the value of the expression on the right
x += y
x=x+y
Addition
x -= y
x=x-y
Subtraction
x *= y
x=x*y
Multiplication
x /= y
x=x/y
Division
x %= y
x=x%y
Modulus
a .= b
a=a.b
Concatenate two strings

PHP Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
Operator
Name
Description
++ x
Pre-increment
Increments x by one, then returns x
x ++
Post-increment
Returns x, then increments x by one
-- x
Pre-decrement
Decrements x by one, then returns x
x --
Post-decrement
Returns x, then decrements x by one
PHP Comparison Operators

The comparison operators allows you to compare two values.
Operator
Name
Description
Example
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x == y
Equal
True if x is equal to y
5==8 returns false
x === y
Identical
True if x is equal to y, and they are of

same type
5==="5" returns
false
x != y
Not equal
True if x is not equal to y
5!=8 returns true
x <> y
Not equal
5<>8 returns true
x !== y
Not identical
True if x is not equal to y, or they are

not of same type
5!=="5" returns true
x>y
Greater than
True if x is greater than y
5>8 returns false
x<y
Less than
True if x is less than y
5<8 returns true
x >= y
Greater than or equal to
True if x is greater than or equal to y
5>=8 returns false
x <= y
Less than or equal to
True if x is less than or equal to y
5<=8 returns true
PHP Logical Operators
Operator
Name
Description
Example
x and y
And
True if both x and y are true
x=6
y=3
(x < 10 and y > 1) returns true
x or y
Or
True if either or both x and y are true
x=6
y=3
(x==6 or y==5) returns true
x xor y
Xor
True if either x or y is true, but not both
x=6
y=3
(x==6 xor y==3) returns false
x && y
And
True if both x and y are true
x=6
y=3
(x < 10 && y > 1) returns true
x || y
Or
True if either or both x and y are true
x=6
y=3
(x==5 || y==5) returns false
!x
Not
True if x is not true
x=6
y=3
!(x==y) returns true
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PHP Array Operators
Operato Name
r
Description
x+y
Union
Union of x and y
x == y
Equality
True if x and y have the same key/value pairs
x === y
Identity
True if x and y have the same key/value pairs in the same order and are of the
same type
x != y
Inequality
x <> y
Inequality
x !== y
Nonidentity
True if x is not identical to y
Activity no.2
Topic: Arithmetic Operations and Variables
Direction:
PHP includes all the standard arithmetic operators. For this PHP exercise, you will use them along with
variables to print equations to the browser.
1. In your script, create the following variables:
$x=10;
$y=7;
2. Write code to print out the following:
10 + 7 = 17
10 7 = 3
10 * 7 = 70
10 / 7 = 1.4285714285714
10 % 7 = 3
Use numbers only in the above variable assignments, not in the echo statements. You
will need a third variable as well.
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NOTE: Use numbers only in the above variable assignments, not in the echo statements. You will
need a third variable as well.
Sample script:
<html>
<head>
<title>Arithmetic Operators</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
$x=10;
$y=7;
$result=$x+$y;
echo "$x + $y = $result<br/>";
$result=$x-$y;
echo "$x - $y = $result<br/>";
$result=$x*$y;
echo "$x * $y = $result<br/>";
$result=$x/$y;
echo "$x / $y = $result<br/>";
$result=$x%$y;
echo "$x % $y = $result<br/>";
?>
</body>
</html>
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CHAPTER 3: Control Structures

Objectives:
recognize the basic conditional statements in PHP;
be familiar with the basic structure of the PHP conditional statements; and
use PHP conditional statements in formulating a program.
PHP Conditional Statements

PHP conditional statements are used for performing different actions for different operations. In PHP we
have the following conditional statements:
if statement - executes some code only if a specified condition is true
If (condition)
{
Code to be executed if the condition is true;
}
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if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another code if the condition is
false.
If (condition)
{
}
else
{
Code to be executed if the condition is false;
}
if...else if....else statement - selects one of several blocks of code to be executed.
if (condition)
{
}
else if (condition)
{
}
else
{
Code to be executed if the condition is false;
}
switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed. The switch statement is
used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
Switch (n)
{
Case label
Code to
Break;
Case label
Code to
Break;
Default:
Code to
}
1:
be executed if n=label1;
2:
be executed if n=label2;
be executed if n is different from both label1 and label2;
For the switch statement, we have a single expression n (most often a variable), that is evaluated
once. The value of the expression is then compared with the values for each case in the structure. If there
is a match, the block of code associated with that case is executed. Use break to prevent the code from
running into the next case automatically. The default statement is used if no match is found.
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CHAPTER: PHP Arrays

