Eur J Appl Physiol (2008) 102:127132

DOI 10.1007/s00421-007-0557-x

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effect of caffeine ingestion on one-repetition maximum

muscular strength
Todd A. Astorino Riana L. Rohmann
Kelli Firth

Accepted: 17 August 2007 / Published online: 13 September 2007

Springer-Verlag 2007

Abstract Multiple studies corroborate the ergogenic

properties of caffeine (CAF) for endurance performance,
yet fewer investigations document the efficacy of acute
caffeine intake for intense, short-term exercise. The aim of
the study was to determine the ergogenic potential of caffeine during testing of muscular strength and endurance.
Twenty-two resistance-trained men ingested CAF (6 mg/
kg) or placebo (PL) 1 h pre-exercise in a randomized,
double-blind crossover design. They refrained from caffeine intake and strenuous exercise 48 and 24 h,
respectively, pre-visit. Initially, resting heart rate and blood
pressure were obtained followed by one-repetition maximum (1-RM) testing on the barbell bench press and leg
press. Upon determination of 1-RM, participants completed
repetitions to failure at 60%1-RM. Heart rate, blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured
after the final repetition. Compared to PL, there was no
effect (P [ 0.05) of caffeine on muscular strength, as 1-RM
bench press (116.4 23.6 kg vs. 114.9 22.8 kg) and leg
press (410.6 92.4 kg vs. 394.8 95.4 kg) were similar.
Total weight lifted during the 60% 1-RM trial was 11 and
12% higher for the bench press and leg press with caffeine
compared to placebo, yet did not reach significance. RPE
was similar at the end of resistance exercise with CAF vs.
PL. Acute caffeine intake does not significantly alter muscular strength or endurance during intense bench press or
leg press exercise, yet the practical importance of the
increased muscular endurance remains to be explored.

T. A. Astorino (&)
R. L. Rohmann
K. Firth

Department of Kinesiology,
CSU - San Marcos,
333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Road, MH 352,
San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA
e-mail: astorino@csusm.edu

Keywords Bench press
Muscular fitness

Ergogenic aid
Resistance training

Introduction
Multiple studies demonstrate the ergogenic ability of caffeine (CAF) for endurance exercise. In a study by Costill
et al. (1978), nine men and women exercised on a cycle
ergometer to exhaustion at 80% maximal oxygen uptake
_ 2 max ). Exercise time was 20% longer with coffee
(VO
(caffeine dose = 330 mg) vs. placebo. Compared to placebo, total work during 2 h of cycling was 7.4% higher
with two 250 mg doses of caffeine (Ivy et al. 1979).
Therefore, data from several reports suggest that acute
caffeine ingestion enhances endurance performance.
However, the potential of caffeine to enhance dynamic
muscular strength and endurance has received less attention. In a study by Jacobson et al. (1992), a 7 mg/kg
caffeine dose significantly enhanced muscular strength
measured with isokinetic dynamometry. Yet, no effect of a
5 mg/kg dose of caffeine in response to isokinetic exercise
was revealed in another study (Bond et al. 1986). To our
knowledge, only two studies have examined the effect of
caffeine intake on resistance training performance. Compared to placebo, greater one-repetition maximum (1-RM)
bench press was demonstrated in resistance-trained men
(Beck et al. 2006) after ingestion of a caffeine-containing
supplement, yet no difference in leg press 1-RM was evident. In contrast, Jacobs et al. (2003) revealed no effect of
caffeine ingestion alone (4 mg/kg) on muscular endurance
compared to placebo, ephedrine alone, or caffeine plus
ephedrine. Data supporting the ingestion of caffeine to
augment muscular strength and endurance are rather
equivocal, so additional investigation is warranted.

