4 - Lighting and Energy Standards and Codes

4LIGHTINGANDENERGYSTANDARDSANDCODES
Chapter4:Lightingandenergystandardsandcodes
Topicscovered
4Lightingandenergystandardsandcodes................................................................................. 59
4.1Reviewoflightingstandardsworldwide........................................................................59
4.1.1
Introduction.......................................................................................................59
4.1.2Datacollection..................................................................................................60
4.1.3
Method..............................................................................................................61
4.1.4Displayusingworldmaps.................................................................................61
4.1.5Recommendedilluminancelevels....................................................................70
4.2Energycodesandpolicies.............................................................................................. 70
4.2.1
EuropeEnergyperformanceofbuildingsdirective.......................................70
4.2.2EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesintheUS....................................71
4.2.3EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesinChina.....................................71
4.2.4EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesinBrazil.....................................71
4.2.5EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesinSouthAfrica..........................72
4.2.625EnergyEfficiencyPolicyRecommendationsbyIEAtoTHEG8...............72
4.3EnergyrelatedlegislationintheEuropeanUnion......................................................... 73
4.3.1
Introduction.......................................................................................................73
4.3.2EuPDirective....................................................................................................73
4.3.3Energyperformanceofbuildings......................................................................76
EN15193EnergyrequirementsforLightingLENI........................................76
4.3.4EnergyEfficiencyLabel...................................................................................78
4.3.5DisposalphaseofLightingEquipmentinEurope............................................78
Legislation.........................................................................................................78
RoHSDirective.................................................................................................78
WEEEDirective................................................................................................79
4.3.6
Notes.................................................................................................................81
4.3.7Reviewofstandardsonelectricandelectromagneticaspects..........................81
IECstandard......................................................................................................81
CENELECstandard..........................................................................................82
EuropeanUnionEMCDirective.......................................................................82
ANSI/IEEEstandards.......................................................................................82
HarmonicCurrentsLimits................................................................................83
57
4.4Examplesoflightingrelatedenergyprograms
..... ........................ ........................ ....... ..85
4.4.1ENERGYSTAR............................................................................................... 85
4.4.2TopRunnerprogram......................................................................................... 86
References................................................................................................................................ 87
58
4Lightingandenergystandardsandcodes
4.1Reviewoflightingstandardsworldwide
4.1.1
Introduction
The major international organization in charge of coordinating the management of standards,

recommendations,andtechnicalreportsinthefieldoflightingistheCommissionInternationalede
lEclairage (CIE). The CIE has published several recommendations for indoor lighting and has
contributed to a joint ISOCIE standard ISO 89951 (CIE, 2001/ISO 2002) concerning indoor
workingplaces.
TheCIEpublicationsrelatedtoindoorlightingarelistedbelow:
CIE491981:GuideontheEmergencyLightingofBuildingInteriors
CIE521982:CalculationsforInteriorLighting:AppliedMethod
CIE551983:DiscomfortGlareintheInteriorWorkingEnvironment
CIE601984:VisionandtheVisualDisplayUnitWorkStation
CIE1171995:DiscomfortGlareinInteriorLighting
CIE1231997:LowvisionLightingNeedsforthePartiallySighted
CIES008/E:2001/ISO89951:2002(E):LightingofWorkPlacesPart1:Indoor
CIE146/147:2002:CIECollectiononGlare2002
CIE161:2004:LightingDesignMethodsforObstructedInteriors
CIES010/E:2004/ISO23539:2005(E):PhotometryTheCIESystemofPhysicalPhotometry
CIE097:2005:MaintenanceofIndoorElectricLightingSystems,2ndEdition
CIES009/E:2002/IEC62471:2006:PhotobiologicalSafetyofLampsandLampSystems
ISO116642:2008(E)/CIES0142/E:2006:CIEStandardllluminantsforColorimetry
CIE184:2009:IndoorDaylightIlluminants
TherecommendationsoftheCIEhavebeeninterpretedindifferentmannersindifferentcountries.
Hence some differences exist among lighting recommendations worldwide. Furthermore, in the
North America, the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) is active in
developingitsownrecommendations.ThebestknowndocumentsaretheIESLightingHandbooks
whichareregularlyupdated.TheworkinggroupsoftheIESNAhavetheirownreferencesanditis
quitetypicalthatsomeapproachesdifferfromthoseoftheCIE.Forexample,IESNAusestheterm
VisualComfortProbability(VCP)forglareratingissues(Rea2000),whereastheCIEglareratingis
calledtheUnifiedGlareRatio(UGR)(CIE1995).
