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Behavior of concrete

Service Life Design of Reinforced Concrete


Structures and its Verification
-Chloride
Verification-Chloride
Attack

Ha-Won Song
Professor
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Yonsei Univ., Seoul 120-749, KOREA
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Outline
Introduction
Service life design of concrete structures
Durability concept and strategy
Performance-based durability design

Examples of service life design and verification


YongJong Grand Bridge
G-K fixed link project
Verification

Example of corrosion monitoring


Conclusion

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Old and New Durability Concepts

Old Codes: ACI, AASHTO, EC2,BS


Simple deemed-to-satisfy
rules (deterministic)
Experience based rules of
thumb
Poor environmental classification
Result
No relation between performance
and service life (implicit 50 years)

New Codes: Performance-based design


Degradation models
Material parameters
Detailing of environmental actions
Statistical quantification (mean, standard
deviation, distribution)
Choice of service life
Result
Documented service life design,
failure probability

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Service life of RC structures ( ISO/WD 13823 ]


Time

Environmental Actions
(combination of
rain, de-icing salts etc)

tstart

Transfer mechanism

Durability
limit state

ts

Degradation Agents
(moisture, Cl-, CO2,
micro cracks etc)
Degradation mechanism

texp

Yes
Service life
ts td

Mass transport analysis

Corrosion of reinforcement
Concrete crack
Deterioration of concrete
Structural analysis

Resistance
mechanism (R)

tS = tstart + texp

Boundary conditions

Damage or
disfigurement
mechanism (Slim)

ULS : R S?

SLS : S Slim?

collapse

malfunction
Durable Structure
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Schematic description of service life design


tS = tstart + t exp
tD : design service life
R,S

R(t)

P {failure} at tD = P {tS tD} Ptarget

Distribution of R(t)

P {failure} at tD = P {R(tD) S(tD) <0} < Ptarget

Pf
S(t)
Distribution of S(t)

Mean service life

Time
Target Probability
of Failure P
f

Service life density

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Durability Design Strategy

Measures:
High quality and impermeable
concrete

Performanced
based SLD

- low chloride diffusivity


(material)
- sufficient concrete cover
(design)

100 years of
service life

- no early-aged cracks
(construction)

min cover
max. Dcl

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Service Life Design Procedure

(DuraCrete procedure)

1 Selection of limit state


2 Selection of degradation model
3 Quantification of stochastic variables and analysis
Selection of cement type,
w/b-ratio, concrete mix
z Determination of diffusion coefficient
z Selection of relevant values of other model parameters

4 Repeated probabilistic analysis until acceptable


failure probability

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Design for Chloride Induced Corrosion

1. Step: Selection of Limit state


Crit. Cl-/Cement
bad quality

Corrosion initiation

good quality
not carbonated concrete

C (c , t ) C
Where :
c: Concrete cover
:
Critical chloride
Ccr
cr

~0.6 %
carbonated concrete

cr

concentration

50 % r.h
constant

85 % r.h
changing

100 % r.h
constant

low corrosion
risk
electrolytic process
impeded

high
corrosion
risk

low corrosion
risk
lack of
oxygen

environment

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

2. Step: Modelling of chloride ingress

x
C( x , t ) = C s 1 erf

2 D a t

t0
Da = D0
t

based on
Ficks 2.law

Where
t: Exposure period
x:
Distance from surface
Cs:
Chloride surface concentration
D0:
Chloride diffusion coefficient at t = t0
t0:
Reference period
n:
Age factor

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

3. Step: Quantification of stochastic variables


example: Bridge splash zone
C

x, t) = C s 1 erf

x |

2 t Da ||

t0
t

Da =

k k D0
e c

Distr.-Type

mm

75

10-12 m2/s

6.5

1.3

Log normal
Normal

wt.-%/binder

0.60

0.06

Normal

0.4

0.08

Log normal

ke Factor, environment

0.92

0.15

Gamma

kc Factor, execution

1.0

0.3

Gamma

Parameter
xc Concrete cover
D0 Chloride migration coef.
Ccr Critical chloride content
n

Time factor

Dimension

Cs Chloride content at surface wt.-%/binder


to

Reference time

years

4.0
0.0767

1.2
-

Normal
Deterministic

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

4. Step: Probabilistic analysis until acceptable


probability of corrosion
Probability of chloride
induced corrosion
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

Time [years]

0
0

50

100

150

200
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Determination of the design quality of the concrete

The design surface chloride concentration: Cl-s

The background chloride concentration:

Cl-0

The chloride diffusion coefficient:

DCl-

The critical chloride concentration:

Cl-cr

The ageing factor:

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Service life prediction of RC structures


-an exampleThe 2nd YongJong Grand Bridge project in Koreaz

Design life:
100 years.

