Recent Trends in Research and

Development of Rolling Bearings at NSK

Kyozaburo Furumura
Managing Director, Research and Development Center

Rolling bearings have an extremely long life cycle, but

their design details are under continual evolution though
their basic shape remains the same. For example, general
trends in bearings are toward increasing compactness,
lightness of weight, thinness, and reliability. These
developments are in line with the progress of automotive
technology. Other trends are toward ultra-compactness
and higher accuracy along with function sophistication and
size reduction for computers and related products.
Furthermore, new bearings are being developed as
industries related to the environment, semiconductor
manufacture, and space equipment emerge.
NSK, and specifically, its Research and Development
Center, has been engaged energetically both day and night
in research to push forward fundamental technologies that
support the advancement of bearings.

2. Recent Trends in Computer-aided

Bearing Analysis
As the computational power of computers has
progressed, the design of rolling bearings relies more and
more on computers. In addition to modern technology to
calculate the load and deflection on the bearings as well as
the structural analysis of the bearing surrounding, EHL
(Elasto-hydrodynamic Lubrication) theory has provided a
clear explanation of the lubrication mechanism at the
contact section of rolling bearings. Since then, the
technology to analyze and to theoretically predict the
performance of rolling bearings has progressed
remarkably.
With the emphasis on compact and lightweight designs,
a concern has emerged that the deformation of housing
and shaft may affect the bearing life substantially. This
requires elasticity analysis of the bearing-shaft-housing
system. In the case of roller bearings, in particular,
inclination of the shaft causes the contact pressure
between the rolling element and bearing ring to result in
stress concentrations near the edges of the contact area. In
this case, the contact analysis is indispensable for
determining the optimum crowning shape.
Dynamic analysis of bearing behavior during rotation is
now possible thanks to progress in computer and
theoretical analysis methods. By fully utilizing these
technologies, NSK has developed an original bearing
performance analysis software called BRAIN that stands
for "BeaRing Analysis In Nsk."

Motion & Control No.11996

Though sophisticated in its analytical features, BRAIN

can calculate results extremely quickly (a few minutes on a
PC), and is thus frequently used as a design tool for
bearing optimization. With BRAIN, analysis can be made
for all of NSK's bearing products, including ball bearings,
cylindrical roller bearings, tapered roller bearings,
spherical roller bearings, etc. Also with this software, the
user can calculate the attitude of the rolling elements
(skew, tilt) or revolving/rotating slide of rolling elements as
well as the PV value even in the case that the inner/outer
ring is deformed.
Bearing performance analysis includes simulation of the
motion of bearing elements on the basis of the equilibilium
of forces and moments, acting on the inner/outer ring,
rolling elements, and cage considering frictions. By solving
the dynamic equation for each bearing element while
eliminating the assumption of pure rolling used in a
conventional bearing calculation, a more reliable analysis
becomes possible. In this way, this bearing performance
analysis software enables the user to predict the bearing
heat generation, rolling element attitude (skew, tilt), slide
of rolling element and bearing ring, and the PV value,
thereby promoting optimization of the bearing's internal
design dimensions to meet the customer's needs. This
400
95BT10X
Steel ball
300
Others

Frictional loss, W

1. Introduction

Spin slip

200

100

Gyroscopic
slip
Rolling
resistance

0
0

7
(X1000)

Speed, rpm

Fig. 1

Friction loss analysis of angular contact ball bearings by

BRAIN

3. Recent Development of Tribology

Technology
40

20

95BT10X
Si3N4 ball
Steel ball

10

0
0

7
(x1000)