Objectives:
distinguish the function of arrays in PHP;
categorize the types PHP arrays; and
utilize PHP arrays in a program.
PHP Arrays
An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

An array is a special variable, which can hold more than one value at a time.
An array can hold many values under a single name, and you can access the values by referring
to an index number.
In PHP, there are three types of arrays:
Indexed arrays - Arrays with numeric index
Associative arrays - Arrays with named keys
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Multidimensional arrays - Arrays containing one or more arrays
PHP Indexed Arrays
There are two ways to create indexed arrays:

The index can be assigned automatically (index always starts at 0):
$cars=array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
or the index can be assigned manually:
$cars[0]="Volvo";
$cars[1]="BMW";
$cars[2]="Toyota";
The following example creates an indexed array named $cars, assigns three elements to it, and
then prints a text containing the array values:
Example:
<?php
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . " and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
PHP Associative Arrays
Associative arrays are arrays that use named keys that you assign to them.
There are two ways to create an associative array:
$age=array("Peter"=>"35","Ben"=>"37","Joe"=>"43");
or
$age['Peter']="35";
$age['Ben']="37";
$age['Joe']="43";
The named keys can then be used in a script:
Example
<?php
echo "Peter is " . $age['Peter'] . " years old.";
?>
PHP Sorting Functions
sort() - sort arrays in ascending order
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rsort() - sort arrays in descending order
asort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value
ksort() - sort associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key
arsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the value
krsort() - sort associative arrays in descending order, according to the key
Sort Array in Ascending Order - sort()

The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in ascending alphabetical order:
Example
<?php
sort($cars);
?>
Sort Array in Descending Order - rsort()
The following example sorts the elements of the $cars array in descending alphabetical order:
Example
<?php
rsort($cars);
?>
Sort Array in Ascending Order, According to Value - asort()
The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value:
Example
<?php
asort($age);
?>
Sort Array in Ascending Order, According to Key - ksort()
The following example sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the key:
Example
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<?php
ksort($age);
?>
Sort Array in Descending Order, According to Value - arsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the value:
Example
<?php
arsort($age);
?>
Sort Array in Descending Order, According to Key - krsort()
The following example sorts an associative array in descending order, according to the key:
Example
<?php
krsort($age);
?>
CHAPTER: PHP Looping

PHP Looping Statements
Loops in PHP are used to execute the same block of code a specified number of times.
FOR Loop
- it loops through a block of code a specified number of times.
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Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; increment)
{
code to be executed;
}
Sample Program:
<?php
$a = 0;
$b = 0;
for( $i=0; $i<5; $i++ )
{
$a += 10;
$b += 5;
}
echo ("At the end of the loop a=$a and b=$b" );
?>
Output:
At the end of the loop a=50 and b=25
WHILE Loop
- It loops through a block of code if and as long as a specified condition is true.it loops through a
block of code a specified number of times.
Syntax:
while (condition)
{
code to be executed;
}
Sample Program:
<?php
$i = 0;
$num = 50;
while( $i < 10)
{
$num--;
$i++;
}
echo (" i = $i and num = $num" );
?>
Output:
i = 10 and num = 40
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DO WHILE Loop
- The do...while statement will execute a block of code at least once - it then will repeat the loop
as long as a condition is true.
Syntax:
do{ code to be executed;} while (condition);Sample Program:
<?php
$i = 11;
do
{
$i++;
}
while( $i < 10 );
echo ("Loop stopped at i = $i" );

?>
Output:
Loop stopped at i = 12
Activity no.4
Topic: Simple Loops
Direction:
1.
Write a script that will print the following to the browser