Nominal end of service


life:
corrosion initiation
Level of Reliability:
90% ( = 1.3)

Concrete pier and pylon

Environmental conditions
Chloride concentration (mol/)

CO2 concentration (ppm)

Temperature ( )

Relative humidity
(%)

Submerged

0.51

15.3

100

Splash

0.51

15.3

82.6

Atmospheric

0.19

15.3

65.3

Type of zones

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Process of Durability Design (Chloride attack) (1)

Environment Property

Resistance Property

Determine Statistical Property of Input Parameters for Chloride Model

Cs

Ccr

ke,cl

Do

n etc
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Process of Durability Design (Chloride attack) (2)


Property
(u: Mean
: Standard dev.)

Cs : (u,)

x : (u,)

Ccr : (u,)

ke,cl : (u,)

D0 : (u,)

n : (u,)

Sampling from properties of variables


Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS)
Analysis tool
VARIABLE
SAMPLES
(N: the
number of
simulation)

Cs

Ccr

ke,cl

D0

Cs(1)

X(1)

Ccr(1)

ke,cl(1)

D0(1)

n(1)

Cs(2)

X(2)

Ccr(2)

ke,cl(2)

D0(2)

n(2)

Cs(N)

X(N)

Ccr(N)

ke,cl(N)

D0(N)

n(N)

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Process of Durability Design (Chloride attack) (3)


VARIABLE
SAMPLES
(N: the
number of
simulation)

Cs

Ccr

ke,cl

D0

Cs(1)

X(1)

Ccr(1)

ke,cl(1)

D0(1)

n(1)

Cs(2)

X(2)

Ccr(2)

ke,cl(2)

D0(2)

n(2)

Cs(N)

X(N)

Ccr(N)

ke,cl(N)

D0(N)

n(N)

Cd ( x, t ) = Cs 1 erf
2 D t

t0
D = k e ,cl D0
t

Estimation of the probability of failure !!


Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Process of Durability Design(Chloride attack)


(4)
Resistance [S(t)]

designed chloride concentration [ Cd(x,t)]

Environmental load [R(t)]

critical chloride concentration [ Ccr]

Limit State Function

g (t ) = R(t ) S (t )

The estimation of the probability of failure

1 N
1 N
Pf = I [g (t ) < 0]= I [R(t ) S (t ) < 0]
N j =1
N j =1
N: the number of simulation

I[g(t)<0] : the indicator function


Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Process of Durability Design (Chloride attack) (5)

R(t)
S(t)

PF

Reliability Index

= 1 ( PF )

target reliability index (=1.3, PF=10%)

Determine diffusion coefficient


Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Design for chloride induced corrosion


Quantification of stochastic variables

Case for bridge at splash zone


C

x, t) = C s 1 erf

Property

|
2 t D a ||

t0

Da =

D0
k
e,
cl
t

Unit

Mean

Standard
Deviation

D0

chloride diffusion coeff.

10-12 m2/sec

3.5

0.7

Cs

Surface chloride content

wt.%/conc wt.

4.0

1.2

Concrete cover depth

mm

80.0

8.0

Age factor

0.4

0.08

Ke,cl

Environment factor

0.92

0.15

t0

Reference time

year

0.0767

Ci

Initial chloride content

wt.%/conc wt.

0.1

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Bridges at splash zone

Reliability index

Interrelation
chloride diffusion coefficient Dcl- age factor - reliability

5
4

Dcl=3.5x10-12 m2/s

3
2
1
0

Cover

Max. DCl-

(mm)

= 0.4

= 0.5

= 0.6

20

40

60

80

Time [years]

(m /s)

2 x10-12

2.3

2.8

3.3

3 x10-12

1.6

2.3

2.7

3.5 x10-12

1.3

2.1

2.5

4 x10-12

1.0

1.9

2.4

80

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

100

Bridges
Submerged Zone

Reliability index

Interrelation chloride diffusion


coefficient Dcl- - age factor reliability
Cover

Max. DCl-

(mm)

(m2/s)

100

9 x10-12

1.9

10 x10-12

1.6

-12

1.4

11 x10

= 0.3

= 0.4

= 0.5

1.3

12 x10-12

1.2

3
2
1
0
0

11.5 x10-12

Dcl=11.5x10-12 m2/s

20

40

60

80

100

Time [years]

>>2.2

>>2.7

2.2

2,7
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Bridges
Splash Zone
Reliability index

Interrelation chloride diffusion


coefficient Dcl- - age factor reliability

Dcl=3.5x10-12 m2/s

3
2
1
0

Cover

Max. DCl-

(mm)

= 0.4

= 0.5

= 0.6

20

40

60

80

Time [years]

(m /s)