59
IntheAnnex45workthelightingrecommendationsworldwidewerecompared.Thecomparisonis
usefulinidentifyingthepotentialforamendingthesestandards,consideringthegrowingneedfor
theincreasingenergyefficiencyoflighting.Thereviewfocusedonofficebuildings.
4.1.2
Datacollection
The first task was to collect the documents presenting national lighting recommendations from
differentcountriesthroughnetworkofexperts,andtotranslatethevariouspublishedcriteriaofnon
English documents into English. The lighting recommendation data was collected from eleven
countries/regions,includingbothindustrialisedanddevelopingcountries.Thecollecteddocuments
relatedtoindoorlightingrecommendationsfromdifferentcountriesarelistedbelow.
Argentina:
Tonello,G.ySandoval,J.,RecomendacionesparailuminacindeoficinasAsociacin
ArgentinadeLuminotcnia(AADL),1997.
Australia:
AS/NZS1680.01998InteriorlightingSafemovementAS1680.12006Interiorandworkplace
lightingGeneralprinciplesandrecommendations.AS1680.2.01990Interiorlighting:Part2.0
Recommendationsforspecifictasksandinteriors.AS1680.2.11993Interiorlighting:Part
2.1Circulationspacesandothergeneralareas.AS1680.2.21994InteriorlightingOfficeand
screenbasedtasksAS1680.2.31994Interiorlighting:Part2.1Educationalandtraining
facilities
Brazil:
CIE29.21986:GuideonInteriorLighting
China:
GB500342004Standardforlightingdesignofbuildings.
Europe:
EN124641:2002:LightandlightingLightingofworkplacesPart1:IndoorWorkPlaces.
India:
IS3646(Part1):1992,Codeofpracticeforinteriorillumination:Part1Generalrequirementsand
recommendationsforworkinginteriors.NationalBuildingCodeofIndia2005(NBC2005)Part8,
Section1
Japan:
JIES008(1999)IndoorLightingStandard.
Nepal:
th
J.B.Gupta,Electricalinstallationestimationandcosting,S.K.Kataria&Sons.NewDelhi1995,7
edition.
Russia:
SNiP230595DaylightandArtificialLighting:ConstructionStandardsandRulesofRussian
Federation.
SouthAfrica:
60
SANS101141:2005CodeofPracticeforInteriorLighting.
USA:
ANSI/IESNARP104,AmericanNationalStandardPracticeforOfficeLighting.
4.1.3
Method
The Table 4.1 shows various lighting parameters which were selected in collecting the data.
Specificationsforcollectingdataweredividedintothreecategories:individualneeds,socialneeds
andenvironmentalneeds.
4.1.4
Displayusingworldmaps
DetailsofthelightingrecommendationsforofficelightingarepresentedinAppendixA.Inorderto
giveageneralviewoftheconsistencyofanddifferencesinspecificationsinlightingstandardsand
codesacrosstheworld,themainrecommendedvaluesarepresentedonworldmaps,Figures41
47.ISO/CIEstandardrecommendationvaluesarealsopresentedinthemapforcomparisonwith
thenational/regionalrecommendations.Mostlightingrecommendationsincludespecificationson:
M minancelevelsonworkplanes
i (Figure41)
n Minimumilluminancewhenworking
i oncomputers(Figure42)
m Minimumilluminanceinthe
u surroundings(Figure43)
m Luminanceratiosneartaskareas
(Figure44)
i Glarerating(Figure45)
l Luminancesontheceilingand
l shieldingangle(Figure46)
u Indoorsurfacereflectance(Figure4
7)
These specifications are essential,
since they impose the measures to
maintain the quality of lighting.
Thesemeasuresaretheproductionof
minimumquantitiesoflight(lumen)
in room and in task areas,
recommendations in the distribution
of the light in the task and
surroundingareas,recommendations
ontheglare,etc.
61
Table41.Variouslightingparametersselectedincollectingthedatafromthenationallightingrecommendations.
A. INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
VISUAL PERFORMANCE
VISUAL COMFORT
COLOR APPEARANCE
WELL-BEING
NON VISUAL EFFECTS
B. SOCIAL NEEDS
C. ENVIRONMENTAL NEEDS
Illuminance (horizontal) on task area

Illuminance ( vertical) on task area
Illuminance (horizontal) on computer ( keyboard, mouse)
Illuminance for drawing
Illuminance of immediate surroundings
Illuminance (vertical) on screens
Luminance ratio on the task area (luminances on walls, ceilings, task plane,
etc.)