Speed, rpm

Fig. 2

Attitude angle analysis of angular contact ball bearings by

BRAIN

analysis can also be used for the prediction of bearing

damage, such as seizure, smearing, abnormal wear, and
premature flaking.
As an example of a calculation with BRAIN, Fig. 1 shows
the calculated heat generation of an angular contact ball
bearing1). This calculation shows not only the total heat
generation of the bearing, but also a breakdown of the heat
generation into its different types. It is therefore possible
to study how bearing design affects heat generation. Fig. 2
shows the ball attitude angle obtained through calculation.
The "Jones control theory" applied widely up to now does
not include the gyro moment. However, as the speed rises,
depending on whether the gyro moment is included or
ignored, leads to a substantial difference in the result. This
in turn means that the conventional analysis based on
control theory and the assumption of pure rolling is not
rigorous enough for accurate analysis of high-speed
bearings.
NSK is aiming at analysis with improved reliability
which allows the bearing to demonstrate its fullest
performance. Also, NSK will continue to make its best
efforts to support its customers by means of fast and
accurate software. Computer-aided bearing performance
analysis is indispensable, since NSK has to satisfy
increasingly stricter demands on bearings including speed
increase, torque reduction, life extension, and price
reduction. Also, automotive bearings and large industrial
bearings increasingly require elasticity analysis of the
bearing and its surroundings as an essential part of the
design process. High-level know-how and extensive
expertise are necessary for such analysis. In NSK, a
dedicated group of computer specialists and engineers
makes highly reliable analysis within a short period of
time by fully using appropriate FEM software and BRAIN.

pH, GPa
0.5

1.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

: Dowson-Toyoda
: Dowson-Higginson
Hc x 105, H min x 105

Attitude angle, degree

30

The practical achievements of EHL theory, which may

be traced to around 1960, are closely connected to the
tremendous computational power of computers. NSK is
pushing forward research to improve EHL theory further.
This includes EHL analysis of high pressure on the one
hand and the so-called starved EHL problem with an
extremely limited lubricating oil amount on the other
hand.
In research relating to EHL analysis, the absolute value
of the contact pressure was around 1 GPa at maximum.
For actual rolling bearings, however, a contact pressure of
1 GPa is classified as a light load condition, since a higher
pressure of 2 GPa occurs more frequently in general use
(and even a contact pressure of 3 GPa is not uncommon in
severe cases). Since the Dowson-Higginson's formula that
is applied widely for calculation of the oil film thickness
was derived from the results of analysis under low contact
pressure conditions, there are disputes concerning its
applicability to high contact pressure conditions. Recent
computer development and calculation software have
proved their worth by producing accurate calculations for
applications under high contact pressure. Fig. 3 shows a
comparison between the calculation results of oil film
thickness made systematically up to 3 GPa by Natsumeda
and the results obtained by the Dowson-Higginson's
equation2). The results agree well with each other. In short,
this figure indicates the reliability of the DowsonHigginson's equation.

: Hc
: Hmin

G=5000

1
G=2500

0.7

10

20

50

100

Wx10

Fig. 3 Minimum and central film thickness for varying W (U=10-11)

Fig. 4 shows the calculation of the pressure distribution.

According to this figure, the pressure distribution at high
pressure is approximately equivalent to the Hertzian
pressure distribution. A pressure spike, which is commonly
observed with EHL, does not appear. This is also a
reasonable result from the viewpoint of practical
experience.

Motion & Control No.1 1996

0.5
-4

W=3.07x10
(pH=1.6GPa)

Film thickness, m

p/pH

0.5

VG32 VG68 VG100

Experiment

0.4

Theory

0.3

Fa = 19.6N
n = 3600 rpm
Initial
amount: 10 mm3

0.2
0.1
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

Running time, hrs

0

Fig. 6

p/pH

W=1.08x10-3
(pH=3.0GPa)

Film thickness during long term test

the oil amount decreased, as shown in Fig. 5, and that the

oil film did not often become thick even when the speed
increased. Further, they showed that such a thin oil film
might survive for a considerably long period as shown in
Fig. 6. This is considered to indicate a new lubrication
mechanism (parched EHL, etc.).

0.5

4. Technology to Enhance the

Performance of Bearings
0

Fig. 4

Along with increased efficiency and labor savings as well

as size reduction and increased output, the operating
conditions of bearings have become considerably more
severe. NSK relentlessly develops assorted technologies to
enhance bearing performance to satisfy diverse customers'
needs.