abc abc abc abc abc abc abc abc abc
xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz xyz
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1
23456789
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Item A
Item B
Item C
Item D
Item E
Item F
2. Create the 'abc' row with a while loop, the 'xyz' row with a do-while loop, and the last two sections
with for loops. Remember to include HTML and source code line breaks in your output. No arrays
allowed in this solution.
Sample script:
<html>
<head>
<title>Simple Loops</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Simple Loops</h2>
<?php
echo"<p>\n";
$counter= 1;
while($counter< 10){
echo'abc ';
$counter++;
}
echo"</p>\n";
echo"<p>\n";
$counter= 1;
do{
echo'xyz ';
$counter++;
}while($counter< 10) ;
echo"</p>\n";
for($x=1;$x<10;$x++){
echo"$x ";
}
//The space inside the "" is necessary to separate the numbers.
//Generate ordered list.
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echo"\n<ol>";
for($x='A';$x<'G';$x++){
echo"<li>Item $x</li>\n";
}
echo"\n</ol>";
//Note that letters may be used in the for loop in place of numbers.
?>
</body>
</html>
Activity no.5
Topic: Simple For Loops
Direction:
Loops are very useful in creating lists and tables.
1. Using a for loop, write a script that will send to the browser a list of squares for the numbers 1-12.
Use the format, 1 * 1 = 1 and be sure to include code to print each formula on a different line.
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Sample output:
Squares for the Numbers 1-12
1*1=1
2*2=4
3*3=9
4 * 4 = 16
5 * 5 = 25
6 * 6 = 36
7 * 7 = 49
8 * 8 = 64
9 * 9 = 81
10 * 10 = 100
11 * 11 = 121
12 * 12 = 144
Sample script:
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type"content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"/>
<title>Squares for the Numbers 1-12</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Squares for the Numbers 1-12</h2>
<?php
for($x=1;$x<=12;$x++){
$result=$x*$x;
echo"$x * $x = $result <br />\n";
}
?>
</body>
</html>
Activity no.6
Topic: Nested For Loops
Direction:
1. Use two for loops, one nested inside another. Create the following multiplication table:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 4 6 8 1 1 1
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3 6 9
4 8
1
0
1
6
2
1
7
4
5
1
2
1
5
1
8
2
1
1
2
1
6
2
0
2
4
2
8
0
1
5
2
0
2
5
3
0
3
5
2
1
8
2
4
3
0
3
6
4
2
4
2
1
2
8
3
5
4
2
4
9
Sample script:
<html>
<head>
<title>Nested Loop Multiplication Table</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Nested Loop Multiplication Table</h2>
<?php
//Generate an HTML table
echo"<table border=\"1\">";
//Generate table data showing the numbers 1-7 multiplied by each other,
//starting with the rows.
for($row=1;$row<=7;$row++){
echo"<tr>\n";
//Generate each entry in the row to create the columns.
for($col=1;$col<=7;$col++){
//First, do the math.
$x=$col*$row;
//Then send the value to the table with the table data tags.
echo"<td>$x</td>\n";
}
echo"</tr>";
}
echo"</table>";
?>
</body>
</html>
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CvSUCCC(LecManual) 1

CHAPTER 1: PHP Introduction

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language

PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language

PHP files have a default file extension of ".php"

install a web browser (Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Internet explorer)

install a database, such as MySQL

It's a quick and easy server side scripting language.

CHAPTER 2: Basic PHP Development

Basic PHP Syntax

A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

PHP variables can be used to hold values (x=5) or expressions (z=x+y).

A variable name must begin with a letter or the underscore character

A variable name should not contain spaces

Variables are "containers" for storing information:

The assignment operator = is used to assign values to variables in PHP.

Concatenate two strings

PHP Assignment Operators

Concatenate two strings

Increments x by one, then returns x

Returns x, then increments x by one

Decrements x by one, then returns x

Returns x, then decrements x by one

PHP Comparison Operators

5==8 returns false

True if x is equal to y, and they are of

True if x is not equal to y

5!=8 returns true

True if x is not equal to y

5<>8 returns true

True if x is not equal to y, or they are

5!=="5" returns true

True if x is greater than y

5>8 returns false

True if x is less than y

5<8 returns true

Greater than or equal to

True if x is greater than or equal to y

5>=8 returns false

Less than or equal to

True if x is less than or equal to y

5<=8 returns true

PHP Logical Operators

True if both x and y are true

True if either or both x and y are true

True if either x or y is true, but not both

True if both x and y are true

True if either or both x and y are true

True if x is not true

PHP Array Operators

True if x and y have the same key/value pairs

True if x is not equal to y

True if x is not equal to y

True if x is not identical to y

CHAPTER 3: Control Structures

PHP Conditional Statements

if statement - executes some code only if a specified condition is true

if...else if....else statement - selects one of several blocks of code to be executed.

CHAPTER: PHP Arrays

An array stores multiple values in one single variable:

In PHP, there are three types of arrays:

Indexed arrays - Arrays with numeric index