Ceiling luminance
Maximum luminance from overhead luminaries
Maximum wall luminance
Maximum window luminance
Recommended surface reflectances
Specification of flicker-free light sources
Illuminance uniformity on the task area
Discomfort Glare Rating
Discomfort glare in the case of use of Visual Display Terminals (VDT)
Control of reflected glare and veiling reflections
Possible specifications regarding lighting fixtures
Color rendering index (CRI)
Correlated color temperature(CCT)
Possible use of saturated colors
Possible use of color variations of light
View to the outside
Light quality through lighting modelling
Directional lighting
Biophilia hypothesis (Expression of recommendations to maximize daylight)
Lighting quality / Aesthetics of space
Aesthetics of lighting equipment
Individual or programmed lighting and daylight control
Role of spectral power distribution
Daylight exposure through value of daylight factor
Daily exposure to daylight
Frequency of light (Hz)
UV( Ultra Violet) content of light
Infra red exposure associated to lighting
Cost, budget
User satisfaction (expressed by reduction of complaints)
Impact of lighting quality on productivity through reduction of failures, higher
satisfaction and less fatigue
Reduction of maintenance through improved quality of equipment
Impact of lighting on security issues
Impact of lighting on feeling of safety
Reduction of power consumption for lighting through efficient light sources
and luminaries
Ability of lighting system to minimize peak load demand (use of daylight,
adjusted power consumption)
Lighting controls (use of daylight, use of occupancy sensors)
Reduction of harmonics and power losses in electricity distribution networks
Reduction of resources for making lamps (increased life of sources)
Reduction of environmental impact (low production of pollutants)
6
2
Figure41.Minimumilluminanceonworkplane(horizontal)fordrawingandminimumilluminanceonconferencerooms.
63
Figure42.Minimumilluminanceonworkplaneforofficeswithcomputerscreens.
6
Figure43.Illuminanceinthevicinityoftheworkplace.
65
Figure44.Ratiosofluminanceinthefieldofvision.
6
Figure45.Glarespecifications.
67
Figure46.Ceilingluminancesandshieldingangle.
6
8
Figure47.Surfacereflectances.
69
ThesummaryofthelightingrecommendationspresentedinFigures4147indicatethefollowing.
4.1.5
Minimumvaluesofilluminanceonworkplanesforofficework,drawingandconference
roomsvaryfrom200to500lx,whichleadstoatotaldiscrepancyoflightingpowerof1:2.5
ifthelightinguniformitiesdeliveredintheroomsareidentical.
Recommendations concern minimum horizontal and vertical illuminance values. The
recommendationsdonottakeintoaccounttheluminancesofcomputerscreens.
RatiosofluminanceinthefieldofvisionareratherconsistentandsimilartotheCIEwork
recommendations.
GlareratingsuseeithertheUnifiedGlareRatio(UGR)oftheCIEortheVisualComfort
Probability(VCP)oftheIESNA.Thesespecificationsareratherconsistent.
Ceiling luminance and shielding seem to be rather consistent. This is essential with the
developmentofdirect/indirectluminaires.However,nospecificationtakesintoaccountthe
riskofoverheadglare,whichisanissueunderdiscussionattheCIE.
Recommendedilluminancelevels
Details of the recommended illuminance values for office lighting found in different national
recommendations worldwide are tabulated in Appendix A. Basically, the differences in
recommendedilluminancesarenothighsincetheytendtoberelatedtotheCIErecommendations.
However,therearecountrieswhichrecommendlowervaluesofminimumilluminance.
TheISOstandardISO89951:2002(CIE2001/ISO2002)statesthatintheareaswherecontinuous
workiscarriedoutthemaintainedworkplaneilluminanceshouldnotbelessthan200lx.Inallthe
reviewed recommendations, the minimum work plane illuminances in offices were higher. ISO
89951:2002standarddoesnotgiveanyrecommendationforuniformityofilluminanceonthework
plane, but suggests that the illuminance in the vicinity of the task should not be too low in
comparisontotheilluminanceontaskarea.Forexample,theilluminanceinthevicinityoftaskis
300lxforataskwithilluminanceof500lx,200lxforataskwithilluminanceof300lx.However,
theilluminanceinthevicinityoftaskshouldbeequaltotheilluminanceinthetaskareaifthevalue
for task illuminance is below 200 lx. In most countries which were reviewed, the minimum
maintained illuminance on desks for regular office work is 500 lx, but lower values are
recommendedinIndia(300lx),Denmark(300lx),USA(dependingontypeoftask)andAustralia
(320lx).Minimumilluminancevalues forlounges,lobbiesandcorridorsarespecifiedwithina
rangefrom50to100lxdependingoncountry.