Pressure distribution and film shape for varying

Load (U = 10-11, G = 5 000)

0.8
Amount of oil

Film thickness, m

mm3
20

0.6

4.1 Trends toward speed-increasing

technology

10

0.4
5
1
0.2

0.5
0.1
0.025
0.01

0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Rotational speed, rpm

Fig. 5

Oil-film thickness measurement of ball bearing with trace oil

lubrication

The second topic, starved EHL, has been the subject of

systematic experimental study by Spikes, et al3). An optical
interference method was used to show the formation of the
EHL oil film. Its thickness was on the order of 10 nm. In
another study, Akagami and Aihara4) lubricated an actual
rolling bearing with an extremely small amount of oil. By
measuring the EHL oil film thickness with a displacement
method, they showed that the oil film became thin when

Motion & Control No.11996

A bearing for an airplane gas turbine spindle must

demonstrate its high reliability under severe conditions,
including high speed, high temperature, and heavy load.
Recently, a new performance demand emerged relating to
the survival of the bearing during and after a lubricating
oil shut-off test as a means to ensure safe high-speed
operation. In other words, the bearing must not suffer
damage even though the lubricating oil supply becomes
temporarily insufficient during operation. NSK has
developed a chemical surface modification technology that
is effective at improving the above-mentioned
performance5). Using such surface modification for a threepoint contact ball bearing, the lubricating oil was shut off
at the dN value of 2.2 million to confirm its superior
seizure resistance. As shown in Fig. 7, the above dynamic
analysis of bearings has shown that the improved bearing
can have its seizure resistance enhanced through both
reduction in the friction heat generation between the ball
and bearing ring during shut-off of the lubricating oil
supply and inhibition of the local temperature rise between
the ball and groove6).
NSK is also proceeding with development of ceramic

70

Inner ring temperature rise, C

60

50

Bearing

Rev. speed
(rpm)

Axial load
(kN)

Normal
Surface
Surface
Treated
Si3N4
Ball

14650

16.7

14650

16.7

17000

16.7

Seizure

4.2 Improvement of axial load capacity

Si3N4 Ball

40

Normal surface

30

Oil
re-supply
(30.6 s)

20
Surface treated

10

Fig. 7

performance gas turbines for the 21st century. NSKs

responsibility is to create a new generation of high-speed
and high-temperature bearings.

20
10
Time after oil shut-off, s

30

Bearing temperature rise after oil shut-off

Higher axial load capacity cylindrical roller bearings are

required as substitute bearings to achieve compact yet lowcost machines, thereby eliminating the original
requirement for thrust bearings in certain applications.
NSK is undertaking basic research on the lubrication
characteristics between the collar that supports the axial
load and the roller end surface in order to further enhance
the thrust load capacity of the above cylindrical roller
bearing. According to model tests and to analysis by
partial EHL, the seizure of the cylindrical roller bearing
collar depends on the contact condition between the roller
end surface and collar. Local seizure is found to grow until
seizure of the whole collar7). Currently, a model test is
under way to check for change in the roughness due to
run-in and to investigate the progress of seizure.

4.3 Trends toward lower torque

Nowadays, tapered roller bearings used in automobiles
must have dynamic frictional loss reduced, or torque
reduced, in order to save energy. It is essential for the
reduction of the torque of the tapered roller bearing that a
stable oil film be formed over the contact area between the
roller and rib. A few years ago NSK achieved operation at
low torque on the basis of EHL theory (Fig. 9)8).
To reduce the dynamic friction further in a low-torque
bearing, decrease in the viscosity of the lubricating oil used
and reduction of the lubricating oil amount proved to be
effective measures. However, these measures cause an
increased possibility of seizure. Consequently, NSK is
proceeding with the research and development of a tapered
roller bearing with low torque and superior seizure
resistance.

Friction loss at inner raceway, W

120

100

Chemically
modified
Non-modified

80

60

40

20

10

15

20

25

30

35

Time after oil shut-off, s

Fig. 8

Friction loss due to slip between inner ring raceway and

rolling element

(Silicone Nitride) bearings for airplane gas turbines, since

they can satisfy the demand for light weight and high
speed. A hybrid bearing that is equivalent to an M50
material bearing (except for its balls which were made
from Silicone Nitride) was tested at the dN value of 2.55
million. The test results confirmed its superior survival
performance after the lubricating oil supply shut-off.
Experimental results are shown in Fig. 8.
The next generation of gas turbines requires bearings
that can run reliably at temperature and speed conditions
far exceeding the current limits. NSK participates in the
AMG project which is sponsored by a consortium that is
conducting long-term research and development of
fundamental technologies necessary for ultra-high

