TREMURI Program Guide - Seismic Analysis of 3D Masonry Buildings

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings
TREMURI Program
Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings
TREMURI USER GUIDE

(Rev. Apr 2008)
Sergio Lagomarsino
University of Genova, Italy
Alessandro Galasco
University of Pavia, Italy
Andrea Penna
European Centre for Training and Research in Earthquake Engineering, Pavia, Italy
Serena Cattari
University of Genova, Italy
TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION TO TREMURI ................................................................................................................................. 3
TREMURI PROGRAM FEATURES ............................................................................................................................ 4
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
NON-LINEAR MACRO-ELEMENT MODELLING .................................................................................................................... 4
SHEAR damage model ............................................................................................................................................... 5

Crushing and compressive damage model ................................................................................................................. 6
BI-LINEAR BEAM-ELEMENT MODELLING.......................................................................................................................... 6
bending- ROCKING BEHAVIOUR ............................................................................................................................ 8
Shear: Mohr-Coulomb criterion................................................................................................................................. 8
Shear: Turnek and Caovic criterion ..................................................................................................................... 10
masonry beams (lintels)............................................................................................................................................ 11
REINFORCED CONCRETE ELEMENT MODELLING ............................................................................................................. 12
3D URM BUILDING MODEL ............................................................................................................................................. 12
In-plane behaviour wall model................................................................................................................................. 13
3D Model .................................................................................................................................................................. 13
PREPROCESSING ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
TREMURI PROGRAM INPUT VARIABLES MANUAL ...................................................................................... 17
SECTION A General information ........................................................................................................................... 17
SECTION B Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 19
SECTION C analysis procedures/ loadings ............................................................................................................ 36
SECTION D Output ................................................................................................................................................. 41
POSTPROCESSING...................................................................................................................................................... 44
Data reading ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
graphical output ....................................................................................................................................................... 44
EXAMPLES .................................................................................................................................................................... 46
PUSHOVER CYCLIC ANALYSIS OF A SCALED PROTOTYPE OF MASONRY BUILDING ......................................................... 46
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A TWO STOREY MASONRY BUILDING ....................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................... 58
THEORY-2
INTRODUCTION TO TREMURI
The Tremuri Program was developed by Prof. Lagomarsino, Dr. Penna and Dr. Galasco in order to simulate
the non linear behavior or masonry structures.
The software interface was originally developed in Italian language and later translate in English and other
idioms: in this guide, all the command statements are reported in the two languages (blue color for Italian) to
allow the comprehension of all previously prepared model files.
THEORY-3
TREMURI PROGRAM FEATURES

Complete 3D models of URM structures can be obtained assembling 2-nodes macro-elements, representing
the non-linear behaviour of masonry panels and piers. This modelling strategy has been implemented in the
TREMURI program with non-linear static and dynamic analysis procedures requiring limited computational
loads. By means of internal variables, the macro-element considers both the shear-sliding damage failure
mode and its evolution, controlling the strength deterioration and the stiffness degradation, and rocking
mechanisms, with toe crushing effect. URM building models can be obtained assembling plane structures,
walls and floors.
The increasing adoption, in the engineering practise, of mixed reinforced concrete (RC) -masonry structural
solutions led to extend that masonrys idealization as equivalent 3D frame through the insertion of further
non linear elements in order to model RC columns, beams and walls. The adopted approach idealises the
behaviour of these elements as elastic-perfectly plastic with limited resistance and plasticity concentrated at
the end-element; the considered failures mechanisms are as follows: shear and axial stress as weak failure
and axial-bending as ductile failure.
Finally masonry arch bridges can be modelled and analysed through the macro-element approach, too.
introduction
The need for masonry structure modelling and analysis tools is largely diffused worldwide. Very
sophisticated finite element models or extremely simplified methods are commonly used for the seismic
analysis of this kind of structures. By means of the effective macro-element approach, an accurate, but
without heavy computational load, modelling strategy is here adopted for the analysis of masonry structures.
Case studies and examples, both from experimental testing and earthquake damaged structures, show the
modelling technique effectiveness and the seismic analysis capabilities. Monotonic pushover analyses
provide capacity curves and cyclic pushover analyses allow to evaluate the hysteretic energy dissipation.
The seismic performance prediction can be also obtained by non linear three-dimensional time-history
analyses.
non-linear macro-element modelling

The non-linear macro-element model, representative of a whole masonry panel, proposed by Gambarotta
and Lagomarsino [1], permits, with a limited number of degrees of freedom (8), to represent the two main inplane masonry failure modes, bending-rocking and shear-sliding (with friction) mechanisms, on the basis of
mechanical assumptions. This model considers, by means of internal variables, the shear-sliding damage
evolution, which controls the strength deterioration (softening) and the stiffness degradation.
figure 1 shows the three sub-structures in which a macro element is divided: two layers, inferior 1 and
superior 3, in which the bending and axial effects are concentrated. Finally, the central part 2 suffers sheardeformations and presents no evidence of axial or bending deformations. A complete 2D kinematic model
should to take into account the three degrees of freedom for each node i and j on the extremities: axial
displacement w , horizontal displacement u and rotation . There are two degrees of freedom for the
central zone: axial displacement

j
and rotation
T2
n
2
u1
ui
i
wi
1
s
Tj
T2
N2
N1
T1
M1
M1
N1
(b)
w1
1
Nj
M2
(a)
M2
u2
Mj
N2
uj
j
2
w2
(figure 1).
wj
T1
1
i
Ti
Ni
Mi
figure 1: Kinematic model for the macro-element (Gambarotta and Lagomarsino [1 ] )
THEORY-4
Thus, the kinematics is described by an eight degree freedom vector, aT = {ui wi i uj wj j }, which is
obtained for each macro-element. It is assumed that the extremities have an infinitesimal thickness (0).
The overturning mechanism, which happens because the material does not show tensile strength, is
modeled by a mono-lateral elastic contact between 1 and 3 interfaces. The constitutive equations between
the kinematic variables w , and the correspondent static quantities n and m are uncoupled until the limit
m b
, for which the partialization effect begins to develop in the section.
n
6
For sub-structure 1 the following equations are obtained:
condition
N i = kA( wi ) + N i * ,
Mi =
(1)
1
kAb 2 ( i ) + M i *
12
,
(2)
*
where A = s b corresponds to the transversal area of the panel. The inelastic contribution N i and M i are
obtained from the mono-lateral condition of perfect elastic contact:
kA
1
2
i b + 2( wi ) H ei b ,
8i
6
N i* =
M i* =
(3)
kA
[(i )b ( wi )] i b + 2( wi ) 2 H ei 1 b
6
24( i ) i
(4)
where H ( ) is the Heaviside function.

SHEAR DAMAGE MODEL
The panel shear response is expressed considering a uniform shear deformation distribution
ui u j
h
+ in the central part 2 and imposing a relationship between the kinematic quantities u i , u j
and , and the shear stress Ti = T j . The cracking damage is usually located on the diagonal, where the
displacement take place along the joints and is represented by an inelastic deformation component, which is
activated when the Coulombs limit friction condition is reached. From the effective shear deformation
corresponding to module 2 and indicating the elastic shear module as G, the constitutive equations can be
expressed as:
Ti =
GA
ui u j + h + Ti*
h
,
Ti* =
(5)
GA c
h
f ,
ui u j + h +
h 1 + c
GA
(6)
where the inelastic component Ti includes the friction stress f effect, opposed to the sliding mechanism,
and involves a damage parameter and a non-dimensional coefficient c , that controls the inelastic
deformation. In this model, the friction plays the role of an internal variable, defined by the following limit
condition:
S = f Ni 0 ,
where
(7)
corresponds to the friction coefficient. These constitutive equations can represent the panel
resistance variation due to changes on axial stresses N j = Ni . The damage effects upon panel mechanical
characteristics are described by the damage variable
criteria:
THEORY-5
that grows according to a pre-defined failure
d = Y (S ) R( ) 0,
(8)
where Y = 12 cq is the damage energy release rate; R is the resistance function and S = {t
2
the internal stress vector. Assuming R as a growing function of
m} is
T
to the critical value C = 1 and decreasing
for higher values, the model can represent the stiffness degradation, the strength degradation and pinching
effect.
The complete constitutive model, for the macro element, can be expressed in the following form:
Q = Ka + Q*
*
(9)
where Q = Ti N i M i T j N j M j N M
contains the non-linear terms evaluated by the evolution equations,
related to the damage variable and the friction f , and K is the elastic stiffness matrix.
*
The non-linear terms N and M * are defined through the following equation:
N * = N *j N i* ; M * = M *j M i* + Ti*h .
(10)
The macro-element shear model is a macroscopic representation of a continuous model (Gambarotta and
Lagomarsino [2]), in which the parameters are directly correlated to the mechanical properties of the
masonry elements. The macro-element parameters should be considered as representative of an average
behaviour. In addition to its geometrical characteristics, the macro-element is defined by six parameters: the
shear module G, the axial stiffness K, the shear strength f vq0 of the masonry, the non-dimensional
coefficient c that controls the inelastic deformation, the global friction coefficient f and the factor, that
controls the softening phase.
Base shear [kN]
CRUSHING AND COMPRESSIVE DAMAGE MODEL

The macro-element used in the program to assemble the wall model keeps also into account the effect
(especially in bending-rocking mechanisms) of the limited compressive strength of masonry (Penna [3]). Toe
crushing effect is modelled by means of phenomenological non-linear constitutive law with stiffness
deterioration in compression: the effect of this modellization on the cyclic vertical displacement-rotation
interaction is represented in figure 2.
80
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-25
(a)
-20
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
Top displacement [mm]
(b)
figure 2: (a) Cyclic vertical displacement-rotation interaction with (red line) and w/o toe crushing
(blue dots) in Penna [3]; (b) Rocking panel with (red line) and without (blue line) crushing.
Bi-linear beam-element modelling

A non-linear beam element model has been implemented in the TREMURI program [Galasco et al. 2002], as
an alternative to the macro-element; the main features of this element are:
1) initial stiffness given by elastic (cracked) properties;
2) bilinear behaviour with maximum values of shear and bending moment as calculated in ultimate limit
states;
3) redistribution of the internal forces according to the element equilibrium;
THEORY-6
4)
5)
6)
7)
detection of damage limit states considering global and local damage parameters;
stiffness degradation in plastic range;
secant stiffness unloading;
ductility control by definition of maximum drift (u) based on the failure mechanism, according to the
Italian seismic code and Eurocode 8:
shear
( u ui ) ( j + i ) 0.4%
(1)
u = j
+
=
h
2
0.6% bending
8) element expiration at ultimate drift without interruption of global analysis.

Mj
Nj
(u j ,w j , j )
Tj
Tu
Mi
Ni
(u i ,w i, i)
Ti
figure 3: Non-linear beam degrading behaviour

The elastic behaviour of this element is given by:
12 EJ
3
h (1 + )
0
Ti

Ni 6 EJ
M i h 2 (1 + )
T =
j 12 EJ
N j h3 (1 + )
M j
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
0
EA
h
0
0
6 EJ
h 2 (1 + )
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
0
6 EJ
2
6 EJ
h (1 + )
12 EJ
h (1 + )
h3 (1 + )
EJ (2 )
h(1 + )
12 EJ
h3 (1 + )
EA
h
0
0
EA
h
6 EJ
2
EA
h
h (1 + )
6 EJ
h 2 (1 + )
0
ui

EJ (2 ) wi
h(1 + ) i
,
u j
6 EJ
2
h (1 + ) w j

0
j
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
E 2G
b2
E b2
r
)1.2
=
1.2
.
where = 24(1 + ) i = 24(1 +
G h2
2G
12h 2
h
The non linear behaviour is activated when one of the nodal generalized forces reaches its maximum value
estimated according to minimum of the following strength criteria: flexural-rocking, shear-sliding or diagonal
shear cracking.
(a)
(b)
(c)
figure 4:Masonry in-plane failure modes: flexural-rocking (a), shear-sliding (b) e diagonal-cracking
shear (c) (Magenes et al., 2000)
THEORY-7
BENDING- ROCKING BEHAVIOUR

The ultimate bending moment is defined as
l 2 t 0
0 Nl
N
Mu =
1
=
1
.
2 0.85 f m 2 N u
(1)
Mu (momento resistente)
Where l is the width of the panel, t is the thickness, N is the axial compressive action (assumed positive in
compression), o is the normal compressive stress on the whole area (o=N/lt) and fm is the average
resistance in compression of the masonry. This approach is based on a no-traction material where a non
linear reallocation of the stress is performed (rectangular stress-block with factor =0.85)
In existing building the average resistance fm is to be divided by the confidence factor FC according to the
structural knowledge level.
N (sollecitazione assiale )
figure 5:Strength criterion in bending-rocking