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The exact mechanisms by which caffeine exerts its ergogenic effects are still unresolved. It was originally believed
(Costill et al. 1978) that glycogen sparing and greater fat utilization explain the enhanced performance with caffeine,
although a recent study (Graham et al. 2000) showed an ergogenic effect of caffeine in the absence of increased lipolysis.
Caffeine ingestion has been shown to reduce the sensation of
pain induced by exercise (Motl et al. 2003), enhance excitationcontraction coupling (Lopes et al. 1983), and stimulate the
central nervous system (Graham 2001) by altering motor unit
recruitment and perceptions of fatigue via antagonism of the
adenosine receptor. Nevertheless, the goal of the present study
was not to elucidate the mechanisms of caffeines ergogenic
action, but to examine the efficacy of pre-exercise caffeine
ingestion during maximal strength and endurance testing.
The primary aims of this study were twofold: (1) to
examine the effect of acute ingestion of caffeine (6 mg/kg)
on one-repetition maximum (1-RM) performance in individuals familiar with resistance training, and (2) to examine
if muscular endurance is altered with caffeine ingestion. It
was hypothesized that compared to placebo, caffeine will
not affect 1-RM performance, yet muscular endurance will
be significantly enhanced with caffeine ingestion.
Methods
Design
Treatment order (caffeine or placebo) was randomly
assigned to participants. A double-blind crossover design
was used, as neither investigators nor participants were
aware of treatment order. Trials were separated by 1 week
to minimize subject fatigue.
Participants
Twenty-two resistance-trained men participated in the
study. They completed total-body resistance training a
minimum of 2 days per week. Women were excluded from
participation, as data (Lane et al. 1992) show that the
menstrual cycle or oral contraceptive use may alter clearance of caffeine. Demographic data are described in
Table 1. Four participants were completely nave to caffeine
intake. Participants filled out a health-history questionnaire
and provided written informed consent before participating
in the study, and all experimental procedures were approved
by the University Institutional Review Board.
Monitoring of exercise status and dietary intake
Participants completed 24 h diet and exercise recalls before
each trial, and were required to follow the same diet on the

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Eur J Appl Physiol (2008) 102:127132

Table 1 Subject demographic data
Parameter

Mean

Age (year)

23.4

Height (m)

1.78

SD
3.6
0.05

Range
18.029.0
1.731.88

Mass (kg)

82.5

13.6

68.0124.5

Body fat (%)

10.7

4.9

5.722.1

6.0

2.8

1.512.0

110.5

152.3

0600

4.4

2.9

07.0

Training history (year)

Caffeine intake (mg/day)
Caffeine intake (day/week)

day preceding each trial. They were provided a list of items

that contain caffeine, such as coffee, chocolate, soda,
energy drinks, etc. as well as common over-the-counter
medications, so they would refrain from caffeine intake for
48 h pre-visit. Participants were also required to abstain
from intense exercise in the 24 h preceding each trial.
Treatment ingestion
Anhydrous pharmaceutical-grade caffeine (CAF) or a placebo (PL) consisting of dimethyl cellulose was provided to
participants in identical capsules to be ingested 1 h preexercise. These were prepared by a pharmacist with no
involvement in the study. The caffeine dose was equal to
6 mg/kg, as this has been shown to maximize blood levels
of caffeine (Graham and Spriet 1995). Seven days later,
participants ingested the other treatment, and repeated the
identical exercise protocol.
Pretest measurements
Participants height, weight, and percent body fat (%BF)
were initially assessed. Percent body fat was measured
using a sum of three skinfold (R3SKF) model, as described
by Jackson and Pollock (1978). The primary investigator
took all measurements at the abdomen, thigh, and chest
following standardized procedures (Heyward 2002). Heart
rate (HR) was measured with telemetry (Polar Electro,
Woodbury, NY), and blood pressure (BP) by manual
sphygmomanometry (Omron HealthCare Inc., Vernon
Hills, IL), by the same technician after the participants sat
down for approximately 5 min. This was approximately
1 h after capsule ingestion.
Exercise protocol
Participants initially warmed up on a commercial upright
stationary bike (Precor C842, Woodinville, WA) for 5 min.
Pre-exercise measurements of HR and BP were recorded
4 min into the warm-up. Participants then completed a

