Ha-Won Song
Professor
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Yonsei Univ., Seoul 120-749, KOREA
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
Outline
Introduction
Service life design of concrete structures
Durability concept and strategy
Performance-based durability design
Environmental Actions
(combination of
rain, de-icing salts etc)
tstart
Transfer mechanism
Durability
limit state
ts
Degradation Agents
(moisture, Cl-, CO2,
micro cracks etc)
Degradation mechanism
texp
Yes
Service life
ts td
Corrosion of reinforcement
Concrete crack
Deterioration of concrete
Structural analysis
Resistance
mechanism (R)
tS = tstart + texp
Boundary conditions
Damage or
disfigurement
mechanism (Slim)
ULS : R S?
SLS : S Slim?
collapse
malfunction
Durable Structure
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
R(t)
Distribution of R(t)
Pf
S(t)
Distribution of S(t)
Time
Target Probability
of Failure P
f
Measures:
High quality and impermeable
concrete
Performanced
based SLD
100 years of
service life
- no early-aged cracks
(construction)
min cover
max. Dcl
(DuraCrete procedure)
Corrosion initiation
good quality
not carbonated concrete
C (c , t ) C
Where :
c: Concrete cover
:
Critical chloride
Ccr
cr
~0.6 %
carbonated concrete
cr
concentration
50 % r.h
constant
85 % r.h
changing
100 % r.h
constant
low corrosion
risk
electrolytic process
impeded
high
corrosion
risk
low corrosion
risk
lack of
oxygen
environment
x
C( x , t ) = C s 1 erf
2 D a t
t0
Da = D0
t
based on
Ficks 2.law
Where
t: Exposure period
x:
Distance from surface
Cs:
Chloride surface concentration
D0:
Chloride diffusion coefficient at t = t0
t0:
Reference period
n:
Age factor
x, t) = C s 1 erf
x |
2 t Da ||
t0
t
Da =
k k D0
e c
Distr.-Type
mm
75
10-12 m2/s
6.5
1.3
Log normal
Normal
wt.-%/binder
0.60
0.06
Normal
0.4
0.08
Log normal
ke Factor, environment
0.92
0.15
Gamma
kc Factor, execution
1.0
0.3
Gamma
Parameter
xc Concrete cover
D0 Chloride migration coef.
Ccr Critical chloride content
n
Time factor
Dimension
Reference time
years
4.0
0.0767
1.2
-
Normal
Deterministic
Time [years]
0
0
50
100
150
200
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
Cl-0
DCl-
Cl-cr
Design life:
100 years.
Environmental conditions
Chloride concentration (mol/)
Temperature ( )
Relative humidity
(%)
Submerged
0.51
15.3
100
Splash
0.51
15.3
82.6
Atmospheric
0.19
15.3
65.3
Type of zones
Environment Property
Resistance Property
Cs
Ccr
ke,cl
Do
n etc
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
Cs : (u,)
x : (u,)
Ccr : (u,)
ke,cl : (u,)
D0 : (u,)
n : (u,)
Cs
Ccr
ke,cl
D0
Cs(1)
X(1)
Ccr(1)
ke,cl(1)
D0(1)
n(1)
Cs(2)
X(2)
Ccr(2)
ke,cl(2)
D0(2)
n(2)
Cs(N)
X(N)
Ccr(N)
ke,cl(N)
D0(N)
n(N)
Cs
Ccr
ke,cl
D0
Cs(1)
X(1)
Ccr(1)
ke,cl(1)
D0(1)
n(1)
Cs(2)
X(2)
Ccr(2)
ke,cl(2)
D0(2)
n(2)
Cs(N)
X(N)
Ccr(N)
ke,cl(N)
D0(N)
n(N)
Cd ( x, t ) = Cs 1 erf
2 D t
t0
D = k e ,cl D0
t
g (t ) = R(t ) S (t )
1 N
1 N
Pf = I [g (t ) < 0]= I [R(t ) S (t ) < 0]
N j =1
N j =1
N: the number of simulation
R(t)
S(t)
PF
Reliability Index
= 1 ( PF )
x, t) = C s 1 erf
Property
|
2 t D a ||
t0
Da =
D0
k
e,
cl
t
Unit
Mean
Standard
Deviation
D0
10-12 m2/sec
3.5
0.7
Cs
wt.%/conc wt.