According to the element definition the global equilibrium must be satisfied: if the actual moment is reduced
to ultimate bending moment value, the shear must be recalculated as
Mi + M j
Vi = V j =
(2)
h
SHEAR: MOHR-COULOMB CRITERION
The shear failure, according to Mohr-Coulomb criterion, defines an ultimate shear as in (3)
Vu = l tf v = l t ( f vo + n ) = l tf vo + N
(3)
Where l is the length of the compressed section of the panel, t is the thickness, fv is the shear resistance of
the masonry, fv0 is the shear resistance of the masonry without compression, is the friction coefficient
(usually 0.4) and n is the normal average compressive stress, referred to the effective area.
In non linear static analysis according to the Italian code, the shear resistance fv is to be divided by the
confidence factor FC according to the structural knowledge level.
The use of the effective compressed length l is due to the partialization of the section that occur when the
M
eccentricity e =
exceeds the limit value of l in one of the ends (if e < l all the points of the section
6
6
N
are compressed).
In general the length l can be expressed as
l M
l
l ' = 3 e = 3
(4)
2 N
If the current shear value V exceeds the ultimate value Vu it must be reduced but changing the shear value
means to reduce the current bending moment values of Mi and Mj to grant the equilibrium according to the
(2). A reduction of the moments causes a reduction of the eccentricity e and so a reduction of l: a limit value
of l has to be expressed to be consistent to ultimate shear and moment values.
THEORY-8
According to the actual forces and the constrains the generic bending moment M can be expressed as Vh
where is a coefficient (=0.5 for a double-bending constrain, =1 for a cantilever) so:
l Vh
l ' = 3
,
2 N
(5)
Under the hypothesis that any possible reduction of the moments, caused by a shear reduction, doesnt
change the static system, the ratio of the moments Mi and Mj must be unchanged: so can be constant and
expressed as
M max
,
M max + M min
(6)
where Mmax is the maximum absolute value between Mi and Mj ;note than cannot be negative.
The shear resistance, according to eurocodes and Italian codes, can be expressed as:
VR = ( f vo + 0.4 o )l ' t = f vo l ' t + 0.4 N ,
(7)
Under the limit condition V=VR, replacing the (5) in (7):
V
l V h
VR = 3 R f vo t + 0.4 N = 1.5 f vo lt + 0.4 N 3 f vo ht R
N
N
2
,
(8)
and then
VR = 12 N
3 f vo lt + 0.8 N
3 f vo ht + N
(9)
Replacing the expression (9) in (5) l can be expressed as:
l R =
3 f vo lt + 0.8 N
3
h
l
2
3 f vo ht + N
.
(10)
This is the value of the of the actual compressed section of the panel under the limit condition of shear
N
< l R l
0.85 f m t
; where the extremes of the interval are the conditions of the

failure; furthermore must be
whole section compressed and the limit state for bending ( the stress block is completed in the compressed
section part).
If the previous inequality is not satisfied the value of l is to be assumed as the correspondent extreme of the
interval and the shear resistance can be computed according to (7).
In addition to the Mohr-Coulomb resistance, the value of the shear tension fv must not exceed the limit value
of fv,lim:
fv =
T
f v ,lim
l 't
,
(11)
If it exceeds the failure shear value can be fixed as
Vlim = f v ,lim l ' t
(12)
The effective compressed length l has to be consistent with the value of Vlim and so may be different from lR:
if the failure occurs for the an exceeding value of the limit shear tension, the element shear has to be
reduced and this causes the reduction of the moments to grant the global equilibrium of the panel according
to .
The limit compressed length llim , consistent with this failure mode, can be evaluated imposing V= Vlim and
replacing the (12) in (5):
V lim =
f v ,lim lt
3
N
2 3 f v ,lim ht + N
And so llim , replacing the (13) in (5):
THEORY-9
(13)
=
l lim
3 f v ,lim lt
3
h
l
2
3 f v ,lim ht + N
N
l
< l lim
0.85 f m t
As for lR also llim must be

has to be valued again form (12).
(14)
; otherwise llim as be assumed equal to the extreme and Vlim
Finally the limit shear Vu is the minimum between Vlim and VR:
V Vu = min (VR , Vlim )
(15)
In case of the actual shear overcomes the limit shear Vu , it is reduced to Vu and also the moments have to
be reduced according to grant the same static scheme:
M max = Tu h
T Tu
.
(16)
Tu (taglio resistente)
M min = Tu (1 ) h
figure 6:Mohr-Coulomb criterion for shear resistance

SHEAR: TURNEK AND CAOVIC CRITERION
According to Italian code, only for existing building [point 11.5.8.1], the shear failure can be computed
according to Turnek and Caovic criterion; the ultimate shear is defined as:
1.5 o
1.5 o
N
Vu = lt
1 + o = lt t 1 + o = lt
1+
b
b
ft
b
1.5 o
1.5 o lt
(17)
Where ft and 0 are the design value of tension resistance in diagonal cracking of masonry and its shear
value, b is a coefficient defined according to the ratio of height and length of the wall (b= h/l but 1 b 1.5).
THEORY-10
Tu (taglio resistente)
figure 7: Turnek and Caovic shear strength criterion
Tu (taglio resistente )
Taglio diagonale
Taglio-scorrimento
sez. parzializzata
Pressoflessione
figure 8: Strength criteria comparison

MASONRY BEAMS (LINTELS)
The previous strength criteria can be used only with effective axial compression (8.2.2.4 ), this is usually
granted in piers but not for lintel where the shear resistance can be assumed as:
Vu ,lintel = htf vo
(18)
Where h is the height of the section of the panel, t is the thickness, fv0 is the shear resistance of the
masonry without compression.
According to this the maximum bending moment is :
M u ,lintel =
hH p
Hp
1
2 0.85 f h ht
(19)
Where HP is the minimum between the tension resistance of the stretched interposed element inside the
lintel (for example a tie-road or tie-beam) and 0.4fhht where fh the compression resistance of the masonry in
the horizontal direction in the plane of the wall.
THEORY-11
Reinforced concrete element modelling

The behaviour of non linear reinforced concrete elements, is idealized as elasto-perfectly plastic with limited
resistance and plasticity concentrated at the end-element [15]; the kinematic model takes into account
respectively three degrees of freedom (d.o.f) for each node in the case of beams and five d.o.f (being
neglected the rotation around the z-axis) in the case of columns and RC-walls.
The initial stiffness is given by elastic (cracked) properties, in analogous way to the bi-linear beam-element
modelling. It is worth to point out that reference is made only to the concrete section contribution neglecting
that offered by reinforcement bars. The strength values related to the elastic limit state correspond to the
ultimate ones, because no hardening phase is assumed.
The failure mechanisms are shear and compressive/tensile failures, as brittle collapse, and axial-bending as
ductile failure (with the consequent achievement of the plastic hinge). The verification criteria are assumed
according with these proposed in recent Italian code (OPCM 3431/2005 as specified for each class of
elements: beams 5.4.1.and 11.3.2, columns 5.4.1. and 11.3.2 and RC-wall 5.4.1. and 11.3.2).
Despite of the simplified mechanical methods, the strength values depend on the axial force at the current
step of the analysis.
These non linear elements are based on a non linear corrections procedure starting from the elastic
prediction; it is obtained comparing the actual member forces with the member capacity as obtained on the
basis of resistance criteria above described.
In order to determine the occurrence or not of the plastic hinge, this comparison is made with the limit values
obtained from the M-N interaction domain, calculated with the usual hypothesis based on equilibrium
conditions. The case of RC-walls and columns is more complex since these elements can be affected by
biaxial bending : even if the process to determine the Mx My N domain is theoretically similar to the one of
axial-bending behaviour, it is much more complicated because of the possible slope of the neutral axis.
Therefore in this case the following simplification is made: in each plane the resistant bending moment
(respectively Mx,Rd and My.Rd) are calculated individually on the basis of the actual axial force of the element,
considering the case of axial-bending behaviour (neglecting the contribution offered by the reinforcement
placed orthogonally of the neutral axis). Finally the interaction domain between Mx,Rd and My.Rd is assumed
linear. It is necessary to point out that the plastic hinge, when it happens, involves at the same time both the
X and Y planes.
The collapse of the section, in the case of ductile mechanism, is determined correlating the chord rotation
(computed referring to the shear span LV) with the ultimate value (u), calculated as proposed in Annex 11.A
of OPCM 3431/2005. The expression adopted to compute u is founded on empirical approach based on
experimental data (similar to the one proposed also in Fib, 2003).Thus different parameters (as an example
the confinement effectiveness factor or the axial load ratio) are directed to keep into account the various
phenomena which can occur.
Once reached the collapse, as ductile or brittle failure, the element contribution to the overall strength is only
related to its capacity of carrying vertical loads.
Phenomena of instability and of the second order are not considered.
It is worth point out that the choice of this simplified approach is justified by the willing and the necessity to
maintain a lighter computational load; moreover this formulation is coherent with the one of the masonry
elements.
3d urm building model

The 3-dimensional modelling of whole URM buildings starts from some hypotheses on their structural and
seismic behaviour: the bearing structure, both referring to vertical and horizontal loads, is identified with
walls and floors (or vaults); walls are the bearing elements, while floors, apart from sharing vertical loads to
the walls, are considered as planar stiffening elements (orthotropic 3-4 nodes membrane elements), on
which the horizontal actions distribution between the walls depends; the local flexural behaviour of the floors
and the walls out-of-plane response are not computed because they are considered negligible with respect
to the global building response, which is governed by their in-plane behaviour (a global seismic response is
possible only if vertical and horizontal elements are properly connected).
THEORY-12
IN-PLANE BEHAVIOUR WALL MODEL

A frame-type representation of the in-plane behaviour of masonry walls is adopted: each wall of the building
is subdivided into piers and lintels (2 nodes macro-elements) connected by rigid areas (nodes). Earthquake
damage observation shows, in fact, that only rarely (very irregular geometry or very small openings) cracks
appear in these areas of the wall: because of this, the deformation of these regions is assumed to be
negligible, relatively to the macro-element non-linear deformations governing the seismic response. The
presence of stringcourses (beam elements), tie-rods (non-compressive spar elements), previous damage,
heterogeneous masonry portions, gaps and irregularities can be easily included in the structural model.
RIGID
NODE
LINTEL
PIER
figure 9: Examples of macro-element modelling of masonry walls.

The non-linear macro-element model, representative of a whole masonry panel, is adopted for the 2-nodes
elements representing piers and lintels. Rigid end offsets are used to transfer static and kinematic variables
between element ends and nodes.
3D MODEL
A global Cartesian coordinate system (X,Y,Z) is defined and the wall vertical planes are identified by the
coordinates of one point and the angle formed with X axis. In this way, the walls can be modelled as planar
frames in the local coordinate system and internal nodes can still be 2-dimensional nodes with 3 d.o.f..
The 3D nodes connecting different walls in corners and intersections need to have 5 d.o.f. in the global
coordinate system (uX, uY, uZ, rotX, rotY): the rotational degree of freedom around vertical Z axis can be
neglected because of the membrane behaviour adopted for walls and floors. These nodes can be obtained
assembling 2D rigid nodes acting in each wall plane (see figure 10) and projecting the local degrees of
freedom along global axes.
J Mx
My
I
Mx
Par
ete
Pa
ret
e2
My
Z
Y
Y
X
figure 10: Scheme of 3D and 2D nodes and out-of-plane mass sharing.

The floor elements, modelled as orthotropic membrane finite elements, with 3 or 4 nodes, are identified by a
principal direction, with Young modulus E1, while E2 is the Young modulus along the perpendicular direction,
is the Poisson ratio and G1,2 the shear modulus: E1 and E2 represent the wall connection degree due to
the floors, by means also of stringcourses and tie-rods. G1,2 represents the in-plane floor shear stiffness
which governs the horizontal actions repartition between different walls.
THEORY-13
Having the 2D nodes no degrees of freedom along the orthogonal direction to the wall plane, in the
calculation the nodal mass component related to out-of-plane degrees of freedom is shared to the
corresponding dofs of the nearest 3D nodes of the same wall and floor according to the following relations:
lx
l ,
l
x
M yI = M yI + m(1 sin )
l
M xI = M xI + m(1 cos )
(11)
where the meaning of the terms is shown in figure 10.

This solution then permits the implementation of static analyses with 3 components of acceleration along the
3 principal directions and 3D dynamic analyses with 3 simultaneous input components, too.
THEORY-14
PREPROCESSING
The structural model input is a formatted text file (statements are explained after) loaded by the main window
as in the picture (File Open).
figure 11: Text file loading

When a model is loaded, the mesh can be shown in bi-dimensional or three-dimensional view.
The bi-dimensional view can be selected in View-Model as in the picture:
figure 12: 2D view
PREPROCESSING-15
In the window the user can choose to represent a single wall prospect or the aerial view of wall disposition.
The three-dimensional view can be selected in View-3D Model as in the picture:
figure 13: Tree-dimensional view.

The User can hide elements, nodes, frames and change illumination (key 1 2 3). Using letter X,Y,Z rotation
around x,y,z asses is possible (shift to change rotation verse). Arrows and +- translate the view.
PREPROCESSING-16
TREMURI PROGRAM INPUT VARIABLES MANUAL

Here the syntax of textual input file is described; for each statement the Italian name is written with blue
colour on the right (to read old input).
Statement are set at the start of the row after /, comment after !.
SECTION A GENERAL INFORMATION
Program name / release
Tremuri 1 7 27
(current release, April 2008)
Reading this statement the software can recognize all input version. In particular first and second number
identify different version of input, while the third is used for revision of the same version.
Command line /Settings
/Impostazioni
Option values for analysis

After the /setting statement, in the following rows, specific option can be set, for example:
/Impostazioni
Default
Recognized sub statements (into brackets Italian statement, underscored default values):
Default [type]
(CondensaRotazioni)
Convergence
(Convergenza)
(ReazioniCS)
(ReazioniPO)
(MasseZ)
(MasseXY)
(MasseRot)
Best
Log
All setting are resetted to default values. Its recommended to reset

previous values.
If a value of Type is stated different default values can be assumed:
0 common default (reported here)
1 Eucentre default (differences between common ones are mentioned)
In modal analysis rotation d.o.f. can be condensed (=1) or computed (=0)
Convergence criteria. Tolerance compared to global mass (=3).
After Displacement-control-analysis, Forces, acting on imposed d.o.f, are
applied as external forces (=1) or ignored (=0).
After Pushover-analysis, the force, acting on the imposed d.o.f, is applied
as external force (=1) or ignored (=0).
Vertical masses are computed in Mass Matrix for dynamic analysis (=1) or
ignored (=0)
Orizzontal masses are computed in Mass Matrix for dynamic analysis (=1)
or ignored (=0)
Inertial rotation masses are computed in Mass Matrix for dynamic analysis
(=1) or ignored (=0)
In dynamic analysis the best iteration is chosen after maxiteration (=1), last
solution =0.
Value = 1 enable log-file writing, Value = 0 not enable log-file writing
LogName
(nomefilelog)
SwapMemory
Set the name of log-file
SwapMemoryReset
(ResettaSwapMemory)
(ReazioniTotali)
Value = 1 delete all temporary files created for SwapMemory=1
Value = 1 enable the swap of matrix on HD (use only for very big models)
The computation assumes lumped matrix, so that a share of mass of the

lowest elements can act directly on the constraints. Setting value=1 the
forces on constrain nodes consider also this quote, Setting value=0 on
POSTPROCESSING - 17
DistrLoadCorrection
(CorreggiQdistr)
SpandrelType
(LegameFascia)
NoDrift
(IgnoraDrift)
MinumumModalMass
(MassaModaleMinima)
constrained nodes there is only a reaction to grant equilibrium with upper

actions
Value=1 enable the correction of element strains due to distributed load
In Eucentre Default value is set to 0
Value=1 the spandrel strength, of bilinear macroelement, is computed
without the contributed of axial compression (the values of the normal
stresses on the elements are not considered realistic and only the
presence of a reinforced element inside the spandrel can grant strength)
Value=0 the spandrel strength, of bilinear macroelement, is computed as
the maximum between the own strength (due to the contribute of axial
compression) and the presence of a reinforced element inside
Value=0 drift failure is enable; Value=1 no drift failure (it works on
macroelement
Value=1 : to perform modal analysis all nodes must have an own mass (on
the contrary no inversion of the mass matrix is possible); if a node hasnt
mass a minimum share of mass is imposed to grant the modal analysis.
The whole mass addiction is less than 10-4 of the total mass and a
warning is printed. (the absence of nodal mass can happen in the frame
macroelement model)
If Value=0 is set the modal analysis will be stopped if any nodes has no
mass
INPUT MANUAL-18
SECTION B STRUCTURE
Command line /walls
/pareti
Wall spatial definition