2 x10-12

2.3

2.8

3.3

3 x10-12

1.6

2.3

2.7

3.5 x10-12

1.3

2.1

2.5

4 x10-12

1.0

1.9

2.4

80

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

100

Bridges
Atmospheric Zone
5

Interrelation chloride diffusion


coefficient Dcl- - age factor reliability

R e lia b ility in d e x

Dcl=3.5x10-12 m2/s

3
2
1
0
0

Cover

Max. DCl-

(mm)

(m2/s)

50

= 0.40

= 0.50

= 0.60

20

40

60

80

Time [years]

2 x10-12

2.0

2.5

3.0

3 x10-12

1.4

2.0

2.5

3.5 x10-12

1.3

1.8

2.3

4 x10-12

0.9

1.6

2.2

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

100

Selected Durability Design Parameters

The 2nd YongJong Bridge


Exposure zone

Level

Max. Dcl- (m2/s)

Atmospheric

50
Above
-3.5

3.5x10-12

Splash

Submerged

cover (mm)

80
Below
-3.5

11.5x10-12

100

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Service life prediction of RC structures


-an example
Busan-Geoje Fixed Link project in KoreaL=8.2 km
z

Design life:
100 years.

z
Concrete pier and pylon

m
Cable stayed bridge Im
Cable stayed bridge

t un
ersed

ne l
z

Nominal end of service


life:
corrosion initiation
Level of Reliability:
90% ( = 1.3)

Concrete pier and pylon

Environmental conditions
Chloride concentration (mol/)

CO2 concentration (ppm)

Temperature ( )

Relative humidity
(%)

Submerged

0.51

15.3

100

Splash

0.51

15.3

82.6

Atmospheric

0.19

15.3

65.3

Tunnel inside

670

20.0

65.3

Type of zones

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Atmospheric Zone
Interrelation chloride diffusion
coefficient Dcl- - age factor reliability
Cover

Max. DCl-

(mm)

(m2/s)

75

= 0.40

= 0.50

Reliability index

Design for immersed tunnel

= 0.60

2.4

3.1

4 x10-12

1.9

2.7

5 x10-12

1.5

2.3

6 x10-12

1.3

2.1

Dcl=6.0x10-12 m2/s

4
3
2
1
0
0

20

40

60

80

Time [years]

3 x10-12

>> 2.1

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

100

Interrelation chloride diffusion


coefficient Dcl- - age factor reliability
Cover

Max. DCl-

(mm)

(m2/s)

75

= 0.30

= 0.40

Reliability index

Submerged Zone

10
8

Dcl=6.0x10-12 m2/s

6
4
2
0
0

= 0.50

20

40

60

80

Time [years]

3 x10-12

3.8

4.2

4 x10-12

3.4

3.8

5 x10-12

3.1

3.5

6 x10-12

2.8

3.3

>> 3.3

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

100

Selected durability design parameters


Bridge
Exposure
zone

Level

Tunnel
Max. Dcl-

cover

(m2/s)

(mm)

Atmospheric

Splash

Submerged

50
Above
-3.5

Below
-3.5

3.5x10-12
75

6.5x10-12

75

Exposure
zone
Atmos
-pheric
(inside)
Submerged
(outside)

Max. Dcl-

cover

(m2/s)

(mm)

6.0x10-12

75

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Possible mix proportions


Area

Bridge
Structures

Submerged
Tunnel

W/B

Binder (kg/m3)

W
(kg/m3)

OPC

SLAG

SF

FA

S
(kg/m3)

G
(kg/m3)

B1

0.350

140

160

160

80

751

1020

B2

0.375

142

184

184

11.4

797

1020

B3

0.375

142

152

152

76

765

1020

B4

0.375

143

143

143

72

782

1020

T1

0.350

140

180

180

40

764

1020

T2

0.350

140

160

160

80

751

1020

T3

0.375

142

170

170

38

778

1020

T4

0.375

142

152

152

76

765

1020

Specific gravity
Coarse aggregate : 2.64
Cement : 3.16
Fly ash : 2.19

Admixture

SP : 0.65~2.0%
AE : 0.014~0.023%

Sand : 2.58
Slag : 2.89
Silica fume : 2.21

Air content : 4.0%

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Verification of Service Life


-Scheme of Service Life Prediction
Exposure Condition

Location of
Structures

Mixing Properties
Cement
Aggregate
Water
Blend

Weather
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Crack in Cover

Cement

Early Age Behavior


Heat Generation Analysis

Hygro Migration Analysis

Geometric Boundary
C 2S
C 3S
C 3A
C4AF

Finite
Element
Method

Length
Shape
Boundary

Crack model

Micro Structure
Development

Deq

crack

equivalent diffusion coefficient


crack width

CO2 Carbonation model


CO2
CO2 CO2

pH distribution
Ca(OH)2 & CaCO3 distribution
Carbonation depth

Chloride diffusion-penetration model


pH = 9 pH = 12
CO2

Chloride content, pH

Steel corrosion model


Corrosion product amount
(rust)

time

Corrosion current density


(corrosion rate)