Eur J Appl Physiol (2008) 102:127132

warm-up set on the standard barbell bench press (Body

Masters, Rayne, LA) of 1215 repetitions at a load of
4361 kg. Determination of 1-RM ensued according to the
methods of Baechle and Earle (2000). Two minutes of rest
was allotted between sets, and 1-RM was determined in
36 sets. 1-RM represented the maximum weight lifted
once with proper form. In strength-trained men, pilot
testing revealed no difference in 1-RM bench press
(t = 1.73, P = 0.23) or leg press (t = 0.46, P = 0.69)
measured over two days, with a difference in 1-RM equal
to 2.0 and 4.0% for bench press and leg press exercise,
respectively. Furthermore, pilot testing revealed no change
in 1-RM when leg press preceded bench press exercise, yet
participants reported being extremely fatigued after the leg
press trial, so we opted to have it follow bench press
exercise. Participants were given verbal encouragement
throughout the protocol. Immediately after 1-RM determination, 60% of 1-RM was placed on the bar, and
participants completed repetitions to failure, which was
used as an index of muscular endurance. Total weight lifted
(in kg) was calculated as repetitions weight. HR, BP, and
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) (Borg 1982) were
recorded within 5 s of the final repetition. Approximately
23 min later, participants began leg press exercise on a
45 plate-loaded sled following the same protocol. They
returned 1 week later and repeated the identical protocol
after ingestion of the other treatment. After trial 2, they
filled out a side effects/symptoms inventory that contained
questions regarding their health status as well as if
they could identify the CAF trial. The entire trial took
approximately 45 min.

Statistical analysis
Data are reported as mean SD and were analyzed using
SPSS Version 14 (Chicago, IL). Multivariate analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was used to examine differences in all
indices of muscular strength and endurance and RPE
between caffeine and placebo. A 2 (treatment) 2 (time,
signifying pre-exercise and during the warm-up) analysis
of variance with repeated measures was used to examine
differences in cardiovascular variables (HR and systolic
BP) between the CAF and PL treatment. Tukeys post hoc
test was used to locate differences between means if a
significant F ratio was obtained. A caffeine-mediated difference in performance of 4 (bench press) and 8% (leg
press), equal to twice the difference obtained in pilot
testing over repeated days, was denoted to be of practical
significance. With the variability in our methods, a desired
sample size of 20 and 2 was calculated post hoc for bench
press and leg press 1-RM testing. With a sample size equal
to 22, statistical power was equal to 0.06 for bench press

129

and 0.09 for leg press 1-RM, respectively, and 0.22 and
0.11 for number of repetitions of bench press and leg press
exercise at 60%1-RM. Statistical significance was established at P \ 0.05.

Results
1-RM data
Multivariate one-way ANOVA revealed no effect (Wilks
Lambda (5, 38) = 0.909, P [ 0.05) of CAF on bench press
muscular strength and endurance compared to placebo.
1-RM bench press was similar with CAF versus placebo
(Table 2). Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were
equal to 0.416.77 kg for bench press exercise. Twelve
participants bench pressed at least 3 kg more weight with
CAF, yet five lifted more weight (at least 3 kg) in the PL
trial, and in the remaining five, 1-RM was identical
between the treatments. Multivariate one-way ANOVA
revealed no effect (Wilks Lambda (5, 38) = 0.935,
P [ 0.05) of CAF on leg press muscular strength and
endurance compared to placebo. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals were equal to 4.9674.48 kg for the leg
press. Eleven men lifted at least 10 kg more weight with
CAF, yet eight leg pressed more with PL ingestion, and
three participants revealed no difference in leg press 1-RM
between treatments.

Assessment of muscular endurance and total weight lifted

Bench press and leg press performance was similar
(P [ 0.05) with CAF versus placebo. Participants completed more repetitions at 60% 1-RM at a higher absolute
load and lifted more total weight in both exercises, but it
failed to reach significance (P [ 0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2 Effect of acute CAF ingestion on resistance training

performance
Parameter
1-RM bench press (kg)

Caffeine

Placebo

116.4 23.6

114.9 22.8

19.9 4.3

18.4 4.0

69.9 14.3
1,369.7 383.1

68.9 13.3
1,226.2 357.3

1-RM leg press (kg)

410.6 92.4

394.8 95.4

Repetitions at 60%
1-RM (reps)

23.9 13.0

22.5 11.0

Repetitions at 60%
1-RM (reps)
Weight at 60% 1-RM (kg)
Total weight lifted (kg)

Weight at 60% 1-RM (kg)

Total weight lifted (kg)

247.9 57.5

238.6 55.5

5,945.9 3,275.6

5,358.0 2,148.5

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Eur J Appl Physiol (2008) 102:127132

Rating of perceived exertion

Discussion

At the end of fatiguing bench press and leg press exercise,

RPE was similar (P [ 0.05) after administration of CAF
vs. PL (Table 2).