The 3D building model is obtained by assembling walls that are plane structures. Each wall is defined in its own local
coordinate system with origin in global CS (X and Y coordinates) and the local x-axis rotation angle.
wnum, x0, y0,

wnum:
x0:
y0:
:
Wall number
x coordinate of the local coordinate system origin [in m]
y coordinate of the local coordinate system origin [in m]
Local x-axis rotation angle [in DEG if followed by the symbol o]
Wall local x axis
Note: One line for each wall
3
Y
z
Z
X
(x0, y0)
(x0, y0)
figure 14: Wall axes: the local CS is a plane CS with xloc and Z axes.
For example:
/walls
1
0
5
1
3
3.25
xloc
0
0.5
0
1.5707963267949
0
90
Where wall number 1 is defined with local origin in 0,0 global system angled of 1.570 rad=90; wall
number 5 has local origin in 1,0.5 angled of 0 while wall number 3 has angle degree definition.
POSTPROCESSING - 19
Command line /Material_properties
/Materiali
Material properties of the masonry walls or beam elements

mnum, E, G, , fm or fy or fc, o or fvo , fv lim , Shear mode, v , r , , Gc,
Label
Mnum
E:
G:
:
fm:
fy:
fc:
o or fvo:
fv lim:
Shear
mode
Gc:
v
r
:
:
Elements
All
All
All
All
Masonry
steel beams
concr. Beams
Masonry
Bilinear
Description
Material number
Young modulus [Pa]
Shear modulus [Pa]
Density [kg/m3]
Compressive strength [Pa] (for beam also traction)
Yield strength [Pa]
Cylindric compressive strength [Pa]
Shear strength [Pa]
Maximum cohesion strength [Pa] (Mohr-Coulomb criterion
cohesion)
Masonry
1 = Turnek e Caovic criterion
2 = Mohr-Coulomb criterion (effective shear area)
3 = Mohr-Coulomb criterion (all shear area)
Macroelement Non-linear deformability parameter defined as product G*c. For c
definition see Macroelement. (c must be 1/G, so Gc 1 ).
Masonry
Shear ultimate drift ratio (exceeding cause element failure)
Masonry
Rocking ultimate drift ratio (exceeding cause element failure)
Masonry
Friction coefficient (not used for bilinear with Failure=1)
Macroelement Softening parameter ( = 0 0.8) For definition see Macroelement
Note: One line for each material type

Note: The nonlinear parameters are explained in macroelement section. Approximately the behaviour
of c and can be suggested in the following picture.

F
Gc
figure 15: Approximately behaviour of Gc and .
Note: 3 shear models are implemented (Failure parameter):

1. Diagonal shear cracking (Turnsek & Cacovic, 1970):
1.5 o
N
Vmax = A
1+
b
1.5 A o
where A is the area of the cross section of the macro-element, N is the axial compressive force and b
is a panel slenderness coefficient automatically evaluated (b = 1 1.5);
2. Shear-sliding evaluated on the cracked section:
Vmax = A o + N ,
where A is the area of the uncracked part of the cross section of the macro-element (A is evaluated
considering the rocking mechanism) and N is the axial compressive force;
INPUT MANUAL-20
3. Shear-sliding evaluated on the full section:

Vmax = Afvo + N ,
where A is the area of the cross section of the macro-element and N is the axial compressive force.
Note: If a macro-element reaches v or r ultimate drift limits during non linear analyses its shear and flexural
capacities (strength and stiffness) are cancelled.
Note: If the macro-element is defined by the command line /macroelements then the rocking capacity is
defined considering the cross section partialization (according to the hypothesis of zero tensile strength
and limited compressive strength) and the shear cyclic behaviour, with strength degradation and
stiffness deterioration is obtained by a macroscopic integration of the continuum model proposed by
Gambarotta & Lagomarsino (1997) and later improved by Penna (2002).
Note: If the macro-element is defined by the command /bilinear then a bilinear elastic perfectly plastic
behaviour is adopted for the description of the non linear capacity: the elastic branch is directly given by
the stiffness matrix (see element description) and the lateral strength capacity is defined by the minimum
of the flexural (rocking) capacity and the shear strength (according to the choosen shear strength
criterion).
Command line /nodes_2d
/nodi2d
Definition of 2D nodes
2D nodes are 3 DoF rigid nodes in the walls local CS.
x1, z1, x2, z2,

. , xn, zn:
xleft
x3, z3
zup
x4, z4
xright
zdown
n2, wnum, xloc, Z, R / P / N, , t, xleft, xright, zup, zdown

(or x1, z1 , x2, z2 , .., xn, zn )
n2:
Node number
wnum:
Wall number
Position of the 2D node in local CS [m]
xloc, Z:
R / P / N:
Node shape R - rectangular; P - polygonal; N - none
:
Density [kg/m3]
t:
Wall thickness [m]
xleft, xright,
2D node geometry for Rectangular definition
zup, zdown:
x1, z1
X
x2, z2
2D node geometry for Poligonal definition

(if node shape is R the dimensions are measured from its referent point,
if polygonal, P, the geometry is defined by its relative coordinates to node ones)
for example:
/nodes_2d
13 1
2
14 1
2
15 1
3.75
0
3
0
N
P 1800 0.25
R 1800 0.25
-0.375 0.9
0.375
0.5 0.5 0.5 0
0.9
0.375
-0.6
-0.375 -0.6
Node number 13 has no shape, node 14 has a polygonal definition and node 15 is defined rectangular.
POSTPROCESSING - 21
P2
xP1i, z
P1
X
P4
P3
Quadrant definition of polygonal nodes:
After the revision 1.7.14 a different definition of the four parts (quadrant) of a node can be defined: for each quadrant an
own thickness, an own density and a polygonal definition have to be specified: this approach grants the modelling of
different kinds of masonry located in the same area. In the same definition one or more quadrants may be absent.
for example:
/nodes_2d
55
1 3.005
1450
3.0
0.3
P3 1450 0.3 -1.502 -0.6

1.502 -0.267 1.502 0
-1.145 -0.6
-1.145 -0.267
0 0
0 -0.267
0 -0.267 0 0 -1.5 0 P4
2D NODE
(3 d.o.f.)
3D NODE
(5 d.o.f.)
z
Z
xloc
figure 16: 2D and 3D nodes.
Command line /nodes_3d
/nodi3d
Definition of 3D nodes
3D nodes are 5 DoF rigid nodes defined in global CS. They are defined in the intersection of two walls (walls I and J) and
by Z coordinate.
n3, subwall, numI, numJ, .. numK, Z, R / P / N, , t, xleft, xright, zup, zdown

(or x1, z1 , x2, z2 , .., xn, zn )
n3:
Node number
subwall:
Walls belonging to the 3D node
numI, numJ: I, J, ..K wall numbers (subwall number of walls are expected)
Z:
Z coordinate of the 3D node [m]
INPUT MANUAL-22
R / P / N:
:
t:
xleft, xright,
zup, zdown:
Node shape R - rectangular; P - polygonal; N - none

Density [kg/m3]
Wall thickness [m]
3D node geometry for Rectangular definition
x1, z1, x2, z2,

. , xn, zn:
3D node geometry for Polygonal definition

(if node shape is R the dimensions are measured from its referent point,
if polygonal the geometry is defined by its coordinates in local CS)
These parameters should be indicated for each wall belonging to the 3D node, as in 2D nodes indicated
figure 17: 3D nodes walls intersection.

Note:
The Walls I and J (first two wall) defined the horizontal position of the node, the intersection of each
wall with first wall (I) define the local position for bi-dimensional element (like node shape or element
intersection)
for example:
/nodes_3d
1 2
1
2 2
1
3 3
1
4
4
4 5
0
3
6
N
N
P 1800 0.25
R 1800 0.25
0 0.425
0.5 0.5
0.625 0.425
0.3 0.3 N
0.625 -0.267
R 1800 0.25
0 -0.267 N
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
Node number 1 has no shape in each wall, node 2 has a polygonal definition for wall 4 but no definition in wall 3 and
node 3 is defined in tree wall (number 4 and 6 with rectangular shape, no shape in number 5).
Note:
A particular definition is possible when a bi-dimensional node is the joint of a tree-dimensional element
(columns and r.c. walls): in this case the element need all 5 d.o.f. of a 3D node. To define 3D node
belonging to a single wall subwall has to be put to 1 and xloc must be added before Z.
/node3d
.
10
1
0.4
5.3
R 1800 0.25
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.1
Node 10 is defined in wall 1 in xloc =0.4 and z=5.3 with rectangular shape
Note:
The quadrant definition is allowed also for 3D-nodes: each definition is divided from the next by the
symbol |; this symbol ends the polygonal subwall definition:
/node3d
.
11 2
4 5
3.0
1450
|P1
0.464
0
P2
0.3
1450
P4
-0.336
1450
-0.975
0.3
1450
|
0.3
-0.267
1.452
0.3
-0.975
0
0.464
1.452
POSTPROCESSING - 23
0
-0.267
1.452
-0.336
0
0
0
1.452
0
0
0
0
P3
-0.975 0
0
0
0
0
12 2
4 5
3.0
0
0
N P1
0.464
0
1450
0.3
P4
1450
-0.336 |
1.452
0.3
Command line /macroelements for Gambarotta-Lagomarsino

or
Command line /bilinear
for bilinear elements
0.464
1.452
1.452
0
-0.336 1.452
0
0
0
0
/elementi
/macroelementoOPCM3274
Definition of macroelements
Macroelements are 2D finite elements defined between 2 nodes belonging to the same wall. The wall discretization into
macroelements is in the local coordinate system.
Two types of macroelements are defined: S- Spandrel beam and P - Pier. They are connected by rigid bodies (RB)
hence creating frame.
N1
N2
RB
RB
RB
N3
RB
RB
N4
RB
N5
N6
figure 18: Piers, Spandrel beam and Rigid Bodies

menum, wnum, nodeI, nodeJ, xc, zc, b, h, wt, mnum, et
menum:
wnum:
nodeI, nodeJ:
xc, zc:
b, h:
wt:
mnum:
et:
Macroelement number
Wall number
Nodes defining the macroelement
Coordinates of the macroelement centroid in local CS [m]
Dimensions of the macroelement (b - base, h - height) [m]
Wall thickness [m]
Material number
Element type (0 = pier; 1 = lintel)
Note: If the macroelement is pier the dimensions are b/h, if spandrel beam the dimensions are h/b
for example:
/macroelements
1
1
2
2
1
14
3
1
16
14
16
5
1.125
2.875
4.625
3.15
3.15
3.15
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
1
1
0.25
0.25
0.25
1
1
1
1
1
1
Element 2 is defined in wall 1 from node 14 to 16, centroid xloc= 2.875, Z=3.15, height=1.5, base =1,
thinckness=0.25, with material number=1 and its a lintel
Note: The Macroelement can be rotated arbitrarily (not pier= 0 or lintel=90) setting et=3 and adding the angle
(in DEG if followed by the symbol )
INPUT MANUAL-24
/ elements
5
1
14
1.125
3.15
1.5
0.25
30
Element 5 is rotated of 30
Macroelements features:
The elastic behaviour of this element is given by the following stiffness matrix:
GA
GA
GA
0
0
0
0
h 0
kA
0
0 0
0
0
ui Ti *
Ti 0 kA
*
N
1
1
kAb 2 0 0
0
0 kAb 2 wi N i
i 0 0
12
12
i M i*
M i
*
GA
GA
GA
0
0
0
0
0
Tj
u j T j ,
h
= h
w N *
N j 0 0
kA
0
0 kA
0
0
j j
M j
j M *j
1
1
2
2
0 0
kAb 0 kAb N *
0
0 0
Ne
12
12

M
M *
e
0 kA
0
0 kA
0
2kA
0
GA 0 1 kAb 2 GA 0 1 kAb 2 0 GAh + 1 kAb 2
12
12
6
where k =
2E
.
h
Bilinear features:
The elastic behaviour of this element is given by:
12 EJ
3
h (1 + )
0
Ti

Ni 6 EJ
2
M i h (1 + )
T =
j 12 EJ
N j h3 (1 + )

M j
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
0
EA
h
0
0
EA
h
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
12 EJ
h (1 + )
0
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
0
6 EJ
2
6 EJ
h (1 + )
12 EJ
h 2 (1 + )
h3 (1 + )
EJ (2 )
h(1 + )
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
EA
h
0
0
EA
h
0
h (1 + )
0
ui

EJ (2 ) wi
h(1 + ) i
,
u j
6 EJ
2
h (1 + ) w j

0
j
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
6 EJ
E 2G
b2
E b2
r
)1.2
1.2
.
=
where = 24(1 + ) i = 24(1 +
2G
G h2
12h 2
h
The non linear behaviour is activated when one of the nodal generalized forces reaches its maximum value
estimated according to minimum of the following strength criteria: flexural-rocking, shear-sliding or diagonal
shear cracking.
POSTPROCESSING - 25
Command line /Beam_nonlinear
/traveNonLineare
Characteristics of non linear beams

Non linear beams are 2D finite elements and they are defined between 2 nodes belonging to the same wall
bn, wnum, nodeI, nodeJ, mnum, A, J, dXloc,I, dZI, dXloc,J, dZJ, bt, str, Wpl
bn:
wnum:
nodeI, nodeJ:
mnum:
A:
J:
dXloc,I:
dZI:
dXloc,J:
dZJ:
bt:
str:
Wpl:
Beam number
Wall number
Nodes defining the beam
Material number
Cross section area [m2]
Moment of inertia [m4]
Xloc offset node I
Z offset node I
Xloc offset node J
Z offset node J
Element type (0 = beam; 1 = no compression beam, 2 = no tension beam)
Initial strain
Plastic section modulus
Note: If the moment of inertia, J, is equal to 0, then the beam becomes a rod
Note: If bt 0 the beam element becomes a gap element and its contribution to the global response is cancelled
if the element is compressed (bt = 1) or tensioned (bt = 2).
The elastic stiffness matrix of this element is:
12 EJ
3
h (1 + )
0
Ti
Ni 6 EJ
2
M i h (1 + )
T =
j 12 EJ
N j h3 (1 + )
M j
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
0
EA
h
0
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
0
6 EJ
6 EJ
h 2 (1 + )
12 EJ
h (1 + )
h3 (1 + )
EJ (2 )
h(1 + )
h (1 + )
EA
h
12 EJ
3
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
EA
h
0
0
EA
h
0
h (1 + )
0
ui

EJ (2 ) wi
h(1 + ) i
,
u j
6 EJ
h 2 (1 + ) w j

0
j
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
6 EJ
E 2G
b2
E b2
r
)1.2
1.2
=
where = 24(1 + ) i = 24(1 +
2G
G h2
12h 2
h
Command line /Beam_elastic
/traveElastica
Characteristics of linear elastic beams

