UNIVERSITY GOCE DELCHEV SHTIP FACULTY OF MEDICINE.

Project paper for

English Language 1
Topic: Tourism and travel

Mentor: Lector Dragan Donev

Made by: Trajkovska Frederika

Index number: 151799

Shtip, January 2015

Content:
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Summary. ......3
Introduction. ...4
Significance of tourism.....5
History of tourism...6
Modern day tourism.10
Conclusion12
Used literature.13

Tourism and travel

Summary
In this project paper Ill write about tourism and travel, their
significance, history of tourism and modern day tourism.

Key words: Tourism, Travel, Modern day tourism.

Introduction
Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure, or business purposes,
usually of a limited duration. Tourism is commonly associated with trans-national
travel, but may also refer to travel to another location within the same country.
The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying
in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for
leisure, business and other purposes".
Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Tourism can be domestic or
international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications
on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is major source of income for
many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in
some cases it is of vital importance.

Significance of tourism
Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many countries. Its
importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1980 as
"an activity essential to the life of nations because of its direct effects on the social,
cultural, educational, and economic sectors of national societies and on their
international relations."
Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of
payment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the
world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also
creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the
economy associated with tourism.
The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services,
such as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services, such
as accommodations, including hotels and resorts; and entertainment venues, such
as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues, and theatres. This is
in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other
supplies.

History of tourism
In 1936, the League of Nations defined a foreign tourist as "someone traveling
abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the United Nations, amended
this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.
In 1941, Hunziker and Krapf defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the
phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so
far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any
earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is
the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places
where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each
destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International
Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular
activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.
Until relatively recently, travel outside a person's local area was confined to wealthy
classes, who at times travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings,
works of art, learn new languages, experience new cultures, and to taste
different cuisines. Long ago, at the time of the Roman Republic, places such
as Baiae were popular coastal resorts for the rich.

Grand tour
Modern tourism can be traced to what was known as the Grand Tour, which was a
traditional trip of Europe (especially Germany and Italy) undertaken by mainly upperclass European young men of means, mainly from Western and Northern European
countries. The custom flourished from about 1660 until the advent of largescale rail transit in the 1840s, and was associated with a standard itinerary. It served
as an educational rite of passage. Though primarily associated with the British
nobility and wealthy landed gentry, similar trips were made by wealthy young men
of Protestant Northern European nations on the Continent, and from the second half
of the 18th century some South American, U.S., and other overseas youth joined in.
The tradition was extended to include more of the middle class after rail and
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steamship travel made the journey less of a burden, and Thomas Cook made the
"Cook's Tour".
The Grand Tour became a real status symbol for upper classes' students, in the 18th
and 19th centuries. In this period, Johann Joachim Winckelmann's theories about
supremacy of classic culture became very popular and appreciated in the European
academic world. Artists, writers and travellers (such as Goethe) affirmed the
supremacy of classic art whose Italy, France, Spain and Portugal are excellent
examples. For these reasons, the Grand Tour's main destinations were to those
centres, where upper class students could find rare examples of classic art and
history.
The New York Times recently described the Grand Tour in this way:
Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a postOxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots
of Western civilization. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and
months (or years) to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language
skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent.
Gross, Matt., "Lessons From the Frugal Grand Tour ." New York Times 5
September 2008.
The primary value of the Grand Tour, it was believed, laid in the exposure both to the
cultural legacy of classical antiquity and theRenaissance, and to the aristocratic and
fashionably polite society of the European continent.

Emergence of leisure travel

Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom
the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial
population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the
economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the
new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in
1758.
The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names.
In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French
Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as
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the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old,
well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton,
or Hotel Majestic reflecting the dominance of English customers.
A pioneer of the travel agency, Thomas Cook's idea to offer excursions came to him
while waiting for the stagecoach on the London Road at Kibworth. With the opening
of the extended Midland Counties Railway, he arranged to take a group of
540 temperance campaigners from Leicester Campbell Street station to a rally
in Loughborough, eleven miles away. On 5 July 1841, Thomas Cook arranged for the
rail company to charge one shilling per person that included rail tickets and food for
this train journey. Cook was paid a share of the fares actually charged to the
passengers, as the railway tickets, being legal contracts between company and
passenger, could not have been issued at his own price. This was the first privately
chartered excursion train to be advertised to the general public; Cook himself
acknowledging that there had been previous, unadvertised, private excursion trains.
During the following three summers he planned and conducted outings for
temperance societies and Sunday-school children. In 1844 the Midland Counties
Railway Company agreed to make a permanent arrangement with him provided he
found the passengers. This success led him to start his own business running rail
excursions for pleasure, taking a percentage of the railway tickets.
Four years later, he planned his first excursion abroad, when he took a group from
Leicester to Calais to coincide with the Paris Exhibition. The following year he started
his 'grand circular tours' of Europe. During the 1860s he took parties to Switzerland,
Italy, Egypt and the United States. Cook established 'inclusive independent travel',
whereby the traveller went independently but his agency charged for travel, food and
accommodation for a fixed period over any chosen route. Such was his success that
the Scottish railway companies withdrew their support between 1862 and 1863 to try
the excursion business for themselves.