4.2Energycodesandpolicies
4.2.1
EuropeEnergyperformanceofbuildingsdirective
The building sector in the EU area is using 40% of the total EU energy consumption and is
responsiblefor36%oftheCO2 emissions.Thereare210millionhouseholdsandtheareaofthe
2
2
householdsis15000km ,whiletheareaofofficesis6000km .TheEUbuildingsectoroffers
significantpotentialforcosteffectiveenergysavings.(Wouters2009)
TheEuropeEnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EPBD)offersholisticapproachtowards
moreenergyefficientbuildings.TheobjectiveofEPBDistopromotetheimprovementofenergy
performanceofbuildingswithintheEUthroughcosteffectivemeasures.TheEPBDrequiresallEU
countriestoenhancetheirbuildingregulationsandtointroduceenergycertificationschemesfor
buildings.Thecountriesarealsorequiredtohaveinspectionsofboilersandairconditioners.
70
AllEUmembercountrieshaveproducedastatusreportin2008abouttheimplementationofthe
EPBD intheir country; the compiled country reports are available at the website ofConcerted
Action of EPBD. Many countries have set new requirements for instance for the Uvalues
(coefficientofthermaltransmission)orfortheprimaryenergydemandpersquaremeter.(CAEPBD
2008).AccordingtoMaldonadoetal.(2009),positiveaspectsoftheEPBDaree.g.:new,more
demandingbuildingregulationstobeinforcethroughouttheEU,andfurtherontheplanscallfor
tougherregulationseveryfiveyears.Therearealsonowcleartargetsforwhatcanbeconsidered
highperformancebuildingsinmostmemberstates,andtheawarenessoftheimportanceofbuilding
energyefficiencyisincreasedinEU.(Maldonado2009)
4.2.2
EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesintheUS
IntheUSbuildingsconsumemoreenergythananyothersectoroftheUSeconomy.Almostthree
quartersofthe81millionbuildingsintheUSwerebuiltbefore1979.Thebuildingsectoraccounts
forabout40%oftheprimaryenergyuseandaboutfor40%ofenergyrelatedCO 2emissions.The
USbuildings contribute9%oftheworldCO2 emissions.Lightingconsumes about11%ofthe
energyofresidentialsectorand26%oftheenergyofthecommercialsector.(Sunder2009)
ThefollowingActionshavebuildingrelatedprograms:
EnergyPolicyAct(EPAct2005)
EnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct(EISA2007)
AmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct(ARRA2009)
ForinstancetheEPActdirectsR&Dfornewbuildingsandretrofits includingonsiterenewable
energygenerationandextendstheENERGYSTARprogramme(Ch.4.4.1)byaddingnewenergy
conservationstandardsandexpandsenergyefficientproductlabeling.TheEISAupgradesenergy
standards for appliances, equipment and lighting and mandates the zeronet energy commercial
buildinginitiative.TheARRAinveststoimproveenergyefficiencyofFederalbuildings,schools,
hospitals, and lowincome houses using existing costeffective technologies. The application of
existingtechnologiesyieldsefficiencyimprovementsof3040%.(Sunder2009)
4.2.3
EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesinChina
UrbanizationisspeedingupinChina.TodaytheecologicalfootprintinChinais1.6globalhectares
percapita,whereastheworldaverageis2.2globalhectarespercapita.In2006thebuildingareain
2
2
2
Chinawasestimatedtobe175000km (175Mm ),andtheforecastforyear2020is30000000km
2
(30Gm ).(Wang2009)
2
Wanggivesannualenergyconsumptionin2004forcommercialbuildings(kWh/m ,a)(government
office,hotel,shoppingmall,office,comprehensivebusinessbuilding).Themajorityofthebuildings
2
2
th
uselessthan150kWh/m ,aandalmostallbuildingslessthan300kWh/m ,a.The11 FiveYear
PlanofChinahassetatargetofimprovingenergyefficiency.Thekeygoalisthatenergyintensity
relativetothecountrysgrossdomesticproductshouldbereducedby20%from2005to2020.The
2
targetsforbuildingsaretobuildnewenergyefficientbuildingsof1.6Gm buildingareawith50%
2
increaseinefficiencyandtoretrofitabout554Mm ofexistingresidentialandpublicbuildings.In
2
addition,15Mm ofrenewableenergydemonstrationprojectsistobebuilt.(Wang2009)
4.2.4
EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesinBrazil
InBrazil47.5%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionisproducedbyrenewableenergy,includinghydro
powerandpowerfromsugarcaneproducts.However,theshareofnonrenewableenergyis
71
increasing.Lightinguses17%oftheenergyconsumptionintheresidentialsector.Incommercial
buildingstheshareoflightingenergyofthetotalbuildingenergyconsumptionisfrom12%to57%,
being22%onaverage.Inthepublicsectorlightinguses23%ofthetotalenergyconsumption,while
HVACuses48%,otherequipment15%andotherloads14%.InBraziltherearefewlawsand
standardsthatincludedemandsforenergyefficiencyandbuildingperformance,thesearetheLaw
99912000Investments inR&D andenergyefficiencybyutilities andtheLaw102952001
Energyefficiencylaw.ThestandardABNT15220concernsthermalperformanceandtheABNT
15575givesminimumperformances.