Running torque, kgf cm

Conventional bearing
10

Low-torque bearing

Fig. 9

2000
1000
Rotational speed, rpm

3000

Development of low-torque tapered roller bearings based on

analysis

Motion & Control No.1 1996

5. Vibration and Noise Reduction

Technology of Bearings
Recently, quietness has been highlighted as one of the
sales points for electric home appliances (air conditioners,
washing machines, vacuum cleaners, etc.) and
automobiles. This means that the bearings used in these
machines must meet increasingly stricter demands calling
for lower vibration and less noise. Research and
development projects are under way to satisfy such
demands.
The low-vibration characteristic is of vital importance for
AV and OA equipment, such as VCR, HDD (hard disk
drive), etc. In particular, the vibration of a bearing in an
HDD can adversely affect the memory, so such vibration
must be reduced by all means. As years go by, HDD
spindle motor bearings are becoming smaller and have
better accuracy. The accuracy of a bearing considered as
an independent unit is 0.1 m or less in terms of NRRO
(Non Repetitive Runout). The capacity of HDD will be
enlarged further in the future to reach 10 GB to 20 GB. It
is presumed that NRRO required for the bearing will be
0.02 m or less in the year 2000, as shown in Fig. 109).
Therefore, the NSK R&D Center is actively researching
how to improve the performance of HDD spindle motor
bearings.

against vibration.
Factors responsible for bearing noise include the shape
error (waviness, roughness of bearing components) and the
grease. To solve such problems, low-noise greases with
optimum base oil viscosity, consistency, and soap fiber
structure have been developed specifically for this purpose.
These greases are designed not only to achieve satisfactory
acoustic performance during the initial period, but also to
offer low-noise performance over a long period of use.

6. Lubricating Grease
Lubricating grease for rolling bearings plays an
important role in assuring a long bearing service life.
Approximately 80% of bearings are lubricated with grease
because it helps to simplify the surrounding parts of the
bearing. To meet increasing demands for maintenance-free
operation, about 70% of the above-mentioned bearings are
sealed or shielded ball bearings. The grease used affects
the performances of the bearing, including long life
(flaking, seizure, sound), low friction torque, low
temperature rise, low noise, low vibration, and high rustpreventive capacity. For example, a sealed ball bearing,
without any subsequent grease supply, eventually suffers
damage (seizure, etc.) due to degradation of the grease,
which results in a shorter service life. It goes without
saying that the grease performance is one of the key
factors controlling the performance of bearings10).

25.4

6.1 Present grease development in NSK

20

2.0

1.24

(m)

(m)

Track pitch
12.7

10

1.0
6.4
Motor NRRO
0.38

0.19

Bearing
0

1984

4.2
0.3

1990

0.13

1994

2.0
0.06
2000

year

Fig. 10 Improvements in track pitch and motor NRRO of hard disk

drives

Noise is a problem related to human senses, and thus,

the noise needs to be reduced especially in household
appliances that are used daily such as air conditioners,
VCRs, etc. When vibration is considered, the bearing noise
contains a frequency component in the higher frequency
range and is distributed over a wide bandwidth. This
makes it difficult to adopt a countermeasure specifically
against noise, but it is possible to take countermeasures

Motion & Control No.11996

Standard greases for rolling bearings till the middle of

the 1970s were lithium soap/mineral oil, natrium
soap/mineral oil, and lithium soap/silicone oil greases. The
demands of customers, which were growing increasingly
stricter concerning enhanced performance, life, and
reliability, seemed not to be fully satisfied with the
improvements brought by the above greases. Against that
background, NSK decided to develop its own grease inhouse, instead of relying on greases developed by outside
suppliers.
NSK development has focused on ball bearings for
electric machinery and for information fields as well as for
automotive electric devices and engine auxiliary
equipment fields, in which the grease contributes
considerably to the bearing performance. To meet the
needs for heat resistance and low-temperature
performance under application conditions, a synthetic oilbased grease is frequently used. Over the years, NSK has
formulated many dedicated greases and now offers about
30 different greases. NSK is ready to recommend an
appropriate grease for your application.
In electric machinery and information processing fields,
several types of lithium soap/ester oil grease have been
developed to meet the demands for low noise, low torque,
and satisfactory acoustic life performance. Moreover, in
electric devices and engine auxiliary equipment fields,
more than ten types of urea/synthetic oil (ester, polyalpha-

olefin, ether) greases have been developed to satisfy the

demands for superior high-temperature resistance, high
speed rotation, and rust prevention.
Since the middle of 1980, the poly V belt has been used
to drive the electric devices and auxiliary equipment. This
in turn caused frequent flaking with structural change in
an alternator. Though the frequency could be reduced
through improvement of the bearing material and design,
this problem is not yet fully eliminated. However, the
urea/ether oil-type MA7 grease has been developed and
proved effective in eliminating the occurrence of any
flaking for the last five years11). Fig. 11 shows the effects of
MA7 grease.