Elastic beams are 2D finite elements and they are defined between 2 nodes belonging to the same wall
bn, wnum, nodeI, nodeJ, mnum, A, J, str, bt, dXloc,I, dZI, dXloc,J, dZJ
INPUT MANUAL-26
bn:
wnum:
nodeI, nodeJ:
mnum:
A:
J:
dXloc,I:
dZI:
dXloc,J:
dZJ:
bt:
str:
Beam number
Wall number
Material number
Xloc offset node I
Z offset node I
Xloc offset node J
Z offset node J
Element type (0 = beam; 1 = no compression beam, 2 = no tension beam)
Initial strain
Note: If the moment of inertia, J, is equal to 0, then the beam becomes a rod
Note: If bt 0 the beam element becomes a gap element and its contribution to the global response is cancelled
if the element is compressed (bt = 1) or tensioned (bt = 2).
12 EJ
3
h (1 + )
0
Ti

Ni 6 EJ
2
M i h (1 + )
T =
j 12 EJ
N j h3 (1 + )
M j
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
0
EA
h
0
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
12 EJ
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
h (1 + )
0
6 EJ
2
6 EJ
h (1 + )
12 EJ
h (1 + )
h3 (1 + )
EJ (2 )
h(1 + )
EA
h
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
EA
h
0
0
EA
h
0
h (1 + )
0
ui

EJ (2 ) wi
h(1 + ) i
,
u j
6 EJ
2
h (1 + ) w j

0
j
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
6 EJ
E 2G
b2
E b2
r
)1.2
= 1.2
where = 24(1 + ) i = 24(1 +
2
2G
G h2
12h
h
Command line /Beam_RC
/traveCA
Characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) beams

Non linear reinforced concrete beams are 2D finite elements and they are defined between 2 nodes belonging to the
same wall. The behaviour is idealised as elasto-perfectly plastic with limited resistance and plasticity concentrated at the
end-element.
bn, wnum, nodeI, nodeJ, mnumC, b,h, J, mnumS, Abot, Nbot, Atop, Ntop, c, As, s, dXloc,I, dZI,
dXloc,J, dZJ, scr, typeR, anchorage, qualdet
bn:
wnum:
nodeI, nodeJ:
mnumC:
RC Beam number
Wall number
Material number of concrete
POSTPROCESSING - 27
b, h:
J:
mnumS:
Abot:
Nbot:
Atop:
Ntop:
c:
As:
s:
dXloc,I:
dZI:
dXloc,J:
dZJ:
scr:
Dimensions of transversal cross-section of beam (b - width, h - height) [m]

Material number of reinforcement steel
Total area of the bottom longitudinal reinforcement [m2]
Total number of bottom longitudinal bars
Total area of the top longitudinal reinforcement [m2]
Total number of top longitudinal bars
Cover concrete [m]
Total area of transverse reinforcement [m2]
Spacing of transverse reinforcement [m]
Xloc offset node I
Z offset node I
Xloc offset node J
Z offset node J
Spacing of transverse reinforcement in critical regions of beam (for example at
the end-section) [m]
Type of reinforcement bars ( 0: ribbed bars (for example FeB38k or FeB44k class);
1: smooth bars (for example FeB22k or FeB32k class)
Anchorage quality (0= satisfying anchorage (according with seismic design); 1
poor anchorage)
Detailing quality (0= no seismic detailing; 1= seismic detailing)
typeR:
anchorage:
qualdet:
Note: only rectangular cross-section is considered; for example in T-shaped section an equivalent section
should be defined
12 EJ
3
h (1 + )
0
Ti

Ni 6 EJ
2
M i h (1 + )
T =
j 12 EJ
N j h3 (1 + )
M j
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
0
EA
h
0
0
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
12 EJ
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
h (1 + )
0
6 EJ
2
6 EJ
h (1 + )
12 EJ
h (1 + )
h3 (1 + )
EJ (2 )
h(1 + )
EA
h
6 EJ
2
h (1 + )
EA
h
0
0
EA
h
0
h (1 + )
0
ui

EJ (2 ) wi
h(1 + ) i
,
u j
6 EJ
h 2 (1 + ) w j

0
j
EJ (4 + )
h(1 + )
6 EJ
E 2G
b2
E b2
r
)1.2
1.2
=
where = 24(1 + ) i = 24(1 +
2G
G h2
12h 2
h
Command line /ColumnRC
/PilastroCA
Characteristics of reinforced concrete (RC) columns

Non linear reinforced concrete columns are 3D finite elements (5 d.o.f. for each node, in which is neglected the rotation
around the Z-axis). They are defined between two 3D nodes and they are identified by the angle formed with X axis.
The behaviour is idealised as elasto-perfectly plastic with limited resistance and plasticity concentrated at the endelement.
INPUT MANUAL-28
cn, nodeI, nodeJ, mnumC, B,H, , mnumS, AB, NBt, AH, NH, c, As, s, dXI, dYI, dZI,dZJ, scr,
typeR, anchorage, qualdet
cn:
nodeI, nodeJ:
mnumC:
B, H:
:
mnumS:
A B:
N B:
A H:
N H:
c:
As:
s:
dXI:
dYI:
dZI:
dZJ:
scr:
typeR:
anchorage:
qualdet:
RC column number
Nodes defining the column
Dimensions of transversal cross-section of column (B - width, H - height) [m]
rotation angle computed between the X-axis and the orientation of B side of column
[in DEG if followed by the symbol o] (see Figure 19)
Total area of the longitudinal reinforcement located at each B side (the program
assumes symmetric longitudinal reinforcement on the opposite side) [m2] (see
Figure 20)
Total number of the longitudinal reinforcement located at each B side (see Figure
20)
Total area of the longitudinal reinforcement located at each H side (the program
assumes symmetric longitudinal reinforcement on the opposite side) [m2] (see
Figure 20)
Total number of the longitudinal reinforcement located at each H side (see Figure
20)
cover concrete [m]
X offset node I
Y offset node I
Z offset node I
Z offset node J
Spacing of transverse reinforcement in critical regions of column [m]
poor anchorage)
(a)
(b)
figure 19: Rotation angle which identifies the RC column with respect the global X-axis (a) and
kinematic model assumed for the column element (b)
POSTPROCESSING - 29
= 0
AH , NH=5
H
AB , NB=3
B
X
figure 20: Input definition of the longitudinal reinforcement (AB, NBt, AH, NH)
The elastic stiffness matrix of this element is assembled in analogous way to that of 2D elements.
In the following the main terms of the stiffness matrix are summarized.
12EJ yy
k 11 =
h (1 + x )
k 15 =
h (1 + x )
6EJ yy
; k 22 =
; k 24 =
12EJ xx
h 1 + y
3
6EJ xx
h 1 + y
2
EJ yy (4 + x )
EJ xx 4 + y
EA
; k 44 =
; k 55 =
h (1 + x )
h 1 + y
h
; k 33 =
; k 410 =
EJ xx 2 y
h 1 + y
; k 510 =
EJ yyx (2 x )
h (1 + x )
Then the elastic stiffness matrix is:
Txi k 11

Tyi 0
Ni 0

M xi 0
M yi k
15
=
T
k
xj 11
Tyj 0

Nj 0
M 0
xj
M yj k 15
0
k 22
0
k 24
0
0
k 22
0
k 24
0
0
0
k 33
0
0
0
0
k 33
0
0
0
k 24
0
k 44
0
0
k 24
0
k 410
0
k 15
0
0
0
k 55
k 15
0
0
0
k 510
k 11
0
0
0
k 15
k 11
0
0
0
k 15
0
k 22
0
k 24
0
0
k 22
0
k 24
0
0
0
k 33
0
0
0
0
k 33
0
0
Command line /ColumnMasonry
0
k 24
0
k 410
0
0
k 24
0
k 44
0
k 15 u xi

0 u yi
0 w i

0 xi
k 510 yi

k 15 u xj
0 u yj

0 w j
0 xj

k 55 yj
/PilastroMuratura
Characteristics of masonry columns

Non linear masonry columns are 3D finite elements (5 d.o.f. for each node, in which is neglected the rotation around the
Z-axis). They are defined between two 3D nodes and they are identified by the angle formed with X axis. The
behaviour is idealised as elasto-perfectly plastic with limited resistance and plasticity concentrated at the end-element.
cn, nodeI, nodeJ, mnum, B,H, , dXI, dYI, dZI,dZJ,

cn:
nodeI, nodeJ:
mnum:
B, H:
masonry column number

Material number
Dimensions of transversal cross-section of column (B - width, H - height) [m]
INPUT MANUAL-30
:
dXI:
dYI:
dZI:
dZJ:
X offset node I
Y offset node I
Z offset node I
Z offset node J
The elastic stiffness matrix of this element is analogous to that of RC column.
Command line /Column NonLinear
/PilastroNonLineare
Characteristics of non linear columns

Non linear columns are 3D finite elements (5 d.o.f. for each node, in which is neglected the rotation around the Z-axis).
They are defined between two 3D nodes and they are identified by the angle formed with X axis. The behaviour is
idealised as elasto-perfectly plastic with limited resistance and plasticity concentrated at the end-element.
cn, nodeI, nodeJ, mnum, A, JX, JY, , dXI, dYI, dZI,dZJ, WplX, WplY
cn:
nodeI, nodeJ:
mnum:
A:
JX:
JY:
:
dXI:
dYI:
dZI:
dZJ:
WplX:
WplY:
non linear column number

Material number
Moment of inertia around the local X axis (before assigning the rotation around Zaxis identified by angle) [m4]
Moment of inertia around the local Y axis (before assigning the rotation around Zaxis identified by angle) [m4]
X offset node I
Y offset node I
Z offset node I
Z offset node J
Plastic section modulus referring to the local X axis
Plastic section modulus referring to the local Y axis
The elastic stiffness matrix of this element is analogous to that of RC column.
Command line /WallRC
/settoCA
Characteristics of reinforced concrete walls

Reinforced concrete walls are 3D finite elements (5 d.o.f. for each node, in which is neglected the rotation around the Zaxis). They are defined between two 3D nodes; on the contrary of RC columns none angle must be defined because RC
walls are assumed belonging to a defined wall. The RC walls can be also characterized by openings; through the input
command /WallRC both RC wall (type 0) and coupling beam elements (type 1) can be defined. The coupling beams are
2D finite elements. The behaviour is idealised as elasto-perfectly plastic with limited resistance and plasticity
concentrated at the end-element.
In the following, in order to clarify the meaning assumed for each type of element, the explanation of this command is
differentiated for RC wall (type 0) or coupling RC beam (type 1).
Type 0 RC wall
POSTPROCESSING - 31
wn, wnum, nodeI, nodeJ, xc, zc, B,H,wt, et,mnumC, mnumS, AB, NB, AE, NE, BE ,c, Ah, s, Adiag,
, scr, typeR, anchorage, qualdet
wn:
wnum:
nodeI, nodeJ:
xc, zc:
B, H:
wt:
et:
mnumC:
mnumS:
A B:
N B:
AE:
NE:
BE:
c:
A h:
s:
Adiag:
:
scr:
typeR:
anchorage:
qualdet:
RC wall number
Wall number
Nodes defining the RC wall
Coordinates of the RC wall centroid in local CS [m]
Dimensions of the RC wall (B - base, H - height) [m]
RC wall thickness [m]
Element type (0 = RC wall)
Total area of the longitudinal reinforcement located at each B side (the program
assumes symmetric longitudinal reinforcement on the opposite side). It is worth
noting that this area has to be computed net of possible reinforcement located at
zone E as clarified in Figure 21 [m2]
Total number of the longitudinal reinforcement located at each B side (see Figure
21)
Total area of the longitudinal reinforcement located in zone E) [m2] (see Figure 21)
Total number of the longitudinal reinforcement located in zone E (see Figure 21)
Width of zone E [m]
cover concrete [m]
Area of horizontal reinforcement (running parallel to the faces of the wall) [m2]
Spacing of horizontal reinforcement [m]
Total area of inclined reinforcement located at base section [m2]
Inclination of the shear inclined reinforcement located at base section [m]
Spacing of horizontal reinforcement in critical regions of RC wall [m]
poor anchorage)
Note: The zone E is introduced in order to take into account the presence of RC columns at both ends of the RC
walls or a potential concentration of longitudinal reinforcement
Zone E
AB , NB=6
AE , NE=9
wt
BE
B
figure 21: Input definition of the longitudinal reinforcement of RC wall

The elastic stiffness matrix of RC wall is analogous to that of RC columns.
Type 1 Coupling RC beam
bn, wnum, nodeI, nodeJ, xc, zc, h,helem,b, et,mnumC, mnumS, Atop, Ntop , Abot, Nbot, BE ,c, As, s,
Asi, , scr, typeR, anchorage, qualdet
INPUT MANUAL-32
bn:
wnum:
nodeI, nodeJ:
xc, zc:
h:
helem:
b:
et:
mnumC:
mnumS:
Atop:
Ntop:
Abot:
Nbot:
BE:
c:
As:
s:
Asi:
:
scr:
typeR:
1:
anchorage:
qualdet:
RC coupling element number

Wall number
Nodes defining the coupling RC beam
Coordinates of the RC wall centroid in local CS [m]
Height of transversal cross-section of RC beam (b - width, h - height) [m]
Length (span) of the RC beam
Width of transversal cross-section of RC beam [m]
Element type (1 = coupling RC beam)
Total area of the top longitudinal reinforcement [m2]
Total number of top longitudinal bars
Total area of the bottom longitudinal reinforcement [m2]
Total number of bottom longitudinal bars
in the case of type=1 (coupling element) is identically equal to 0
cover concrete [m]
Total area of steel bars in each diagonal direction [m2] (see Figure 22)
Angle between the diagonal bars and the axis of the beam [m] (see Figure 22)
Spacing of transverse reinforcement in critical regions of beam[m]
Type of reinforcement bars ( 0:ribbed bars (for example FeB38k or FeB44k class);
smooth bars (for example FeB22k or FeB32k class)
poor anchorage)
figure 22: Coupling beam with diagonal reinforcement (definition of Asi and ) (from EC8)
The elastic stiffness matrix of the coupling RC beam is analogous to that of RC beam elements.
Command line /floors
/solaio
Characteristics of floors
Floors are elastic orthotropic 4-nodes membrane elements
fnum, nodeI, nodeJ, nodeK, nodeL, ft, E1, E2, , G, alpha, [ offset, Theta1, Theta2 ]
fnum:
Floor number
nodeI, nodeJ,
POSTPROCESSING - 33
nodeK, nodeL: 3D Nodes defining the floor

ft:
Floor thickness [m]
E1, E2:
Elastic moduls in both directions [Pa]
:
Poisson's ratio
G:
Shear modulus [Pa]
alpha:
Properties direction angle
[in DEG if followed by the symbol o]
For sloped floors:
offset:
offset of the root referred to the first node (nodeI)
Theta1:
Slope-angle of E1 (warping)
Theta2:
Slope-angle of E2 (warping)
[in DEG if followed by the symbol o]
E2
E1
alpha
Note: 3-nodes floors may defined similarly by command /floors3N

for example:
/floors
1
5 2
2
6 3
..
/floors
5
8 11
9 12
0.04
0.04
59780000000
59780000000
30500000000
30500000000
0.2
0.2
12708000000
12708000000
1.5707963267949
1.5707963267949
3N
2 8 11
0.04
59780000000
30500000000
0.2
12708000000
90
Floors number 1 and 2 are defined with 4 nodes, floor number 5 with 3 nodes.
/floors
1 2 5 8 11
2 3 6 21 20
0.04
0.04
8640000000 0 0 10000000 1.57 0