In the present study, it was hypothesized that 1-RM muscular strength would be unaffected by acute caffeine
ingestion, and a significant increase in muscular endurance
would be shown. Data support the first hypothesis, as
compared to placebo, 1-RM bench press and leg press were
unchanged with a single 6 mg/kg dose of caffeine taken
1 h before exercise. Number of repetitions at a submaximal
intensity and total weight lifted were not different
(P [ 0.05) with caffeine compared to placebo, opposing
our second hypothesis. However, the practical significance
of this finding remains unclear, given that a relatively large
increase in muscular endurance (1112%) following caffeine ingestion was statistically insignificant with our small
and non-homogenous sample of subjects. To resolve this
issue, it will be necessary to study a larger group of subjects and/or to reduce subject variability, recruiting
individuals with very similar caffeine intake, body mass,
and training status. Further investigation is warranted to
examine effects of training specificity and typical caffeine
intake on dynamic muscular strength and endurance with
acute caffeine ingestion.
To our knowledge, only two studies have examined the
effect of acute caffeine ingestion on dynamic resistance
training performance. In a study by Jacobs et al. (2003), 13
resistance-trained men completed supersets of leg press
and bench press to fatigue at 80 and 70% 1-RM after
ingesting caffeine (4 mg/kg) or placebo 90 min pre-exercise. No difference in any parameter of muscular endurance
was noted between treatments, and large variability in
responses was reported by the authors. A caffeine-containing supplement (dose = 2.4 mg/kg) taken 1 h preexercise significantly increased bench press 1-RM
(+2.1 kg) in men regularly participating in strength training
(Beck et al. 2006). However, no change (P [ 0.05) in
lower body performance (leg extension 1-RM and total
work and mean and peak power from the Wingate test) was
observed. The meaningfulness of these results can be
questioned, as the magnitude of increase in 1-RM performance reported by these authors was similar to the testretest variability of this measure in the present study. In
addition, any interaction of the supplements other ingredients (guarana, green/black tea extract, Vitamin C, and
others) on the ergogenic properties of caffeine is unknown.
Our data oppose those of Beck et al. (2006) and others
demonstrating a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine for
short-term, intense exercise. In 20 collegiate football
players completing isokinetic dynamometry, a 7 mg/kg
dose ingested 1 h pre-exercise enhanced muscular strength
and power by 511% compared to placebo (Jacobson et al.
1992). Kalmar and Cafarelli (1999) reported higher maximal voluntary contraction and greater ability to activate the

Side effects of CAF ingestion

Testing was well-tolerated by all participants. Thirteen of
22 participants (60%) correctly identified the CAF trial,
due to onset of symptoms such as tremor, insomnia, greater
energy, elevated heart rate, and restlessness. These were
more pronounced in participants nave to caffeine. Preexercise and warm-up HR was significantly higher
(P \ 0.05) with CAF compared to PL. Systolic BP was
higher (P \ 0.05) before exercise with CAF compared to
PL, yet not significantly different (P [ 0.05) during the
warm-up. These data are illustrated in Fig. 1a, b.
pre-exercise

warm-up

120

Heart rate (b/min)

110
100

90
80
70
60
50
Placebo

Caffeine

Treatment

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

pre-exercise
warmup

170

*
150

130

110

90
Placebo

Caffeine

Treatment
Fig. 1 Effect of acute CAF ingestion on cardiovascular responses
(*P \ 0.05 CAF vs. PL). a Heart rate response to acute CAF
ingestion. b Systolic blood pressure response to acute CAF ingestion

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Eur J Appl Physiol (2008) 102:127132