99
90
Percent failed, %

Grease E
Grease MA7

50

Currently, more greases are being developed. Greases

thus developed include a grease for roller bearings, a lowsplashing grease, a fretting resistant grease, and a fluoric
grease for high temperature use.

6.2 Prediction and equation for grease life

NSK has supplied grease life equations in bearing
catalogs. These equations were formulated through
accumulation of extensive data from grease life tests in the
laboratory. For the mixed use of lithium soap and urea
greases in the bearing, NSK has studied the degradation
level, establishing the degradation limit value for
estimating the remaining service life12). Subsequently,
experiments were made to classify general greases into
five types according to their composition. Based on this
classification, a life equation has been prepared to enable
calculation of the average life of grease when the bearing
number and bearing conditions are known. Fig. 12 shows a
summary of experimental results which provided a basis
for the grease life equation13). The ability to estimate the
grease life more precisely contributes to better machine
design and maintenance scheduling.

L10 cal.

10
5

7. Long Life and High Reliability

1
10

102

103

104

Life, hrs

Fig. 11 Rolling contact fatigue life of actual engine test under updown cyclic revolution (E grease vs. MA7 grease)

Rotational speed: 3 000 rpm

(top)

10 000 rpm (bottom)

Load ratio (P/Cr): 0.014

Given satisfactory lubricating conditions with sufficient

oil film formation and successful prevention of mixing-in of
foreign particles, then the fatigue strength of materials
and its variance are key factors governing the durability
and reliability of a bearing. Based on joint research with
steel makers conducted over a long period of time, NSK
has succeeded in co-developing the world's cleanest
bearing steel. As shown in Fig. 13, this extra purified steel,
or EP steel, offers an over five-fold longer life and provides
higher reliability than existing highly clean steels.
In actual practice, however, lubricating conditions are
often less than satisfactory. In response, NSK's research

99
90

Grease life, hrs

10000

Percent failed, %

50

1000

SAE52100 (N=53)
Existing steel
10
L10cal.

SAE52100 (N = 30)
EP steel

1
10
100

100

120

140

160

180

102

103

104

Life, hrs

Temperature, C

Fig. 12 Effect of temperature on grease life

Fig. 13 Results of fatigue life test for two high-cleanliness steel

bearings (6206 deep groove ball bearing)

Motion & Control No.1 1996

10

has focused on long-life and high-reliability under tough

lubricating conditions where mixing-in of foreign particles
is expected. HTF and STF bearings of NSK have been
developed to provide long life under contaminated
conditions with foreign particles. With contaminated
lubrication, the life of the bearing is determined by the
stress concentration at the edge of the dent. The aim is,
therefore, to reduce such stress concentration. A study of
material properties that alleviate stress concentration at
the edge of the dent showed that a hard material can
reduce such concentration provided the retained austenite
content is kept high. Retained austenite, however, is
traditionally associated with a lower hardness material.
Therefore, raising the hardness while simultaneously
maintaining the retained austenite appears to be a
conflicting demand.
To meet this contradictory requirement, a new steel was
developed. It is an SAC steel that is combined with a newly
developed carbonitriding treatment.
Material A, which is hard yet contains a large amount of
retained austenite, was developed by dispersing extremely
fine carbon nitrides uniformly. This newly invented
technology is covered by patents issued in the USA, UK,
and Japan. As shown in Fig. 14, HTF and STF bearings
are expected to attain a life that is three to five times as
long as existing composition bearings under contaminated
conditions14).
The HTF bearing is made of an economical Mn-Cr
material and is applied mainly for automobile applications.
The STF bearing uses a Cr-Mo material that satisfies
extremely strict performance requirements. This material
is employed in increasing quantities in the steel, machine,
and automobile industries.
The values obtained from calculations with the currently
available equation suffer a drawback. Namely, they are
shorter than the actual life under clean lubricating
conditions but longer than the actual life under conditions
where mixing-in of foreign materials is expected.

a4 : Environmental coefficient indicating the state of

mixing-in of foreign materials
a5 : Fatigue limit factor based on consideration of
the fatigue limit of the bearing material
Introduction of a4 has enabled prediction of the
bearing life used in the lubricating oil contaminated by
foreign materials. Concerning the rolling fatigue, it has
been said that there is no fatigue limit. As the cleanness of
the bearing steel has been enhanced considerably, data
has emerged indicating the possibility of the existence of
the fatigue limit. In this equation, a5 has been introduced
for the term C/P.
This equation offers the advantage of being familiar,
since it resembles the ISO calculation equation. Therefore,
the relative relationships can be clearly and easily
understood since the past experience of technicians and
engineers serves as a foundation.