4.2.5
EnergyefficientbuildingcodesandpoliciesinSouthAfrica
TheCO2emissionsofthetotalenergyinSouthAfricaaredividedpersectorasfollows:residential
13%,commercial10%,transport16%,manufacturing40%,mining11%andother10%.Theenergy
efficiencystrategywascreatedin2004andbuildingregulationshavebeenrenewedrecently.The
SANS0204willsetoutthegeneralrequirementsforimprovingenergyefficiencyinalltypesofnew
buildings.SANS0204willbeincorporatedintoNationalBuildingregulations.(Milford2009)
Theenergyefficiencystrategysetsnationaltargetsforfinalenergydemandreductionby2015.The
targetsare10%reductionintheresidentialsectorand15%inthecommercialsector.Targetsare
expressedinrelationtotheforecastnationalenergydemandin2015.Themeanstoreachthetargets
are legislation, efficiency labels and performance standards, energy management activities and
energyauditsandpromotionofefficientpractices.Inadditiontherearesomelocalinitiatives.The
draftforGautengenergystrategyaimstoreplaceincandescentlampsingovernmentbuildingsby
energyefficientlightingby2012,andtoreduceenergydemandby25%ingovernmentbuildingsby
2014.(Milford2009)
4.2.6
25EnergyEfficiencyPolicyRecommendationsbyIEAtoTHEG8
The IEA recommendations document reports the outcome of the IEA threeyear programme in
supportofthesecondfocusareaoftheIEAG8Gleneaglesprogramme:energyefficiencypolicies.
(IEA 2008). The recommendations cover 25 fields of action across seven priority areas: cross
sectoralactivity,buildings,appliances,lighting,transport,industryandpowerutilities.Itisnoted
thatthesavingbyadoptingefficientlightingtechnologyisverycosteffectiveandbuildingsaccount
forabout40%ofthetotalenergyusedinmostcountries.Thefieldsofactionofbuildingsand
lightingareoutlinedbelow:
Buildings
Buildingcodesfornewbuildings
PassiveEnergyHousesandZeroEnergyBuildings
Policypackagestopromoteenergyefficiencyinexistingbuildings
Buildingcertificationschemes
Energyefficiencyimprovementsinglazedareas
Lighting
Bestpracticelightingandthephaseoutofincandescentlamps
Ensuringleastcostlightinginnonresidentialbuildingsandthephaseout
ofinefficientfuelbasedlighting
72
4.3EnergyrelatedlegislationintheEuropeanUnion
4.3.1
Introduction
Several directives, regulations and other legislations are in force or under development in the
EuropeanUnion.ThemostimportantdirectivesandotherlegislationsatEuropeanlevelregarding
thelightingsectorarelistedbelow:
EuP,EnergyusingProductsDirective(EC2005)whichwasrecastin2009bydirectiveof
ecodesignrequirementsforenergyrelatedproducts
BallastDirective(EC2000)
EPBD,EnergyPerformanceofBuildingsDirective(EC2002)
ESD,EnergyServicesDirective(EC2006)
EEL,EnergyEfficiencyLabel(EC1998)
4.3.2
EuPDirective
th
Directive2005/32/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilofJuly6 2005establishesa
framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energyusing products and amending
CouncilDirective92/42/EECandDirectives96/57/EC,and2000/55/ECoftheEuropeanParliament
andoftheCouncil.ThissocalledEuPDirectiveortheEcodesignDirectivedefinesforwhichtypes
ofproductsshallbeimplementingmeasuresshallbedoneandhow(EC2005).