4.0
1.2
mm
80.0
8.0
Age factor
0.4
0.08
Ke,cl
Environment factor
0.92
0.15
t0
Reference time
year
0.0767
Ci
wt.%/conc wt.
0.1
Reliability index
Interrelation
chloride diffusion coefficient Dcl- age factor - reliability
5
4
Dcl=3.5x10-12 m2/s
3
2
1
0
Cover
Max. DCl-
(mm)
= 0.4
= 0.5
= 0.6
20
40
60
80
Time [years]
(m /s)
2 x10-12
2.3
2.8
3.3
3 x10-12
1.6
2.3
2.7
3.5 x10-12
1.3
2.1
2.5
4 x10-12
1.0
1.9
2.4
80
100
Bridges
Submerged Zone
Reliability index
Max. DCl-
(mm)
(m2/s)
100
9 x10-12
1.9
10 x10-12
1.6
-12
1.4
11 x10
= 0.3
= 0.4
= 0.5
1.3
12 x10-12
1.2
3
2
1
0
0
11.5 x10-12
Dcl=11.5x10-12 m2/s
20
40
60
80
100
Time [years]
>>2.2
>>2.7
2.2
2,7
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.
Bridges
Splash Zone
Reliability index
Dcl=3.5x10-12 m2/s
3
2
1
0
Cover
Max. DCl-
(mm)
= 0.4
= 0.5
= 0.6
20
40
60
80
Time [years]
(m /s)
2 x10-12
2.3
2.8
3.3
3 x10-12
1.6
2.3
2.7
3.5 x10-12
1.3
2.1
2.5
4 x10-12
1.0
1.9
2.4
80
100
Bridges
Atmospheric Zone
5
R e lia b ility in d e x
Dcl=3.5x10-12 m2/s
3
2
1
0
0
Cover
Max. DCl-
(mm)
(m2/s)
50
= 0.40
= 0.50
= 0.60
20
40
60
80
Time [years]
2 x10-12
2.0
2.5
3.0
3 x10-12
1.4
2.0
2.5
3.5 x10-12
1.3
1.8
2.3
4 x10-12
0.9
1.6
2.2
100
Level
Atmospheric
50
Above
-3.5
3.5x10-12
Splash
Submerged
cover (mm)
80
Below
-3.5
11.5x10-12
100
Design life:
100 years.
z
Concrete pier and pylon
m
Cable stayed bridge Im
Cable stayed bridge
t un
ersed
ne l
z
Environmental conditions
Chloride concentration (mol/)
Temperature ( )
Relative humidity
(%)
Submerged
0.51
15.3
100
Splash
0.51
15.3
82.6
Atmospheric
0.19
15.3
65.3
Tunnel inside
670
20.0
65.3
Type of zones
Atmospheric Zone
Interrelation chloride diffusion
coefficient Dcl- - age factor reliability
Cover
Max. DCl-
(mm)
(m2/s)
75
= 0.40
= 0.50
Reliability index
= 0.60
2.4
3.1
4 x10-12
1.9
2.7
5 x10-12
1.5
2.3
6 x10-12
1.3
2.1
Dcl=6.0x10-12 m2/s
4
3
2
1
0
0
20
40
60
80
Time [years]
3 x10-12
>> 2.1
100
Max. DCl-
(mm)
(m2/s)
75
= 0.30
= 0.40
Reliability index
Submerged Zone
10
8
Dcl=6.0x10-12 m2/s
6
4
2
0
0
= 0.50
20
40
60
80
Time [years]
3 x10-12
3.8
4.2
4 x10-12
3.4
3.8
5 x10-12
3.1
3.5
6 x10-12
2.8
3.3
>> 3.3
100
Level
Tunnel
Max. Dcl-
cover
(m2/s)
(mm)
Atmospheric
Splash
Submerged
50
Above
-3.5
Below
-3.5
3.5x10-12
75
6.5x10-12
75
Exposure
zone
Atmos
-pheric
(inside)
Submerged
(outside)
Max. Dcl-
cover
(m2/s)
(mm)
6.0x10-12
75
Bridge
Structures
Submerged
Tunnel
W/B
Binder (kg/m3)
W
(kg/m3)
OPC
SLAG
SF
FA
S
(kg/m3)
G
(kg/m3)
B1
0.350
140
160
160
80
751
1020
B2
0.375
142
184
184
11.4
797
1020
B3
0.375
142
152
152
76
765
1020
B4
0.375
143
143
143
72
782
1020
T1
0.350
140
180
180
40
764
1020
T2
0.350
140
160