Cruise shipping
Cruising is a niche form of tourism, a feature of which is that it typically touches more
than one country but it typically does not touch any country. It is a popular form
of water tourism.

Leisure cruise ships were introduced by the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation
Company (P&O) in 1844, sailing from Southampton to destinations such
as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens. In 1891, German businessman Albert Ballin sailed
the ship Augusta Victoria fromHamburg into the Mediterranean Sea. In 1900, one of
the first purpose-built cruise ship was Prinzessin Victoria Luise, built in Hamburg.

Modern day tourism

Many leisure-oriented tourists travel to the tropics, both in the summer and winter.
Places of such nature often visited
are: Bali inIndonesia, Colombia, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Grenada, the Dominican
Republic, Malaysia, Mexico, the various Polynesian tropical
islands,Queensland in Australia, Thailand, Saint-Tropez and Cannes in France, Flori
da, Hawaii in the United States, Puerto Rico, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, St.Lucia, Sint Maarten, St.
Martin's Island in Bangladesh, Saint Kitts and Nevis, The
Bahamas, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Turks and Caicos Islands, Boracay
Island in the Philippines and Bermuda.

Winter tourism
St. Moritz, Switzerland became the cradle of the developing winter tourism in the
1860s; hotel manager Johannes Badrutt invited some summer guests from England
to return in the winter to see the snowy landscape, thereby inaugurating a popular
trend. It was, however, only in the 1970s when winter tourism took over the lead from
summer tourism in many of the Swiss ski resorts. Even in winter, up to one third of all
guests (depending on the location) consist of non-skiers.
Major ski resorts are located mostly in the various European countries
(e.g. Andorra, Austria, Bulgaria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Czech
Republic, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany,Iceland, Italy, Norway, Latvia, Lithuania
, Poland, Serbia, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey), Canada,
the United States (e.g. Colorado, California, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, New York,
New Jersey, Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire) New Zealand, Japan, South
Korea, Chile, and Argentina.

Mass tourism
Mass tourism developed with improvements in technology, which allowed
the transport of large numbers of people in a short space of time to places of leisure
interest, so that greater numbers of people could begin to enjoy the benefits of
leisure time.
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In Continental Europe, early seaside resorts include: Heiligendamm, founded in 1793

at the Baltic Sea, being the first seaside resort;Ostend, popularised by the people
of Brussels; Boulogne-sur-Mer and Deauville for the Parisians.
In the United States, the first seaside resorts in the European style were at Atlantic
City, New Jersey and Long Island, New York.

Adjectival tourism
Adjectival tourism refers to the numerous niche or specialty travel forms of tourism
that have emerged over the years, each with its own adjective. Many of these have
come into common use by the tourism industry and academics. Others are emerging
concepts that may or may not gain popular usage. Examples of the more common
niche tourism markets include:

Agritourism

Medical tourism

Birth tourism

Nautical tourism

Culinary tourism

Pop-culture tourism

Cultural tourism

Religious tourism

Extreme tourism

Sex tourism

Geotourism

Slum tourism

Ghetto tourism

War tourism

Heritage tourism

Wellness tourism

LGBT tourism

Wildlife tourism

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Conclusion
Tourism as its self its a very important branch. It allows people to travel and see
places that they never saw before. It allows everyone to learn foreign languages,
meet other people and enjoy their stay with many interesting objects, monuments,
hotels, parties etc. at the place they are staying. Tourism brings a lot of money to the
owners of those hotels or resorts, but also brings many people and that contributes
to building a healthy tourism in the country they are. People can enjoy many types of
tourism depends on what their taste is, and how adventurous they are, with tourism
they can have whatever they want if they have the money to pay for it.

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Used literature:
1. Electronic literature ( internet-links )
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism

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