1) LTE architecture Flat architecture in EUTRAN where eNodeBs directly

connected to core (MME and S-GW) via S1 interfaces. Also the eNodeBs
communicate with each other via X2 interface. eNodeB does the radio
management functionality.
2) Date rates DL 150Mbps with 20MHz & 2X2 (UE category 4) MIMO and DL
300Mbps with 20MHz & 4X4 MIMO (UE category 5). UL 75Mbps with 20MHz.
3) Latency less than 5msec in U place far more better compared to UMTS
which has more than 30msec in U plane. LTE latency is 50msec in C plane
4) Scalable bandwidth 1.4MHz to 20MHz (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20)
5) Increased spectral efficiency (bps/Hz/Cell) with 2X2 MIMO it is 1.7 for
DL (with 2X2 MIMO it is 1.3 in HSPA R7).
6) Frequency domain scheduling users are scheduled to resource blocks
which are not faded. (this is not possible in CDMA)
7) Only a packet switch domain circuit switch domain is not available, if CS
services are needed, that should be implemented on top of IP or need to fall
back to another technology such as UMTS.
8) MIMO supported up to 4X4 in a single cell. MIMO is considered to be the
core technology to increase spectral efficiency.
9) Multiple Access
a. DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
b. UL: SCFDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
10)
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
11)
OFDMA
a. Sub carriers are used with narrow band of 15kHz each
b. OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
(IFFT) operation on transmitter side and FFT operation on receiver side.
c. Thus OFDMs places the next carrier exactly in the first null point of the
previous one therefore no guard bank is needed and no adjacent
career interference.

d. One resource block is 12 sub carriers ; 12X15kHz = 180kHz

e. Scheduling box is set of sub carriers over some time which is assigned
to one UE.

12)

Principles of Self Organizing Networks (SON)

a. Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR)
b. Automatic Configuration
c. Self-Healing Networks

13)

Reference Symbol Received Power (RSRP):

a. RSRP is the linear average of the downlink reference signals across the
channel bandwidth
b. RSRP provides information about signal strength and gives no
indication of signal quality
c. RSRP measurements are used in handover, cell selection and cell reselections
d. The reporting range of RSRP is defined from -140 dBm to -44 dBm with
1 dB resolution

14)
15)
a.
b.
c.
d.
16)
a.

17)

Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI):

RSSI represents the total received wide-band power by UE
RSSI is measured only in symbols containing Reference signals
RSSI includes power from serving cell as well as co-channel
interference and noise
RSSI helps in determining interference and noise information
RSSI is never reported by UE
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ):
RSRQ indicates quality of received reference signal. RSRQ
measurement and calculation is based on RSRP and RSSI since RSRP
determines signal quality and RSSI determines co-channel interference
and noise. RSRQ formula is shown below (N represents number of
resource blocks)

Reference Signal - Downlink

a. Most of the channels (e.g, DPSCH, DPCCH, PBCH etc) is for carrying a
special information (a sequence of bits) and they have some higher
layer channel connected to them, but Reference Signal is a special
signal that exists only at PHY layer. This is not for delivering any
specific information. The purpose of this Reference Signal is to deliver
the reference point for the downlink power.
b. When UE try to figure out DL power (i.e, the power of the signal from a
eNode B), it measure the power of this reference signal and take it as
downlink cell power.

18)
Carrier aggregation in order to increase the data throughputs,
Spectrum availability is a key issue for 4G LTE. In many areas only small
bands are available, often as small as 10MHz. As a result carrier aggregation
over more than one band is contained within the specification
a. Intra band continuous/non continuous
b. Inter band non continuous
UMTS RF Planning
RSCP (Received signal code power) received power level of the pilot channel of a
cell.
RSSI (received signal strength indicator) total power received from serving cell and
neighboring cells.

Ec/No Energy per chip of the pilot channel / total noise power density (nonorthogonal interfering signal, thermal noise, non-interfering orthogonal power)
Ec/No=RSCP/RSSI