8. Conclusions
NSK persistently pursues research and development in
areas that are the foundation of bearing technology. Based
on its long history and extensive achievements in making
rolling bearings, NSK constantly invents and innovates
products and technology. NSK contributes to the progress
of industries throughout the world by offering its bearing
technology expertise, since bearings are considered to be
essential elements of machines. Bearings are, like the air
we breathe, something you take for granted, so you rarely
think about it. Bearings are, nevertheless, vital for the
smooth and proper functioning of machines.

References

HTF

99

Therefore, NSK proposes a new life equation derived from

theoretical analysis of life-test data from research labs and
practical life-data gathered from customers15):
p
Lnas = a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 (C/P)

1)
Conventional
bearing

Percent failed, %

90

2)

50
STF

3)

10

4)

5)
1

10

102

103

Life, hrs

Fig. 14 Fatigue life of bearings made of different materials under

contaminated lubrication (deep groove ball bearings)

11

Motion & Control No.11996

6)

Aramaki, H. et al, The Performance of Ball Bearings with

Silicone Nitride Ceramic Balls in High Speed Spindles for
Machine Tools, ASME, JoT, Vol. 110 (1988) 693-698.
Natsumeda, NSK Technical Journal No. 654 (1992) 19, [In
Japanese].
Johnson, G., Wayte, R. & Spikes, H., The Measurement and
Study of Very Thin Lubricant Films in Concentrated
Contacts, Trib. Trans., Vol. 34 (1991) 187-194.
Akagami, K. and Aihara, S., Experimental Study of Starved
EHL in a Small Ball Bearing Lubricated with Minute Amount
of Oil, Proc. ITC Yokohama 95 (JAST), [to be published]
Hachiya, K. et al, Preprint of JAST Tribology Conference
Tokyo (1992) 331-334 [In Japanese].
Ijuin, S. et al, Improving the Survivability of High Speed Ball
Bearings under Oil Shut-off Conditions by Chemical
Modification of the Surface, Tribology Trans., Vol. 38, No. 2
(1995) 403-409.

7) Aramaki, H. et al, NSK Technical Journal, No. 659 (1995) 14

[In Japanese].
8) Aihara, S., A New Running Torque Formula for Tapered
Roller Bearings under Axial Load, Trans. ASME, JoT, Vol.
109 (1987) 471-477.
9) Ichiyama, Y., J. JSPE, Vol. 61, No. 9 (1995) 1239-42 [In
Japanese].
10) Naka, M., Koizumi, H., Ishihara, S., Touma, K., High-speed
Ball Bearings with Grease Lubrication, Proc. Japan Int. Trib.
Conf., Nagoya (1990) 749-755.
11) Murakami, Y., Naka, M., Iwamoto, A., Long Life Bearings for
Automotive Alternator Applications, SAE Paper 950944
(1995).
12) Ito, H., Tomaru, M., Suzuki, T., Physical and Chemical
Aspects of Grease Deterioration in Sealed Ball Bearings,
Lubrication Engineering, Vol. 44, No. 10 (1988) 872-879.
13) Ito, H., Koizumi, H., Naka, M., Grease Life Equations for Ball
Bearings, Proc. ITC Yokohama 95 (JAST) [to be published].
14) Furumura, K., Murakami, Y., Abe, T., The Development of
Bearing Steels for Long Life Rolling Bearings under Clean
Lubrication and Contaminated Lubrication, Creative Use of
Bearing Steels, ASTM (1994) 199-209.
15) Takata, H., Furumura, K., Murakami, Y., Development of a
New Method for Estimating the Fatigue Life of Rolling
Bearings, Proc. ASME Symposium, Orlando (1995) 11-18.

Kyozaburo Furumura

Motion & Control No.1 1996

12