160
80
751
1020
T3
0.375
142
170
170
38
778
1020
T4
0.375
142
152
152
76
765
1020
Specific gravity
Coarse aggregate : 2.64
Cement : 3.16
Fly ash : 2.19
Admixture
SP : 0.65~2.0%
AE : 0.014~0.023%
Sand : 2.58
Slag : 2.89
Silica fume : 2.21
Location of
Structures
Mixing Properties
Cement
Aggregate
Water
Blend
Weather
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Crack in Cover
Cement
Geometric Boundary
C 2S
C 3S
C 3A
C4AF
Finite
Element
Method
Length
Shape
Boundary
Crack model
Micro Structure
Development
Deq
crack
pH distribution
Ca(OH)2 & CaCO3 distribution
Carbonation depth
Chloride content, pH
time
Cl Cl -
C clcritical
Corrosion initiation
Time to corrosion
Corrosion cracking
Initiation
period
[ Atmospheric B2 ]
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.2
Critical Cl - content
1.0
5.0
5.0
[ Atmospheric B3 ]
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
20
40
60
80
100
120
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.0
20
40
60
80
100
120
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.6
0.3
Service life
0
1.5
1.2
1.2
0.9
1.5
Critical Cl - content
1.2
1.5
0.9
0.6
0.3
Service life
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.9
0.6
0.3
Service life
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
Structures
Bridge (Piers & Pylons)
Atmospheric Zone
Immersed tunnel (inside)
Caissons (external)
Submerged Zone
Immersed tunnel (outside)
Mix Type
A-B-1
A-B-2
A-B-3
A-B-4
A-T-1
A-T-2
A-T-3
A-T-4
212
162
168
132
167
212
178
168
S-B-1
S-B-2
S-B-3
S-B-4
S-T-1
S-T-2
S-T-3
S-T-4
188
165
184
171
152
188
143
184
T-B-1
T-B-2
T-B-3
T-B-4
180
175
193
176
Japanese Specification
Cd
i
1.0
C lim
p C d k C lim
p
Cd
structural coefficient
(1.0 for general structures
1.1 for important structures)
Cd
3
C lim Critical chloride concentration (1.2kg/m3) C lim Critical chloride concentration (1.2kg/m )
Area
Structures
Bridge (Piers & Pylons)
Atmospheric Zone
Immersed tunnel (inside)
Caissons (external)
Submerged Zone
Immersed tunnel (outside)
Mix Type
Japanese Spec.
A-B-1
A-B-2
A-B-3
A-B-4
A-T-1
A-T-2
A-T-3
A-T-4
79
83
81
70
98
132
113
152
95
112
109
94
121
163
139
188
S-B-1
S-B-2
S-B-3
S-B-4
S-T-1
S-T-2
S-T-3
S-T-4
99
117
114
98
95
128
109
147
111
130
127
110
107
143
122
165
T-B-1
T-B-2
T-B-3
T-B-4
96
113
110
95
106
125
122
106
Summary
An experience of performance based service life design for RC
Current balance in codes between structural design and durability is not good.
Durability is a design issue, and not just a material one. We possibly over-design
structurally and under-design for durability. Both over-design and under-design
are undesirable.