8640000000 0 0 10000000 1.57 0
-24.44 0
Floors number 1 is horizontal while number 2 is a roof: the warping direction is rotated of 24.44 degree.
Command line /mass
/masse
Additional nodal masses

node, m
node:
m:
.
Node number
Additional nodal mass [kg]
optional
ex, ez, rot:
ex, ey, ez
rotx, roty:
Eccentricities for 2D nodes

Eccentricities for 3D nodes
Command line /massdistr
/massedistr
Additional nodal masses

node, m
node:
Node number
(this section will be completed in the next revision)

Command line /2D_mass_sharing
/ripartizione
INPUT MANUAL-34
Mass sharing relationship between 2D nodes and 3D nodes to obtain total mass conservation.
2D nodes,
3D node I , 3D node J, ratioI, ratioj
2D node:
Bi-dimensional Node number
3D node I:
First 3D node number
3D node J:
Second 3D node number
ratioI, ratioJ : Ratio of mass sharing (if not set the mass is split with an inverse proportionality to
the distance)
Note: 2-nodes have only d.o.f. into the wall of definition, so orthogonal mass component would be lost
if no sharing is set. Orthogonal mass components are then shared to 3D nodes.
Note: With /pomas or /pomaz command analysis all 2D node orthogonal mass must be shared to 3D
nodes.
Note: ratioI, ratioJ are optional parameters. Without specification 2D node mass is shared with an
inverse proportion to the distance.
Note: When only one 3D node is adjacent to the 2D node, a repeated node definition is allowed.
for example:
/2D_mass_sharing
49
19
16
50
20
20
51
21
18
0.3
0.7
Orthogonal mass component of 49 2D node is shared to 3D nodes 19 and 16 (30% on 19 and 70% on
16); orthogonal mass component of 50 2D node is all shared to 20 3D node; orthogonal mass
component of 51 2D node is shared to 3D nodes 21 and 18 according to the inverse of distance (local
X) between 2D and 3D nodes.
Command line /Restraints
/vincoli
Restraints
2D nodes: Uxlocal Uz Rotylocal
3D nodes: Ux Uy Uz Rotx Roty
node, r
node:
r:
Node number
Type of restraints 0 = free; v = restrained; number = Winkler constant
POSTPROCESSING - 35
SECTION C ANALYSIS PROCEDURES/ LOADINGS

The following types of analyses can be performed using TREMURI: 1) static acceleration; 2) modal; 3)
incremental static; 4) pushover; and, 5) dynamic nonlinear.
Command line /pp
Static analysis
/pp ns, tol, maxstep, ax, ay, az
ns:
tol:
maxstep:
ax, ay, az:
Number of steps
Precision (error tolerance)
Maximum iteration number (after maxstep iterations, solution is accepted)
Acceleration components [m/sec2]
for example:
/pp
10
0.0008 1500
-9.81
Dead load (only g=9.81 ms-2 on z axis) applied in 10 substeps with relative tolerance of 0.0008, maximum
iteration for each step=1500.
Command line /am
Modal analysis
/am nmod
nmod:
Number of modes to be extracted
for example:
/am
10
Note: The implemented modal analysis procedure is based on the Jacobi inversion algorithm;
As a default setting rotational dofs are condensed for modal analysis
Command line /cf
Incremental static analysis: force control
2D nodes: Fxlocal Fz Momylocal
3D nodes: Fx Fy Fz Momx Momy
/cf ns, tol, maxstep

node, load
ns:
tol:
maxstep:
Number of steps
Maximum iteration number (after maxstep solution is accepted)
node:
load:
Node number
Imposed load in certain DoF [N]
for example:
INPUT MANUAL-36
/cf
3
5
10
866 500
796 500
0.005
500
0
0 0
0
0 0
On nodes number 3 and 5 is set a force along x and y DOFs applied in 10 substeps, error tolerance=0.005,
maximum number of iterations = 500.
Command line /cs

Incremental static analysis: displacement control
/cs ns, tol, maxstep

node, disp
ns:
tol:
maxstep:
Number of steps
node:
disp:
Node number
Imposed displacement in certain DoF [m]
for example:
/cs
3
5
70
0.005
0.01 0.004 0
0.01 0.004 0
500
0 0
0 0
On nodes number 3 and 5 is set a displacement on x and y DOFs applied in 70 substeps, error
tolerance=0.005, maximum number of iterations = 500.
Command line /po
Pushover analysis with fixed load pattern
/po ns, tol, maxstep, cnode, cdof, disp, %Vlimit, SubIter

node, rat
ns:
tol:
maxstep:
cnode:
cdof:
disp:
%Vlimit:
SubIter:
Number of steps
Maximum iteration number (after maxstep solution is accepted without converg.)
Control node number
Control DoF of cnode
Target displacement in cnode cdof
Analysis is stopped when base shear decreases under a %Vlimit percentage of
maximum base shear value reached during analysis. 0 means no interruption.
Set 0. (in progress parameter)
node:
Node number
POSTPROCESSING - 37
rat:
Imposed forces vector ratios (3 DoF for 2D node; 5 DoF for 3D node)
Note:
command /pomas and /pomaz (same syntax of /po) automatically calculate respectively rectangular
and triangular force distribution and do not require the list of force ratios on nodes, see forward.
Note:
The cnode must be included in node row specification
Note:
By means of sequential monotonic pushover analyses cyclic pushover analyses can be performed
(%Vlimit must be set 0)
for example:
/po 150
0.0005
3 1 0 0 0 0
5 1 0 0 0 0
2 0.5 0 0 0 0
6 0.5 0 0 0 0
1000
uy
-0.04
0.8 0
A pushover analysis is set in 150 substeps, tolerance=0.0005, maximum number of iteration =1000;
The master d.o.f. is node 3 uy, maximum displacement required is -0.04 m. If base shear decreases under
the 80% of maximum base shear analysis is stopped.
On node 3 and 5, x direction, a ratio force of 1 is imposed, while on x direction of node 2 and 6 there is a
ratio of 0.5. Note that master d.o.f. (node 3 ux) is quoted also in node ratio specification.
Command line /pomas
Pushover analysis with mass load pattern
/pomas ns, tol, maxstep, cnode, cdof, disp, %Vlimit, SubIter
ns:.. SubIter:
node:
rat:
See pushover statement

Node number
Imposed forces vector ratios (3 DoF for 2D node; 5 DoF for 3D node)
This kind of pushover assumes a fixed load pattern consistent with mass*height distribution: the ratio force
between nodes depends on the mass of each node.
Note:
To perform this kind of analysis in presence of 2D nodes, command /2d_mass_sharing is needed

for all bi-dimensional nodes
for example:
/pomas
150
0.0005
1000
uy
-0.04
0.8 0
Command line /pomaz

Pushover analysis with inverse triangular load pattern
/pomaz ns, tol, maxstep, cnode, cdof, disp, %Vlimit, SubIter
ns:.. SubIter:
This kind of pushover assumes a fixed load pattern consistent with mass*height distribution: the ratio force
between nodes depends on the product of each nodal mass by its height: that is consistent with a
first mode response.
Note:

INPUT MANUAL-38
for example:
/pomaz
150
0.0005
1000
uy
-0.04
0.8 0
Command line /Ldap

Pushover analysis with adaptive load pattern
/Ldap ns, tol, maxstep, cnode, cdof, disp, %Vlimit, SubIter
[node, rat]
ns:.. SubIter:
This kind of pushover assumes to modified the load pattern consistent with the damaging of the models. To
respect physic boundary condition the actual load pattern has to be included between the mass and
the triangular ones, like described in A. Galasco, S. Lagomarsino, A. Penna, On the use of
pushover analysis for existing masonry buildings, 1st ECEES, Genve 2006.
The first ratio pattern is assumed as the inverse-triangular one.
Note:

Note:
If a specific load pattern is introduced, in the rows after the statement, it replaces the inversetriangular ones.
for example:
/Ldap
150
0.0005
1000
uy
-0.04
0.8 0
Common definition of the analysis: the actual pattern is assumed to be included in mass and inverse
triangular one.
/Ldap
150
0.0005
1000
3 1 0 0 0 0
5 1 0 0 0 0
2 0.5 0 0 0 0
6 0.5 0 0 0 0
uy
-0.04
0.8 0
A specific limit pattern is defined to replace the inverse triangular pattern.

Command line /ad
3D Dynamic non-linear step-by-step analysis
Multi-component acceleration time histories can be applied simultaneously
/ad ndata, tol, maxstep, deltat, alpha, beta, Nfill

dof, fname, accmax
ndata:
tol:
maxstep:
deltat:
alpha, beta:
Nfill:
dof:
fname:
accmax:
Number of data in the record

Time history step
Raleigh coefficients
Ratio between time history step and analysis step (Nfill 1)
Direction of earthquake excitation (ux, uy, uz)
Name of the time history file
Maximum scaling amplitude
POSTPROCESSING - 39
Note: The excitation file should be one column data (acceleration steps). If accmax is not specified the original record is
to be used.
Note: If Best setting is selected the smaller error solution is selected after maxtep iterations (suggested option for /ad )
for example:
/ad
ux
uy
4000
0.00001 100
acc_13.txt
3.4
acc_12.txt
3
0.01
0.922265243
0.002315229
A nonlinear dynamic analysis is set in 4000 substeps, tolerance=0.00001, maximum number of iteration
=100; the time-step is 0.01 sec, Rayleigh coefficients=0.922265243,0.002315229, and the acceleration time
histories is filled to duplicate the points (the analysis is performed in 4000*2=8000 substeps with time-step
0.01/2=0.005 sec). Duplication is calculated by linear interpolation. Soil acceleration in x direction is stored in
file acc_13.txt (maximum absolute acceleration value is set 3.4 ms-2), while in y direction is in acc_12.txt
(maximum absolute acceleration value is set 3.2 ms-2). If no path specification is set the acceleration file
must be placed in the same directory of the input file.
Command line /reset
Multi-analyses with a shared number of step
/reset stepnumber
stepnumber:
Step of analysis from which starting again
Note: After /reset the damage state is set to values after stepnumber.
Note: After /reset changing file output name is allowed, in this way the storage of data is possible clearing
memory.
for example:
/pp
10
0.0001 500
0
/ad 4100 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_1_4100.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_G1_1.sta"
/Var
Taglio
.
/Var
Spost
n3.ux
6.25
/Output
2P_G1_1.txt
1 2
sottopasso
9
0
spost
9
2
taglio
9
0
/reset 1
/ad 4000 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_2_4000.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_G1_2.sta"
/Output
2P_G1_2.txt
1 2
/reset 1
/ad 4000 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_3_4000.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_G1_3.sta"
/Output
2P_G1_3.txt
1 2
0
-9.81
0.000633666
1
11
21
0.000633666
0.000633666
The output commands are explained hereafter: each /reset command sets the damage state as in the end of
the first step of analysis (dead load),changing only the output file name (data reloading).
Command line /restart
Reduce the output number of step.
/restart stepnumber
stepnumber:
Step of analysis from which starting again
INPUT MANUAL-40
Note: After /restart the damage state is unchanged.

Note: After /restart changing file output name is allowed, in this way the storage of data is possible clearing
memory.
for example:
/pp
10
0.0001 500
0
/ad 4100 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_1_4100.txt 1.5
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_15.sta"
/Var
Taglio
.
/Var
Spost
n3.ux
6.25
/Output
2P_15.txt
1 2
sottopasso
9
0
spost
9
2
taglio
9
0
/restart 1
/ad 4000 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_1_4100.txt 2.5
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_25.sta"
/Output
2P_25.txt
1 2
/resart 1
/ad 4000 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_1_4100.txt 3.5
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_35.sta"
/Output
2P_35.txt
1 2
0
-9.81
0.000633666
1
11
21
0.000633666
0.000633666
The output commands are explained hereafter: each /restart command doesnt change the damage state.
Only the output structure changes: after each restart only the first step of analysis (dead load) remains in
memory so that the outputs may be smaller.
SECTION D OUTPUT
The following section describes the creation of the output in the program
Command line /var
Defines the output variables
Definition of the variable to be calculated
/var vname
vname1 sumcoefficient
vname2 sumcoefficient
..
vname:
vname1, ..:
Name of the output variable (Defined by user)

Name of the output variable (Defined by user or recognized name):
recognized name:
analyses
Step,Substep (passo,sottopasso)
Number of Step and Substep of analysis
modal analyses
Frequency
(frequenza)
Frequency of a modal analysis (each step is different mode)
Period
(periodo)
Period of a modal analysis (each step is different mode)
CoeffPM.x CoeffPM.y CoeffPM.z Participation coefficient in direction x , y, or z.
ModMass.x or .y or .z (MassaMod.) Modal participation mass in direction x , y, or z.
dynamic analyses
POSTPROCESSING - 41
Ground.x or .y or .z (suolo.)
Ground acceleration in dynamic analysis in direction x , y, or z.
node number I
nI.fx, nI.fy, nI.fz, nI.momx, nI.momy
nI.ux, nI.uy, nI.uz, nI.rotx, nI.roty
nI.vx, nI.vy, nI.vz, nI.rotvx, nI.rotvy
nI.ax, nI.ay, nI.az, nI.rotax, nI.rotay
Actions on I node
Displacements on I node
Velocities on I node
Accelerations on I node
macroelement number I
eI.Ni, eI.Nj, eI.Ti, eI.Tj, eI.Mi, eI.Mj
eI.ui, eI.uj, eI.vi, eI.vj, eI.ri, eI.rj
eI.delta, eI.rot
eI.alpha, eI.gamma
eI.drS, eI.drB (eI.drT, eI.drPF)
eI.Ashear (eI.Ataglio)
eI.NLi
Actions on I element between i,j nodes; N=yloc,T=xloc, M=rot