Thedirectivepromotesenvironmentallyconsciousproductdesign(ecodesign)andcontributesto
sustainabledevelopmentbyincreasingenergyefficiencyandthelevelofenvironmentalprotection.
Ecodesign means the integration of environmental aspects in product design with the aim of
improvingtheenvironmentalperformanceoftheproductthroughoutitslifecycle.TheEuPdirective
alsoincreasesthesecurityoftheenergysupplyatthesametime.
The procedure for creating implementing measures under the EuP directive is defined in the
directive. In practice, product groups are identified by the European Commission. Preparatory
studies on these products aim to identify and recommend ways to improve the environmental
performanceofproducts.Theperformanceoftheproductsisconsideredthroughouttheirlifetimeat
theirdesignphasebasedonamethodologycalledMEEUP(methodologystudyforecodesignofthe
energyusingproducts).MEEUPdefineseightareastobeincludedineachpreparatorystudy:
1.ProductDefinition,StandardsandLegislation
2.EconomicsandMarketAnalysis
3.ConsumerAnalysisandLocalInfrastructure
4.TechnicalAnalysisofExistingProducts
5.DefinitionofBaseCase(s)
6.TechnicalAnalysisofBestAvailableTechnology(BAT)
7.ImprovementPotential
8.Policy,ImpactandSensitivityAnalysis
TheuseofMEEUPensuresthatallthenecessaryareasaretakenintoaccountinthepreparatory
studies.
The European Commission writes draft implementing measures, starting from these preparatory
studiesandconsultingthestakeholdersinconsultationforums.Thesemeasuresarevotedbythe
MemberStatesandarethengiventotheEuropeanParliamentforthefinalvote.
73
AccordingtotheEuPdirective,therequirementscanbegenericorspecificecodesignrequirements.
AgenericecodesignrequirementisbasedontheecologicalprofileofanEuP,anditdoesnotset
limitvaluesforparticularenvironmentalaspects.Aspecificecodesignrequirementisaquantified
andmeasurableecodesignrequirementrelatedtoaparticularenvironmentalaspectofanEuP,such
asenergyconsumptioncalculatedforagivenunitofoutputperformanceduringusage.
TheEuPdirectiveisaproductdirectiveandhasadirectconsequenceontheCEmarkingofthenew
products. Before an EuP covered by implementing measures is placed on the market, a CE
conformitymarkingshallbeaffixed.Adeclarationoftheconformityshallbeissuedwherebythe
manufactureroritsauthorisedrepresentativeensuresanddeclaresthattheEuPcomplieswithall
relevantprovisionsoftheapplicableimplementingmeasure.(EC2005)
LightingproductshavebeenselectedasoneofthepriorityproductgroupsintheEuPdirective.
Preparatory studies have been prepared for street, office and residential lighting products. The
outcome of these studies is two regulations in force and one under construction. The two
implementingmeasureshavebeenpublishedintheformofCommissionRegulationsandentered
th
intoforceonthe13 ofApril2009inallMemberStates:
th
Commission Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 of March 18 , 2009 implementing Directive

2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign
requirementsforfluorescentlampswithoutintegratedballast,forhighintensitydischarge
lamps,andforballastsandluminairesabletooperatesuchlamps,andrepealingDirective
2000/55/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil.
th
Commission Regulation (EC) No 244/2009 of March 18 , 2009 implementing Directive
2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and the Council with regard to ecodesign
requirementsfornondirectionalhouseholdlamps.
Theseregulationsgivegenericandspecificrequirementsforlamps,luminairesandballasts.The
directive2000/55/ECthesocalledballastdirectiveisrepealedbytheregulation245/2009one
yearaftertheregulationentersintoforce.
The Preparatory Study for Ecodesign Requirements of EuPs on "Domestic lighting Part 2:
Directionallampsandhouseholdluminaires"isalmostreadyanddiscussionwithstakeholdershas
started.