Cl Cl -

Free chloride content


Cl

C clcritical

Total chloride content

Corrosion cracking and service life of RC structure


Wcrit < Wrust
Loss of
performance
related to
corrosion of
steel

Corrosion initiation

Time to corrosion

Corrosion cracking

Time to corrosion cracking


time

Initiation
period

Propagation Acceleration Deterioration


period
period
period

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Verification result at atmospheric zone(1)


[ Atmospheric B1 ]

[ Atmospheric B2 ]
5.0

4.0
3.0
2.0

1.2

Critical Cl - content

1.0

Chloride content (kg/m3)

5.0

Chloride content (kg/m )

Chloride content (kg/m )

5.0

[ Atmospheric B3 ]

4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0

20

40

60

80

100

120

3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0

0.0

0.0

4.0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Concrete cover (mm)

Concrete cover (mm)

20

40

60

80

100

120

Concrete cover (mm)

Concrete cover = 50mm

0.6
0.3

Service life
0

1.5

1.2

1.2

0.9

1.5

Chloride content (kg/m )

Critical Cl - content

1.2

Chloride content (kg/m )

Chloride content (kg/m )

1.5

0.9
0.6
0.3

Service life

0
0

50

100

150

Exposed time (year)

200

250

0.9
0.6
0.3

Service life

50

100

150

Exposed time (year)

200

50

100

150

Exposed time (year)

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

200

Summary of verification for service life


Area

Structures
Bridge (Piers & Pylons)

Atmospheric Zone
Immersed tunnel (inside)

Caissons (external)
Submerged Zone
Immersed tunnel (outside)

Tidal and Splash Zone

Pylons, Piers & Caissons

Mix Type

Service Life (year)

A-B-1
A-B-2
A-B-3
A-B-4
A-T-1
A-T-2
A-T-3
A-T-4

212
162
168
132
167
212
178
168

S-B-1
S-B-2
S-B-3
S-B-4
S-T-1
S-T-2
S-T-3
S-T-4

188
165
184
171
152
188
143
184

T-B-1
T-B-2
T-B-3
T-B-4

180
175
193
176

Satisfy the designed service life


for chloride attack
Concrete Materials, Mechanics &
Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Comparison with Durability Evaluation by Standard


Specification of Korea and Japan
Equation for Durability Evaluation (Chloride attack)
Korean Specification

Japanese Specification

Cd
i
1.0
C lim

p C d k C lim
p

Environmental factor (1.11)

Durability reduction factor (0.86)

Cd

designed chloride concentration (kg/m3)

structural coefficient
(1.0 for general structures
1.1 for important structures)

Cd

designed chloride concentration (kg/m3)

3
C lim Critical chloride concentration (1.2kg/m3) C lim Critical chloride concentration (1.2kg/m )

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Area

Structures
Bridge (Piers & Pylons)

Atmospheric Zone
Immersed tunnel (inside)

Caissons (external)
Submerged Zone
Immersed tunnel (outside)

Tidal and Splash


Zone

Pylons, Piers & Caissons

Mix Type

Service Life (year)


Korean Spec.

Japanese Spec.

A-B-1
A-B-2
A-B-3
A-B-4
A-T-1
A-T-2
A-T-3
A-T-4

79
83
81
70
98
132
113
152

95
112
109
94
121
163
139
188

S-B-1
S-B-2
S-B-3
S-B-4
S-T-1
S-T-2
S-T-3
S-T-4

99
117
114
98
95
128
109
147

111
130
127
110
107
143
122
165

T-B-1
T-B-2
T-B-3
T-B-4

96
113
110
95

106
125
122
106

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

Summary
An experience of performance based service life design for RC

structures subjected to chloride attack applied in major civil


engineering projects in Korea is introduced. Selection of proper mix
proportions and verifying the design diffusion coefficients from the mix
before construction are next critical tasks to complete the service life
design.
-> e.g. Performance based evaluation of the service life .
New test method for diffusion coefficient

Sustainable construction of new concrete structures requires proper

service life design and proper maintenance strategy which is getting


more important with increase of deteriorated concrete structures
should be considered in design stage.

Current balance in codes between structural design and durability is not good.
Durability is a design issue, and not just a material one. We possibly over-design
structurally and under-design for durability. Both over-design and under-design
are undesirable.

Concrete Materials, Mechanics &


Engineering Lab., Yonsei Univ.

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