Displacements on I element at i,j ends in dir x(u), z(v) and rot(r)
Internal displacements on I element
Internal variable alpha and gamma on I element
Maximum shear(S) and bending(B) drift on I element
Effective compressed area on I element
Non linear value of constant I (see element definition)
not linear 2D element number I (bilinear, beam,)

eI.Ni, eI.Nj, eI.Ti, eI.Tj, eI.Mi, eI.Mj Actions on I element between i,j nodes; N=yloc,T=xloc, M=rot
eI.ui, eI.uj, eI.vi, eI.vj, eI.ri, eI.rj
Displacements on I element at i,j ends in dir x(u), z(v) and rot(r)
Non linear value of constant I (see element definition)
eI.NLi
not linear 3D element number I (column, r.c. wall)
Actions on I element on i nodes; N=zloc,Tx,y=x,yloc, Mx,y=rotx,y
eI.Ni, eI.Txi, eI.Tyi, eI.Mxi, eI.Myi
Actions on I element on j nodes; N=zloc,Tx,y=x,yloc, Mx,y=rotx,y
eI.Nj, eI.Txj, eI.Tyj, eI.Mxj, eI.Myj
Note: if several vnameI..N are added the sum of the prescribed forces/displacements is calculated
for example:
/var
n1.fx
n4.fx
n7.fx
n10.fx
n16.fx
Xshear
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
-.0010
The variable Xshear is the sum of force in x direction on nodes 2,4,7,10,16 scaled of 0.001 (to obtain kN)
Command line /output

Defines the output file
/output fout firstStep lastStep
vnameN, characters, digits, [col] [MaxMin]
fout:
firstStep:
lastStep:
Name and path of the output file

First step of analysis put in the output file
Last step of analysis put in the output file
vnameI,J..N:
characters:
digits:
col:
Name of the output variable (Defined by user or recognized name)

Total number of characters
Total number of decimal digits
Starting column, if not set the program writes in the first free column
INPUT MANUAL-42
maxmin:
Note:
if max and/or min is written the program writes at the end of the file the maximum
(minimum) value of the var.
if lastStep is 0 all substeps are put in output file
for example:
/Output
Substep
DispX
ShearX
OutputFile.dat
9
9
9
1 0
0
2
0
1
11
21
Ourputfile.dat is a text file formatted as in the follow:

-------------TREMURI -- OUTPUT ------------substep
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
displX
0.00
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.15
0.18
0.22
0.26
0.30
0.34
0.38
ShearX
-1
35313
69572
103958
137457
166588
192227
210154
222808
231175
237005
Command line /outbin
/OutFileSTADATA
Defines the output binary file

/outbin fout , number
/fine /fin
fout:
Name and path of the output file (Name has to be put into quotation marks)
number:
Not used
Note: Reload old analyses is possible firstly loading the original input file and after by loading binary file by
menu File Import Sta output
for example:
/Outbin
"binary.sta"
Command line /end
/fine
End of input file
POSTPROCESSING - 43
POSTPROCESSING
The analysis produces a output textual file (readable with excel) and a binary output which can be loaded
after. At the end of analysis (or after loading output) the data can be read in a grid or graphical output.
DATA READING
After analysis, by the View-Output menu, all the data can be read:
Node displacements
Nodal Actions
Element Displacement (for all element type), included non linear parameters
Element Actions (for all element type: macroelement, nonlinear beam, etc..)
Node Velocity (only in dynamic analyses)
Node Acceleration (only in dynamic analyses, included soil acceleration)
Beam Actions (for elastic beams)
Modal data (periods, frequency etc., only in dynamic analyses)
Summary (total mass, iteration convergence)
figure 23: Data reading.

GRAPHICAL OUTPUT
The deformed shape can be seen by View-Deformed Shape: bi-dimensional view of plant and wall can be
chosen. Changing scale factor displacements can be amplified.
EXAMPLES-44
figure 24: Graphical output.
POSTPROCESSING - 45
Examples
Some examples are shown, most of them have Italian command, but translation is added.
Pushover cyclic analysis of a scaled prototype of masonry building

This numerical model reproduces a scaled prototype of a two storey masonry building. The walls are modeled
with macroelements (Mohr-Coulomb shear damage); in order to obtain displacement consistence in adjacent
piers with no lintels, rigid beams are added. The walls are not connected by tie-road, only wooded architrave
are used. On this model a sequential monotonic pushover analyses has been used to perform a cyclic. The
results are stored in a binary and text output file.
TREMURI 1
7
2
!Scaled prototype of masonry building - MAcroElements
/Impostazioni
Default
/pareti
!walls: num
X0
Y0 angle
1
0
0
1.5707963267949
2
0
0
0
3
3.25
0
1.5707963267949
4
0
2.75
0
/Materiali
!Materials: num
E
G
rho
fm
tau0/fvm0 fvmlim failure
driftShear
driftRocking
mu
Gc
beta
!Masonry
1
1200000000
250000000
1446
1540000 50000 1540000 1
1
0.006
0.15
2
0.4
2
1200000000
250000000
1446
1240000 50000 1240000 1
1
0.006
0.15
2
0.
!wood
34
11000000000
0
0
1000000000000
!Rigid beam (elastic)
7
29000000000
0
0
/nodi2d
!2d nodes: num wall Xloc
Z
N/ P rho thickness
x1 z1 x2 z2 ...xn zn
13
1
1.375
0
N
14
1
1.375
2.2
N
15
1
1.375
4.45
N
16
2
1.224
0
N
17
2
1.421
2.2
P
1446
0.25
-0.447 0.6
0.447
0.6
0.447
-0.8
0.447
-0.8
18
2
1.618
4.45
P
1446
0.25
-0.4
0
0.4
0
0.4
-0.85
0.4
-0.85
/nodi3d
!3D nodes: num
SubWallNumber wallI wallJ Z <for each subwall> R/P/N rho thickness <geometry>
1
2
1
4
0
N
N
2
2
1
4
2.2
N
P
1446
0.25
2.25
0
0
0
0
-0.311 2.23
-0.311
3
2
1
4
4.45
N
P
1446
0.25
2.25
0
0
0
0
-0.326 2.23
-0.326
4
2
1
2
0
N
N
5
2
1
2
2.2
N
P
1446
0.25
0
0.33
0.463
0.33
0.463
-0.8
0
-0.8
6
2
1
2
4.45
N
P
1446
0.25
0
0
0.618
0
0.618
-0.395 0
-0.395
7
2
2
3
0
N
P
1446
0.25
0
0.323
1.088
0.323
1.088
0
0
0
8
2
2
3
2.2
P
1446
0.25
-0.632 0.33
0
0.33
0
0.311
-0.632 -0.311 P
1446
0.25
0
0.33
1.088
0.33
1.088
-0.377 0
0.377
9
2
2
3
4.45
P
1446
0.25
-0.632 0
0
0
0
0.395
-0.632 -0.395 P
1446
0.25
0
0
1.088
0
1.088
-0.395 0
0.395
10
2
3
4
0
P
1446
0.25
-1.062 0.323
0
0.323
0
0
-1.062 0
N
11
2
3
4
2.2
P
1446
0.25
-1.062 0.33
0
0.33
0
0.377
-1.062 -0.377 n
12
2
3
4
4.45
P
1446
0.25
-1.062 0
0
0
0
0.395
-1.062 -0.395 n
/solaio
!floors: num nI nJ nK
thickness E1
E2
ni
G
angle
EXAMPLES-46
2
5
8
11 0.02
12000000000
8000000000
0
20000000
1.5707963267949
0
2
3
6
9
12 0.02
9600000000
8000000000
0
16000000
1.5707963267949
0
/elemento
!Macroelements: num
wall incI
incJ
XBARloc ZBAR
b
h
thickness mat
type(0=Pier 1=Lintel)
1
1
13
14
1.375
1.1
2.75
2.2
0.25
1
0
2
1
14
15
1.375
3.325
2.75
2.25
0.25
1
0
3
2
5
17
0.719
2.1
1.4
0.511
0.25
2
1
4
2
17
8
2.243
2.1
1.4
0.75
0.25
2
1
5
2
6
18
0.918
4.025
0.85
0.6
0.25
2
1
6
2
18
9
2.318
4.025
0.85
0.6
0.25
2
1
7
2
16
17
1.224
0.7
0.988
1.4
0.25
1
0
8
2
7
8
2.934
0.944
0.632
1.889
0.25
1
0
9
2
5
6
0.309
3.292
0.618
1.525
0.25
1
0
10
2
17
18
1.618
3.2
0.8
0.8
0.25
1
0
11
2
8
9
2.934
3.292
0.632
1.525
0.25
1
0
12
3
7
10
1.388
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.25
2
1
13
3
8
11
1.388
2.1
1.4
0.6
0.25
2
1
14
3
9
12
1.388
4.025
0.85
0.6
0.25
2
1
15
3
7
8
0.544
1.073
1.088
1.5
0.25
1
0
16
3
10
11
2.219
1.073
1.062
1.5
0.25
1
0
17
3
8
9
0.544
3.292
1.088
1.525
0.25
1
0
18
3
11
12
2.219
3.292
1.062
1.525
0.25
1
0
19
4
2
11
2.75
1.8
0.8
1.0
0.25
2
1
20
4
3
12
2.75
4.025
0.85
1.0
0.25
2
1
21
4
1
2
1.125
0.944
2.25
1.889
0.25
1
0
22
4
2
3
1.125
3.162
2.25
1.924
0.25
1
0
/traveElastica
!Elastic (RIGID) beams: num
wall
incI
incJ
mat
Area
J
InitDef
type dXi dZi
dXj dZj
23
1
5
14
7
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
24
1
14
2
7
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
25
1
6
15
7
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
1
15
3
7
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
/traveNonLineare
!Not linear beams: num
wall
incI
incJ
mat
Area
J
dXi
dZi
dXj
dZj
type
InitDef
Wplastic
31
2
5
17
34
0.02
1.66e-5 0
-.75
-0.691 -.75
0
0
0
32
2
17
8
34
0.02
1.66e-5 0.297 -.75
-0.632 -.75
0
0
0
33
2
6
18
34
0.02
1.66e-5 0.618 -.8
-0.4
-.8
0
0
0
34
2
18
9
34
0.02
1.66e-5 0.4
-.8
-0.632 -.8
0
0
0
35
3
8
11
34
0.02
1.66e-5 1.088 -.75
-1.088 -.75
0
0
0
36
3
9
12
34
0.02
1.66e-5 1.088 -.8
-1.088 -.8
0
0
0
37
4
2
11
34
0.02
1.66e-5 2.25
-.75
0
-.75
0
0
0
38
4
3
12
34
0.02
1.66e-5 2.25
-.8
0
-.8
0
0
0
/masse
!Masses: node mass eccentricityX eccentricityY
17
642.75 -0.035 0
8
642.75 -0.633 0
2
2267.90 1.294 0
11
194.85
0
0
6
535.57
0.632 0
18
337.65
0.037 0
9
535.57 -0.632 0
3
2004.45 1.355 0
12
383.75 -0.175 0
/ripartizione
!2D mass shearing: numnode2d NumNode3dI NumNode3dJ
13
4
1
14
5
2
15
6
3
16
4
7
17
5
8
18
6
9
/vincoli
!restrains: node2d UlocX UZ Rot (or:
Node3D UX UY UZ RotX RotY) v=>restrained
1
v
v
v
v
v
4
v
v
v
v
v
7
v
v
v
v
v
10
v
v
v
v
v
13
v
v
v
16
v
v
v
/pp
10
0.0008 1500
0
0
-9.81
!deadLoad: subStep toll maxiter accX accY accZ
/pomaz 20
0.005
1000
12
ux
0.005
0 0
!pomas subStep toll maxiter node
gdl
maxSpost %Vshear(=0 no interruption)
/pomaz 40
0.005
1000
12
ux
-0.005
0 0
/pomaz 60
0.005
1000
12
ux
0.01
0 0
EXAMPLES- 47
/pomaz 80
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 100
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 120
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 160
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 180
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 200
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 200
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 200
0.005
1000
12
/pomaz 200
0.005
1000
12
/OutFileSTADATA
"M1F_T_Xc.sta"
1
/Var
Reazionez
n1.fz
10
n4.fz
10
n7.fz
10
n10.fz
10
n13.fz
10
n16.fz
10
/var
Tagliox
n1.fx
-.0010
n4.fx
-.0010
n7.fx
-.0010
n10.fx
-.0010
n16.fx
-.0010
/var
Taglioy
n1.fy
-.0010
n4.fy
-.0010
n7.fy
-.0010
n10.fy
-.0010
n13.fx
-.0010
/var
SpostL2x
n3.ux
25
n6.ux
25
n9.ux
25
n12.ux
25
/var
SpostL2y
n3.uy
25
n6.uy
25
n9.uy
25
n12.uy
25
/var
SpostL1x
n2.ux
25
n5.ux
25
n8.ux
25
n11.ux
25
/var
SpostL1y
n2.uy
25
n5.uy
25
n8.uy
25
n11.uy
25
/var
T_P2x
n4.fx
-.0010
n7.fx
-.0010
n16.fx
-.0010
/var
T_P4x
n1.fx
-.0010
n10.fx
-.0010
/var
T_P1y
n1.fy
-.0010
n4.fy
-.0010
n13.fx
-.0010
/var
T_P3y
n7.fy
-.0010
n10.fx
-.0010
/var
SpostP2L2x
n6.ux
50
n9.ux
50
/var
SpostP4L2x
n3.ux
50
n12.ux 50
/var
SpostP2L2y
n6.uy
50
n9.uy
50
/var
SpostP4L2y
n3.uy
50
n12.uy 50
/Output
M1F_T_Xc.dat 1 0
sottopasso
9
0
Spostl2x
9
3
tagliox
9
3
SpostP2L2x
9
3
T_P2x
9
3
ux
ux
ux
ux
ux
ux
ux
ux
ux
-0.01
0 0
0.015
0 0
-0.015
0 0
-0.02
0 0
0.03
0 0
-0.03
0 0
0.04
0 0
-0.04
0 0
0.04
0 0
11
21
31
41
EXAMPLES-48
SpostP4L2x
T_P4x
Spostl2y
taglioy
SpostP2L2y
SpostP4L2y
Spostl1x
Spostl1y
Reazionez
/FINE
9
9
9
9
3
3
9
9
3
3
9
9
12
51
61
71
81
91
101
111
121
131
3
3
3
3
0
Dynamic analysis of a two storey masonry building