Inthelightingsector,therearethreeimplementingmeasuresoftheEuPdirective:
Regulation244/2009fornondirectionalhouseholdlamps
Regulation245/2009forfluorescentlampswithoutintegratedballast,forhighintensity
dischargelamps,andfortheirballastsandluminaires
Regulationunderconstructionfordirectionallampsandhouseholdluminaries
Regulation244/2009setsrequirementsforlampstypicallyusedinhouseholds:incandescentlamps,
halogen lamps and compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballast. The following lamps are
exemptedfromtheRegulation:(a)nonwhitelamps(chromaticitycoordinateslimitsdefined);(b)
directionallamps;(c)lampshavingaluminousfluxbelow60lumensorabove12000lumens;(d)
UVlamps(limitsaredefined);(e)fluorescentlampswithoutintegratedballast;(f)highintensity
dischargelamps;(g)incandescentlampswithE14/E27/B22/B15caps,withavoltageequaltoor
below60voltsandwithoutintegratedtransformerinStages15.Table42andTable43showhow
theregulationwillaffectthelampmarket.
74
Table42.Regulation244/2009onNondirectionalhouseholdlamps.
Stage
Date
Lamps to be banned (i.e. can not be "placed on the market" anymore)
1 Sept 2009
1 Sept 2010
1 Sept 2011
4
5
6
1 Sept 2012
1 Sept 2013
1 Sept 2016
All non-clear lamps not equivalent-class A (any power)

Clear lamps equivalent-class D, E, F, G with luminous flux 950 lm (e.g. power
100 W incandescent lamps, 230 V >60 W halogen lamps)
Clear lamps with luminous flux < 950 lm equivalent-class F, G
75 W incandescent lamps, 230 V =60 W halogen lamps)
Clear lamps with luminous flux < 725 lm equivalent-class F, G
60 W incandescent lamps, 230 V 40 W halogen lamps)
Clear lamps with luminous flux < 450 lm class F, G or equivalent
Clear lamps equivalent-class D, E, F, G any power
Enhanced functionality requirements
Poor efficiency halogens (C)
Theregulationdefinesmaximumallowedpowerforgivenluminousfluxes.Forlampswithenergylabel,itiseasytolinkthe
regulationrequirementswithclasslimits.Inthetable,theword"equivalentclass"isthenused.
1 Sep 2009 for >950 lm (80 W) A B C D E F G

for the rest
A B C D E F G

for the rest
A B C D E F G

for the rest
A B C D E F G
1 Sep 2012 for > 60 lm ( 7 W)
5
6
CFLi
HalogenC
HalogenB
GLS<60W,orconventionalhalogen
LED
GLS 60W,orconventionalhalogen
Requirement
(allowed energy
classes)
GLS 75W,orconventionalhalogen
Scope
Stage
Date
GLS100W,
orconventionalhalogen
Table43.Regulation244/2009onNondirectionalhouseholdlamps:RequirementforClearLamps.
A B C D E F G
raising quality
1 Sep 2013 requirements
A B C D E F G
special cap halogen A B C D E F G
1 Sep 2016
for the rest
A B C D E F G
Regulation245/2009appliestolamps,ballastsandluminairesgenerallyusedintertiarysector
i.e. fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast and high intensity discharge lamps. The
regulationsetsrequirementsforlamps,ballastsandluminairesseparately.Themostimportant
effectsoftheregulation245/2009are:
AllowedballastenergyefficiencyindexesA1BAT,A2BATandA2from13April2017
Efficacyandperformancerequirementsforhighpressuresodiumlampsandmetalhalide
lamps
The tertiary sector lighting regulation repeals the so called ballast directive (2000/55/EC). The
ballastdirectiveclassifiedtheballastsforfluorescentlampsaccordingtotheirenergyefficiencyand
bannedtwoofthemostinefficientclasses:ballastswithenergyefficiencyindexes(EEI)CandD.
Theregulation245/2009introducestwonewEEIs,A1BATandA2BAT,andphasesoutallother
classesbutA2andthesetwonewEEIsfrom13April2017.Thismeansphasingoutallmagnetic
ballastsastheyarenotabletoreachtheenergyefficiencyrequirements.
Bothoftheregulationsonlightingsectorusethephraseplacingonthemarket.Therequirements
aresetontheplacingonthemarketoftheproductsinthescope.Theplacingonthemarketmeans
thefirsttimetheproductismadeavailableontheEUmarket.Productsnotcomplyingwiththe
requirementscannotbeplacedonthemarketfromthegivendateon.Examplesofplacingonthe
market:
Whenonecompanymanufactures,storesandsellstheproduct,theplacingonthemarkettakes
placewhenthecompanysellstheproduct,
Inacorporationwhentheproductistransferredfromthepossessionofmanufacturing
departmenttothedistributionchain,and
ManufacturingoutsidetheEU,placingonthemarkettakesplacewhentheproductis
transportedtotheEU.