vastus lateralis motor unit pool with caffeine compared to

placebo. In another study (Tarnopolsky and Cupido 2000),
tension at low frequencies of stimulation was augmented
by approximately 35% with caffeine vs. placebo. However, no effect of caffeine on isokinetic strength (Bond
et al. 1986), peak torque (Jacobson and Edwards 1991), or
peak power (Greer et al. 1998) was shown in other investigations. Participants in the studies by Bond et al. (1986)
and Greer et al. (1998) were relatively untrained, and it has
been reported (Graham 2001) that caffeine may be ergogenic only in trained individuals. Consequently, further
study to examine differences in the magnitude of the
ergogenic effect of caffeine between trained and untrained
individuals, and during an acute training regimen, is
needed.
A significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on upper body,
but not lower body resistance exercise, was revealed by
Beck et al. (2006). It is likely that test order cannot explain
this result, as pilot testing in the present study showed no
difference in 1-RM performance when leg press exercise
preceded the bench press. An alternative explanation would
be onset of central fatigue during leg press exercise,
reducing motor unit recruitment and thus force production
due to the completion of previous fatiguing exercise.
Hakkinen (1993) revealed significant decreases in maximal
iEMG in subjects completing 20 repetitions of a 1-RM
squat with 3 min rest between sets. However, it has been
reported that: (1) in response to maximal isometric elbow
flexion, voluntary activation can recover with 1 min of rest
(Taylor et al. 2000); (2) compared to maximal exercise,
central fatigue is minimized during submaximal exercise
with or without recovery (Nordlund et al. 2004); (3) rest
after sustained voluntary activity inducing marked central
fatigue can prevent onset of central fatigue in a subsequent
exhaustive contraction (Loscher et al. 1996); and (4) acute
caffeine ingestion may augment activation of the vastus
lateralis motor unit pool (Kalmar and Cafarelli 1999).
Based on the inclusion of 2 min rest periods in our protocol, and the submaximal nature of all repetitions with the
exception of the one to two 1-RM efforts, the effect of
central fatigue on caffeine-induced changes in muscular
strength is likely to be small.
Alternatively, differences in training status could
explain these discrepancies, as it has been speculated that
caffeine may provide a greater ergogenic benefit in trained
muscle (Graham 2001). In the present study, most participants were more familiar with the barbell bench press
rather than the leg press, yet no ergogenic effect of caffeine
was shown. Moreover, examination of individual data
showed dramatic variability in responses across the men
irrespective of their 1-RM being average, good, or superior.
Some subjects lifted more weight with caffeine, others
more with placebo, and some, about the same. This,

131

however, remains to be determined and should be studied

in the future.
Graham (2001) reported little effect of caffeine habituation on exercise performance. In the present study,
analysis of data from the caffeine-tolerant participants
(n = 18) supported our overall findings, namely no effect
(Wilks Lambda (4, 30) = 0.969, P [ 0.05) of acute caffeine ingestion on 1-RM bench press, leg press, or upper
and lower body muscular endurance compared to placebo.
Yet, subjects typical caffeine intake and body mass widely
varied from 30600 mg/day and 68125 kg, respectively,
which may have enhanced variability leading to the
insignificant changes in muscular strength and endurance
observed in the present study. It is recommended that
researchers select subjects with a less discrepant caffeine
intake and body mass in future investigations examining
the ergogenic properties of caffeine. Overall, our findings
and others (Tarnopolsky and Cupido 2000) suggest that
caffeine habituation does not alter the magnitude of performance change induced by acute caffeine ingestion.
A recent meta-analysis by Doherty and Smith (2005)
examined effects of caffeine ingestion on RPE during
prolonged, moderate exercise. In this review, 21 studies
were included with a total sample of 201 participants.
Compared to placebo, there was a significant reduction in
RPE (5.6%) during constant-load exercise with caffeine,
and performance was increased with caffeine. Yet, there
was no difference in RPE at the end of exhaustive exercise,
a finding, albeit in more sustained aerobic exercise, supporting our data. However, these data and the attenuated
leg pain reported by Motl et al. (2003) suggest that differences in perceptual feelings of fatigue may contribute to
the enhanced short-term exercise performance observed in
previous studies.
One limitation inherent to our research was the inability
to measure changes in catecholamine or methylxanthine
concentrations in response to acute caffeine intake. Nevertheless, we are confident that the caffeine dose was
absorbed. Resting and pre-exercise systolic blood pressure
was significantly higher with CAF vs. PL (Fig. 1b), and
60% of participants correctly identified the CAF treatment.
Our use of a large sample size allowed the detection of
relatively small differences in performance between treatments, which strengthens our conclusions relative to
changes in resistance training performance with acute
caffeine intake.

Conclusion
Our data do not support the ingestion of a single 6 mg/kg
dose of caffeine taken 1 h before exercise to significantly
enhance intense bench press or leg press exercise. All

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parameters measured including 1-RM, number of repetitions and weight lifted at 60% 1-RM, total weight lifted,
and RPE were not significantly different between caffeine
and placebo, although muscular endurance was 1112%
higher with caffeine vs. placebo. The practical significance
of these findings may be important for the individual
exerciser, and merits further research to examine the efficacy of acute caffeine intake for dynamic muscular
strength and endurance.
Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to Mr. Gary Marx
R.Ph for preparing the caffeine and placebo capsules used in the
present study, as well as the participants for their outstanding effort in
completing the demands of this protocol. We also thank the reviewers
for valuable feedback leading to a better and more focused
manuscript.

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