This two storey masonry building is modeled with macroelements (Mohr-Coulomb shear damage). The walls
are also connected by tie-road modeled with non linear beam. In order to obtain displacement consistence in
adjacent piers with no lintels, rigid beams are added.
On this model, seven dynamic analyses are performed (all after the same step of dead load) and each
result is stored on a different file (as binary data and as text output file).
TREMURI 1
7
2
!Two storey building
/Impostazioni
Default
best 1
/pareti
!Wall: num
X0
Y0 angle
1
0
0
0
2
14
0
1.5707963267949
3
0
10
0
4
0
0
1.5707963267949
5
6.25
0
1.5707963267949
6
9.75
0
1.5707963267949
7
0
6.7
0
8
0
4.7
0
/Materiali
!Materials: num
E
G
rho
fm
tau0/fvm0 fvmlim
failure
driftShear
driftRocking
mu
Gc
beta
!Muratura masonry
1
3000000000
500000000
1800
3500000
140000
3500000
1
0.008
0.15
2
0.4
2
3000000000
500000000
1800
3500000
140000
3500000
1
0.008
0.15
2
0.0
!Acciaio steal
23
206000000000
78400000000
7850
235000000
! Rigid beam (elastic)
7
29000000000
0
0
/nodi2d
!2Dnodes: num wall Xloc
Z
N/ P rho thickness
x1 z1 x2 z2 ...xn zn
49
1
3.625
0
P
1800
0.6
-1.016 1
1.016
1
1.016
0
1.016
0
50
1
3.625
3.8
P
1800
0.6
-1.016 1
1.016
1
1.016
-1.1
1.016
-1.1
51
1
3.625
7.3
P
1800
0.6
-1.016 0
1.016
0
1.016
-0.8
1.016
-0.8
52
8
3.659
0
N
53
8
3.659
3.8
P
1800
0.36
-0.932 0
0.932
0
0.932
-1.1
0.932
-1.1
54
8
3.659
7.3
P
1800
0.36
-0.932 0
0.932
0
0.932
-0.8
0.932
-0.8
/nodi3d
!3Dnodes: num
subwall wallI wallJ Z <for each subwall> Z
N/ P rho thickness x1 z1 x2 z2 .xn
1
2
4
7
0
P
1800
0.6
-0.357 1
1.153
1
1.153
-0.357 0
N
2
2
4
7
3.8
P
1800
0.6
-0.357 1
1.153
1
1.153
1.1
-0.357 -1.1
P
1800
0.36
0
0
3.999
0
3.999
-0.457 0
0.457
3
2
4
7
7.3
P
1800
0.6
-0.357 0
1.153
0
1.153
0.8
-0.357 -0.8
P
1800
0.36
0
0
3.999
0
3.999
-0.348 0
0.348
4
2
1
2
0
P
1800
0.6
-1.401 0.51
0
0.51
0
-1.401 0
P
1800
0.6
0
0.51
1
0.51
1
0
0
5
0.54
0.54
2
1
-1.401 -0.54
2
P
3.8
1800
P
0.6
1800
0
0.6
0.483
EXAMPLES- 49
-1.401 0.483
1
0.483
0
1
0.483
-0.54
0
0
1
1
zn
0
0
0
-
6
0.417
0.417
7
2
1
2
-1.401 -0.417 P
7.3
1800
P
0.6
1800
0
0.6
0
-1.401 0
1
0
0
1
0
0
-0.417 0
2
-1
2
0
3
P
0
1800
P
0.6
1800
-2
0.6
0.51
-1
0
0.51
0.51
0
0
0.51
0
0
-2
0
0
8
0.54
0.54
9
0.417
0.417
10
2
-1
2
-0.54
3
P
3.8
1800
P
0.6
1800
-2
0.6
0.483
-1
0
0.483
0.483
0
0
0.483
-0.54
0
-2
2
-1
2
3
-0.417 P
7.3
1800
P
0.6
1800
-2
0.6
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.417 -2
2
0
3
0
4
P
0
1800
P
0.6
1800
0.6
-1.047 0.51
0
0
0.51
0.51
2
0
0.51
0
2
0
-1.047 0
2
0
3
-0.54
4
P
3.8
1800
P
0.6
1800
0.6
-1.047 0.483
0
0
0.483
0.483
2
0
0.483
-0.54
2
-1.047 -
2
0
3
4
-0.417 P
7.3
1800
P
0.6
1800
0.6
-1.047 0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
-0.417 -1.047 -
2
-3.15
2
-3.15
3
0
3
-1.1
5
N
5
P
1800
0.6
-3.15
0.55
3.8
1800
P
0.36
1800
-1.65
0.6
0
-3.15
0
1
0
0.55
0
1
0.55
-0.457 -1.65
2
-3.15
3
-0.8
5
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
-1.65
0.6
0
-3.15
0
0
0
0.55
0
0
0.55
-0.348 -1.65
2
-0.509
2
1.021
0
2
-0.509
1
0
1
-1.1
-0.457
1
-0.8
5
0
N
5
3.8
-0.509 -1.1
1800
0.6
-0.509 0.5
1.021
0.5
1.021
P
P
1800
1800
0.6
0.36
-0.509 1
0
0
1.046
1.998
1
0
1.046
1.998
5
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
0
0.6
0
-0.509 0
1.998
0
1.071
1.998
0
1.071
-0.348 0
2
0
1
0
4
P
0
1800
P
0.6
1800
0
0.6
0.51
0
0.996
0.51
0.51
1.508
0.996
0.51
0
1.508
0
0
0
2
0
1
-0.54
4
P
3.8
1800
P
0.6
1800
0
0.6
0.483
0
0.996
0.483
0.483
1.508
0.996
0.483
-0.54
1.508
0
2
0
1
4
-0.417 P
7.3
1800
P
0.6
1800
0
0.6
0
0
0.996
0
0
1.508
0.996
0
1.508
-0.417 0
2
-1.279
2
-1.279
0
2
-1.329
1
0
1
-1.1
-0.457
1
-0.8
11
0.54
0.54
12
0.417
0.417
13
14
1.1
0.457
15
0.8
0.348
16
17
1.1
0.457
18
0.8
0.348
19
20
0.54
0.54
21
0.417
0.417
22
23
1.1
0.457
24
0.8
0.348
25
26
0.457
1.1
27
0.348
0.8
28
29
1.1
0.457
30
0.8
0.348
31
32
0.457
1.1
33
0.348
0.8
34
35
0.457
1.1
0.55
6
0
N
6
3.8
-1.304 -1.1
1800
0.6
-1.279 0.5
1.749
0.5
1.749
P
P
1800
1800
0.6
0.36
-1.304 1
0
0
1.749
2.35
1
0
1.749
2.35
6
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
0
0.6
0
-1.329 0
2.35
0
1.749
2.35
0
1.749
-0.348 0
2
2
-2.35
6
8
6
8
-0.457 P
0
3.8
1800
N
P
0.36
N
1800
-1.3
0.36
0
-2.35
0.55
0
0
0.5
0.55
0
-1.1
0.5
-1.3
2
-2.35
6
8
-0.348 P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
-1.3
0.36
0
-2.35
0.55
0
0
0.5
0.55
0
-0.8
0.5
-1.3
2
-0.4
2
-0.4
2
0
2
-1.1
7
N
7
P
1800
0.6
-0.4
1.2
1.2
3.8
1800
P
0.36
1800
0.6
-2.465 0
-0.4
0
1
0
1.2
0
1
1.2
-0.457 -2.465 -
2
-0.4
2
-0.8
7
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
0.6
-2.465 0
-0.4
0
0
0
1.2
0
0
1.2
-0.348 -2.465 -
2
5
7
2
5
7
-0.319 -0.457 P
0
3.8
1800
N
P
0.36
N
1800
0.36
-1.051 0
-0.319 0
2.05
0
1.65
2.05
0
-1.1
1.65
-1.051 -
2
5
7
-0.319 -0.348 P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
0.36
-1.051 0
-0.319 0
2.05
0
1.65
2.05
0
-0.8
1.65
-1.051 -
2
2
-0.3
0
3.8
1800
N
P
0.36
N
1800
-0.25
-0.3
0.585
1.65
0.585
0
-1.1
1.65
-0.25
6
7
6
7
-0.457 P
0.36
0
EXAMPLES-50
0
0
36
0.348
0.8
37
38
1.1
0.457
39
0.8
0.348
40
41
1.1
0.457
42
0.8
0.348
43
44
1.1
1.1
45
0.8
0.8
46
2
-0.3
6
7
-0.348 P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
-0.25
0.36
0
-0.3
0.585
0
0
1.65
0.585
0
-0.8
1.65
-0.25
2
-2.604
2
-2.604
4
0
4
-1.1
8
N
8
P
1800
0.6
-2.604 1
0.543
0.543
3.8
1800
P
0.36
1800
0
0.6
0
-2.604 1
1.528
0
0.543
1.528
1
0.543
-0.457 0
2
4
-2.604 -0.8
8
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
0
0.6
0
-2.604 0
1.528
0
0.543
1.528
0
0.543
-0.348 0
2
-2.6
2
-2.6
2
0
2
-1.1
8
N
8
P
1800
0.6
-2.6
0.5
3.8
1800
P
0.36
1800
-2.5
0.6
0
-2.6
0
1
0
0.5
0
1
0.5
-0.457 -2.5
2
-2.6
2
-0.8
8
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
-2.5
0.6
0
-2.6
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0.5
-0.348 -2.5
2
5
2
5
-1.502 -1.1
8
8
P
0
3.8
1800
N
P
0.36
N
1800
0.36
-0.459 0
-1.502 0
1
0
0.481
1
0
-1.1
0.481
-0.459 -
2
5
-1.502 -0.8
8
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
0.36
-0.459 0
-1.502 0
1
0
0.481
1
0
-0.8
0.481
-0.459 -
2
-1.85
2
-1.85
3
0
3
-1.1
6
N
6
P
1800
0.6
-1.85
1.15
1.15
3.8
1800
P
0.36
1800
-1.65
0.6
0
-1.85
0
1
0
1.15
0
1
1.15
-0.457 -1.65
3
-0.8
6
P
7.3
1800
P
0.36
1800
-1.65
0.6
0
-1.85
0
0
0
1.15
0
0
1.15
-0.348 -1.65
47
1.1
0.457
48
2
0.8
-1.85
0.348
/solaio 3n
!frame 3N: num
1
14
0
2
32
0
3
14
0
4
23
0
5
44
0
6
26
0
7
23
0
8
8
0
9
29
0
10
2
0
11
26
0
12
14
0
13
26
0
14
38
0
15
41
0
16
44
0
17
17
0
18
47
0
19
15
0
20
33
0
21
15
0
22
24
0
nI
2
nJ
nK
32
thickness E1
E2
0.04
62499000000
ni
0
0.5
angle
1000000000
1.5707963267949
44
26
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
11
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
26
17
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
32
38
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
41
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
26
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
47
35
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
35
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
38
32
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
35
32
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
32
35
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
29
35
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
20
17
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
29
26
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
17
26
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
44
38
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
14
35
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
33
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
45
27
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
12
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
27
18
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
EXAMPLES- 51
23
45
33
0
24
27
6
0
25
24
6
0
26
9
48
0
27
30
9
0
28
3
39
0
29
27
36
0
30
15
33
0
31
27
30
0
32
39
21
0
33
42
30
0
34
45
18
0
35
18
45
0
36
48
15
0
/elemento
!macroelements: num
1
1
19
2
1
20
3
1
49
4
1
50
5
1
17
6
1
22
7
1
23
8
1
21
9
1
51
10
1
18
11
1
24
12
1
19
13
1
49
14
1
16
15
1
22
16
1
4
17
1
20
18
1
50
19
1
17
20
1
23
21
1
5
22
2
4
23
2
5
24
2
40
25
2
41
26
2
28
27
2
29
28
2
6
29
2
42
30
2
30
31
2
4
32
2
40
33
2
28
34
2
7
35
2
5
36
2
41
37
2
29
38
2
8
39
3
10
40
3
11
41
3
13
42
3
14
43
3
46
44
3
47
45
3
12
46
3
15
47
3
48
48
3
10
49
3
13
50
3
46
51
3
7
39
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
42
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
27
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
36
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
36
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
33
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
33
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
36
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
36
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
18
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
27
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
27
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
39
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
36
0.04
62499000000
1000000000
1.5707963267949
wall
49
50
16
17
23
4
5
51
18
24
6
20
50
17
23
5
21
51
18
24
6
40
41
28
29
7
8
42
30
9
5
41
29
8
6
42
30
9
13
14
46
47
7
8
15
48
9
11
14
47
8
incI
2.058
2.058
5.191
5.191
7.871
12.049
12.049
2.058
5.191
7.871
12.049
0.754
3.625
6.506
9.985
13.299
0.754
3.625
6.531
9.96
13.299
1.55
1.55
5.75
5.75
8.45
8.45
1.55
5.75
8.45
0.5
3.65
7.1
9.5
0.5
3.65
7.1
9.5
2.55
2.55
7.35
7.35
11.45
11.45
2.55
7.35
11.45
1
4.95
9.4
13
incJ XBARloc ZBAR b h thickness mat

0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.15
0.6
2
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
1.885
1.508
2.75
0.6
1
1.85
2.033
1.7
0.6
1
1.6
1.53
2.2
0.6
1
1.6
3.027
2.2
0.6
1
1.885
1.401
2.75
0.6
1
5.583
1.508
2.6
0.6
1
5.65
2.033
1.7
0.6
1
5.65
1.58
1.7
0.6
1
5.65
3.077
1.7
0.6
1
5.583
1.401
2.6
0.6
1
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
1.885
1
2.75
0.6
1
1.85
3.1
1.7
0.6
1
1.85
1.6
1.7
0.6
1
1.885
1
2.75
0.6
1
5.583
1
2.6
0.6
1
5.65
3.1
1.7
0.6
1
5.65
1.6
1.7
0.6
1
5.583
1
2.6
0.6
1
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
0.5
1
1.1
0.6
2
3.75
2.1
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
6.9
0.8
1.1
0.6
2
1.885
2
2.75
0.6
1
1.85
3.7
1.7
0.6
1
1.85
3
1.7
0.6
1
1.885
2
2.75
0.6
1
EXAMPLES-52
type(0=Pier 1=Lintel)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
52
3
11
53
3
14
54
3
47
55
3
8
56
4
19
57
4
20
58
4
37
59
4
38
60
4
1
61
4
2
62
4
21
63
4
39
64
4
3
65
4
19
66
4
37
67
4
1
68
4
10
69
4
20
70
4
38
71
4
2
72
4
11
73
5
17
74
5
44
75
5
18
76
5
45
77
5
16
78
5
43
79
5
31
80
5
17
81
5
44
82
5
32
83
6
26
84
6
27
85
6
25
86
6
34
87
6
26
88
6
35
89
7
2
90
7
32
91
7
35
92
7
3
93
7
33
94
7
36
95
7
1
96
7
31
97
7
34
98
7
28
99
7
2
100
7
32
101
7
35
102
7
29
103
8
38
104
8
53
105
8
44
106
8
26
107
8
39
108
8
54
109
8
45
110
8
27
111
8
37
112
8
52
113
8
43
114
8
25
115
8
40
116
8
38
117
8
53
118
8
44
119
8
26
120
8
41
/traveElastica
!Elastic (RIGID) beam:
dXj dZj
121
5
32
122
5
33
123
6
23
124
6
35
125
6
24
126
6
36
/traveNonLineare
!Not Linear Beam: num
InitDef
Wplastic
12
15
48
9
37
38
1
2
10
11
39
3
12
20
38
2
11
21
39
3
12
44
32
45
33
17
44
32
18
45
33
35
36
26
35
27
36
32
35
29
33
36
30
2
32
35
29
3
33
36
30
53
44
26
41
54
45
27
42
38
53
44
26
41
39
54
45
27
42
num
14
15
26
47
27
48
wall
1
4.95
9.4
13
1.546
1.546
5.793
5.793
8.403
8.403
1.546
5.793
8.403
0.498
3.669
7.098
9.477
0.498
3.669
7.098
9.477
2.598
5.781
2.598
5.781
0.999
4.19
8.19
0.999
4.19
8.19
5.8
5.8
2.6
8.2
2.6
8.2
4.599
8.9
10.935
4.599
8.9
10.935
2
6.75
9.917
12.767
2
6.75
9.917
12.767
2.128
5.191
7.85
10.9
2.128
5.191
7.85
10.9
0.764
3.659
6.521
9.375
12.75
0.764
3.659
6.521
9.375
12.75
wall
7
7
7
7
7
7
5.583
5.65
5.65
5.583
0.5
3.75
0.5
3.75
0.5
3.75
6.9
6.9
6.9
1.885
1.85
1.85
1.885
5.583
5.65
5.65
5.583
3.25
3.25
6.9
6.9
1.672
1.35
1.672
5.376
5.15
5.376
3.25
6.9
1.672
1.672
5.376
5.376
3.25
3.25
3.25
6.9
6.9
6.9
1.672
1.35
1.35
1.672
5.376
5.15
5.15
5.376
3.25
3.25
3.25
3.25
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.9
1.672
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.672
5.376
5.15
5.15
5.15
5.376
2
3.7
3
2
1
2.1
1
2.1
1
2.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.996
3.147
1.511
1.047
0.996
3.147
1.511
1.047
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.998
1.983
3.619
1.998
1.983
3.619
1.1
0.8
5.2
3.6
5.2
3.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
3.999
3.101
0.835
2.465
3.999
3.101
0.835
2.465
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.528
1.863
1.459
1.85
2.5
1.528
1.863
1.459
1.85
2.5
incI
incJ
10
10
10
10
10
10
incI
5
5
5
5
5
5
incJ
2.6
1.7
1.7
2.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
2.75
1.7
1.7
2.75
2.6
1.7
1.7
2.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.343
2.7
3.343
3.152
2.7
3.152
1.2
1.2
3.343
3.343
3.152
3.152
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.343
2.7
2.7
3.343
3.152
2.7
2.7
3.152
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
3.343
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.343
3.152
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.152
mat
0
0
0
0
0
0
mat
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
Area
0
0
0
0
0
0
Area
EXAMPLES- 53
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
J
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
InitDef
0
0
0
0
0
0
tipo dXi dZi

0
0
0
0
0
0
dXi dZi dXj dZj
0
0
0
0
0
0
tipo
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
1
20
1.252487E-06
1
50
1.252487E-06
1
17
1.252487E-06
1
23
1.252487E-06
1
21
1.252487E-06
1
51
1.252487E-06
1
18
1.252487E-06
1
24
1.252487E-06
2
5
1.252487E-06
2
41
1.252487E-06
2
29
1.252487E-06
2
6
1.252487E-06
2
42
1.252487E-06
2
30
1.252487E-06
3
11
1.252487E-06
3
14
1.252487E-06
3
47
1.252487E-06
3
12
1.252487E-06
3
15
1.252487E-06
3
48
1.252487E-06
4
20
1.252487E-06
4
38
1.252487E-06
4
2
1.252487E-06
4
21
1.252487E-06
4
39
1.252487E-06
4
3
1.252487E-06
5
17
1.252487E-06
5
44
1.252487E-06
5
32
1.252487E-06
5
18
1.252487E-06
5
45
1.252487E-06
5
33
1.252487E-06
6
23
1.252487E-06
6
26
1.252487E-06
6
35
1.252487E-06
6
24
1.252487E-06
6
27
1.252487E-06
6
36
1.252487E-06
7
2
1.252487E-06
7
32
1.252487E-06
50
0
17
0
23
0
5
0
51
0
18
0
24
0
6
0
41
0
29
0
8
0
42
0
30
0
9
0
14
0
47
0
8
0
15
0
48
0
9
0
38
0
2
0
11
0
39
0
3
0
12
0
44
0
32
0
14
0
45
0
33
0
15
0
26
0
35
0
47
0
27
0
36
0
48
0
32
0
35
0
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
EXAMPLES-54
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
7
35
1.252487E-06
7
3
1.252487E-06
7
33
1.252487E-06
7
36
1.252487E-06
8
38
1.252487E-06
8
53
1.252487E-06
8
44
1.252487E-06
8
26
1.252487E-06
8
39
1.252487E-06
8
54
1.252487E-06
8
45
1.252487E-06
8
27
1.252487E-06
29
0
33
0
36
0
30
0
53
0
44
0
26
0
41
0
54
0
45
0
27
0
42
0
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
23
0.077515692138672
/masse
!Masses: node mass eccentricityX eccentricityY
!Floors masses
2
6826.4 -2.27500011265718
0
3
6826.4 -2.27500011265718
0
5
2566.2 0.951480213164015
0
6
2566.2 0.951480213164015
0
8
2356.2 1.25000002590406
0
9
2356.2 1.25000002590406
0
11
2356.2 -1.25000002590406
0
12
2356.2 -1.25000002590406
0
14
4435.2 1.32499997247693
0
15
4435.2 1.32499997247693
0
17
3553.2 -0.290975096927581
0
18
3553.2 -0.290975096927581
0
20
2763.6 -1.02499994257801
0
21
2763.6 -1.02499994257801
0
23
5461.4 -0.209539034918985
0
24
5461.4 -0.209539034918985
0
26
5721.8 0.390702243322081
0
27
5721.8 0.390702243322081
0
29
4526.2 1.51537920816496
0
30
4526.2 1.51537920816496
0
32
6381.2 -0.486682070394465
0
33
6381.2 -0.486682070394465
0
35
3042.2 -0.162908436189471
0
36
3042.2 -0.162908436189471
0
38
4033.4 -1.05000010290055
0
39
4033.4 -1.05000010290055
0
41
5815.6 1.52518855660737
0
42
5815.6 1.52518855660737
0
44
4971.4 -0.252260930614147
0
45
4971.4 -0.252260930614147
0
47
3788.4 0.375000016111065
0
48
3788.4 0.375000016111065
0
50
4079.6 0.008210277276682
0
51
4079.6 0.008210277276682
0
53
5721.8 0.015909461567456
0
54
5721.8 0.015909461567456
0
/ripartizione
!2D mass shearing: numnode2d NumNode3dI NumNode3dJ [coeffI coeffJ]
49
19
16
50
20
17
51
21
18
52
37
43
53
38
44
54
39
45
/vincoli
!restrains: node2d UlocX UZ Rot (or:
Node3D UX UY UZ RotX RotY) 1=>restrained)
1
v
v
v
v
v
4
v
v
v
v
v
7
v
v
v
v
v
10
v
v
v
v
v
13
v
v
v
v
v
16
v
v
v
v
v
19
v
v
v
v
v
22
v
v
v
v
v
EXAMPLES- 55
25
v
v
v
v
v
28
v
v
v
v
v
31
v
v
v
v
v
34
v
v
v
v
v
37
v
v
v
v
v
40
v
v
v
v
v
43
v
v
v
v
v
46
v
v
v
v
v
49
v
v
v
52
v
v
v
/pp
1
0.0001 500
0
0
-9.81
!pp=DeadLoad substep toll accX accY accZ
/ad 11 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
0.000633666
ux G1_1_4100.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
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-.001
n4.fx
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n7.fx
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n10.fx
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n13.fx
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n16.fx
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n19.fx
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n22.fx
-.001
n25.fx
-.001
n28.fx
-.001
n31.fx
-.001
n34.fx
-.001
n37.fx
-.001
n40.fx
-.001
n43.fx
-.001
n46.fx
-.001
n49.fx
-.001
n52.fx
-.001
/Var
Spost
n3.ux
6.25
n6.ux
6.25
n9.ux
6.25
n12.ux
6.25
n15.ux
6.25
n18.ux
6.25
n21.ux
6.25
n24.ux
6.25
n27.ux
6.25
n30.ux
6.25
n33.ux
6.25
n36.ux
6.25
n39.ux
6.25
n42.ux
6.25
n45.ux
6.25
n48.ux
6.25
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1 2
!text output
sottopasso
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0
1
spost
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2
11
taglio
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/Output
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/Output
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ux G1_4_5300.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
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/Output
2P_G1_4.txt
1 2
/reset 1
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0.000633666
ux G1_5_5500.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
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/Output
2P_G1_5.txt
1 2
/reset 1
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0.000633666
ux G1_6_4200.txt 3.28512
/OutFileSTADATA
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EXAMPLES-56
/Output
2P_G1_6.txt
1 2
/reset 1
/ad 11 0.0001 250 0.01 0.454815248
ux G1_7_3000.txt 3.4321
/OutFileSTADATA
"2P_G1_7.sta"
/Output
2P_G1_7.txt
1 2
/fine
0.000633666
EXAMPLES- 57
References
[1] Gambarotta L., Lagomarsino S., 1996, On the dynamic response of masonry panels, in Gambarotta
L. (ed.) Proc. of the National Conference La meccanica delle murature tra teoria e progetto,
Messina, (in italian).
[2] Gambarotta, L., Lagomarsino, S., 1997, Damage models for the seismic response of brick masonry
shear walls, Part II: the continuum model and its applications, Earth. Engineering and Structural
Dynamics, 26.
[3] Penna A., 2002, A macro-element procedure for the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry
buildings, Ph.D. Dissertation (in italian), Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
[4] Magenes G., Calvi G.M., 1997, In-plane seismic response of brick masonry walls, Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 26.
[5] Bonett R., Penna A., Lagomarsino S., Barbat A., Pujades L., Moreno R., 2003, Evaluacin
de la vulnerabilidad ssmica de estructuras de mampostera no reforzada. Aplicacin a un
edificio de la zona de l'Eixample en Barcelona (Espaa). Revista Internacional de Ingeniera
de estructuras. Escuela Politcnica del Ejrcito, Ecuador, 8, 2: 91120 (in spanish).
[6] Lagomarsino S., Penna A., 2003, A Non-linear Model for Pushover and Dynamic Analysis of
Masonry Buildings, International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering
and Sciences - Analytical and Experimental Methods in Earthquake Structural Engineering
Symposium, Corfu.
[7] Galasco A., Lagomarsino S., Penna A., Resemini S., 2004, Non-linear Seismic Analysis of
Masonry Structures, Proc. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver 16 August, paper n. 843, 15 p..
[8] Bonett R., Barbat A., Pujades L., Lagomarsino S., Penna A., 2004, Performance Assessment
for Unreinforced Masonry Building In Low Seismic Zones, Proc. 13th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver 1-6 August, paper n. 409, 15 p..
[9] Penna A., Cattari S., Galasco A., Lagomarsino S., 2004, Seismic Assessment of Masonry
Structures by Non-linear Macro-element Analysis, Proc. IV International Seminar Structural
Analysis of Historical Structures, 10-13 November 2004, Padova.
[10] Cattari S., Galasco A., Lagomarsino S., Penna A., 2005, Non-linear Analysis of URM
Buildings By Means Of The TREMURI Program, Proc. 11th Italian National Conference
on Earthquake Engineering, Genova (in Italian).
[11] Galasco A., Lagomarsino S., Penna A., Lamonaca G., Nicoletti M., Spina D., Margheriti C.,
Salcuni A., 2005, Identification and Non-linear Analysis of the URM Buildings of National
Observatory of Structures, Proc. 11th Italian National Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Genova (in Italian).
[12] Lagomarsino S., Galasco A., Penna A., 2005, Pushover and Dynamic Analysis of 3D
Masonry Buildings by Means of a Non-linear Macro-element Model, Proc. International
Conference on Earthquake Loss Estimation and Risk Reduction, Bucharest, 2002 [plenary
lecture of S. Lagomarsino].
[13] Bonett R., Barbat A., Pujades L., Lagomarsino S., Penna A., 2006, Performance Assessment
for Unseinfoced Masonry Buildings in Low Seismic Hazard Areas, Revista Ingenierias
Universidad de Medellin, 5 (8): 105-118.
[14] Galasco A., Lagomarsino S., Penna A., 2006. On The Use Of Pushover Analysis For
Existing Masonry Buildings, Proc. First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering
and Seismology, 3-8 September 2006, Geneva, Switzerland paper n. 1080, CD-ROM.
[15] Cattari S., Lagomarsino S.,2006, Non linear analysis of mixed masonry and reinforced
concrete buildings,1st ECEES, Geneva, Switzerland.
EXAMPLES-58

TREMURI Program Guide - Seismic Analysis of 3D Masonry Buildings

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TREMURI Program Guide - Seismic Analysis of 3D Masonry Buildings

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TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

TREMURI USER GUIDE

University of Genova, Italy

University of Pavia, Italy

University of Genova, Italy

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

SHEAR damage model ............................................................................................................................................... 5

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

TREMURI PROGRAM FEATURES

non-linear macro-element modelling

central zone: axial displacement

figure 1: Kinematic model for the macro-element (Gambarotta and Lagomarsino [1 ] )

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

where H ( ) is the Heaviside function.

that grows according to a pre-defined failure

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

the internal stress vector. Assuming R as a growing function of

to the critical value C = 1 and decreasing

Base shear [kN]

CRUSHING AND COMPRESSIVE DAMAGE MODEL

Top displacement [mm]

Bi-linear beam-element modelling

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

8) element expiration at ultimate drift without interruption of global analysis.

figure 3: Non-linear beam degrading behaviour

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

BENDING- ROCKING BEHAVIOUR

figure 5:Strength criterion in bending-rocking

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

VR = ( f vo + 0.4 o )l ' t = f vo l ' t + 0.4 N ,

Under the limit condition V=VR, replacing the (5) in (7):

Replacing the expression (9) in (5) l can be expressed as:

; where the extremes of the interval are the conditions of the

If it exceeds the failure shear value can be fixed as

Vlim = f v ,lim l ' t

And so llim , replacing the (13) in (5):

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

As for lR also llim must be

; otherwise llim as be assumed equal to the extreme and Vlim

V Vu = min (VR , Vlim )

figure 6:Mohr-Coulomb criterion for shear resistance

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

figure 7: Turnek and Caovic shear strength criterion

figure 8: Strength criteria comparison

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

Reinforced concrete element modelling

3d urm building model

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

IN-PLANE BEHAVIOUR WALL MODEL

figure 9: Examples of macro-element modelling of masonry walls.

figure 10: Scheme of 3D and 2D nodes and out-of-plane mass sharing.

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

where the meaning of the terms is shown in figure 10.

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

figure 11: Text file loading

figure 12: 2D view

TREMURI USER GUIDE Rev. Jan 2007

figure 13: Tree-dimensional view.

TREMURI Program Seismic Analysis Program for 3D Masonry Buildings

TREMURI PROGRAM INPUT VARIABLES MANUAL