Afterbeingplacedonthemarket,theproductisallowedtobefurthersoldregardlessofthe
requirements.
4.3.3
Energyperformanceofbuildings
ThefourkeypointsoftheDirective2002/91/EContheenergyperformanceofbuildingsare(EC
2002):
acommonmethodologyforcalculatingtheintegratedenergyperformanceofbuildings;
minimumstandardsontheenergyperformanceofnewbuildingsandexistingbuildingsthat
aresubjecttomajorrenovation;
systemsfortheenergycertificationofnewandexistingbuildingsand,forpublicbuildings,
prominentdisplayofthiscertificationandotherrelevantinformation.Certificatesmustbe
lessthanfiveyearsold;
regularinspectionofboilersandcentralairconditioningsystemsinbuildingsandinaddition
anassessmentofheatinginstallationsinwhichtheboilersaremorethan15yearsold.
DeadlinefortranspositionintheMemberStateswas4.1.2006.
EN15193EnergyrequirementsforLightingLENI
TheLightingEnergyNumericIndicator(LENI)hasbeenestablishedtoshowtheannuallighting
energypermrequiredtofulfillightingrequirementsinthebuildingspecifications.
LENI
light
kWh/m /year
where
Wlighttotalannualenergyusedforlighting[kWh/year]Atotal
2
usefulfloorareaofthebuilding[m ]
(41)
76
TheLENIcanbeusedtomakedirectcomparisonsofthelightingenergyusedinbuildingswhich
havesimilarcategorieswithdifferentsizeandconfiguration.
InCEN/TC169 LightandLighting,substructureWG 9(Energyperformanceofbuildings)has
developedthestandardEN15193 Lightingenergyestimation (EN2007).Thestandardconsiders
differentaspectsofenergyconsumption,namely;
Installedload.Thisincludesallinstalledluminaires
Usageduringtheday.Thiscanbecontrolledbyusingdaylightdependentlightingcontrol and
occupancycontrolsystems.
Usageatnight.Thiscanbecontrolledbyusingoccupancycontrol
Useofconstantilluminance.Thismeanscontrolofinitialilluminance(maintenancecontrol)
Standby.Thisrepresentsparasiticpowerincontrolledlightingcomponents
Algorithmiclightingandscenesetting.Thisincludesreducedenergyconsumptionof installed
power.
Thestandardusesthebasicformulatomeasureandcalculatetheannuallightingenergyfora
building(WL,t):
WL,t=[PnxFcx{(tDxFoxFD)+(tNxFo)}]/1000kWh
(42)
Additionally,theannualparasiticpower(WP,t)fortheevaluationofstandbypowerlossesand
powerforemergencylightingcompletestheenergycalculation.
(43)
WP,t={[Ppcx{ty(tD+tN)}]+(Pemxte)}/1000kWh
where
Pn
totalluminairepowerinazone[W]
FC
constantilluminancefactor
tp
timewhenparasiticpowerisused[h]
tD
timefordaylightusage[h]
tN
timefornondaylightusage[h]
FD
daylightdependencyfactor
Fo
occupancyfactor
Ppc
parasiticpowerinazone(whichgenerallymeansstandbylosses)[W]
ty
timeinastandardyear(8760h)
Pem
totalinstalledchargingpowerforemergencylightingluminairesina
zone[W]
te
emergencylightingchargingtime[h]
Thetotalannualenergyusedforlightingis
Wlight=WL+WPkWh/year
Thestandardprovidesbothaquickmethodandacomprehensivemethod.Anexampleoftheuseof
thequickmethodisgivenbelow
W
light
6A
Pn kWh/year
(44)
1000
wheretu=(tDxFDxFO)+(tnxFO)istheeffective
usagehourAisthetotalareaofthebuilding.
77
ThevaluestD,tN,FD,FoaretabulatedinEN15193.6Aindicatestheenergy
consumptionforemergencylightingandparasiticpower.Exampleforoffices:
tu=(tDxFDxFO)+(tNxFO)tD=2250h,tN=250h,FD=
0.8,FO=0.9tu=1845h
4.3.4
EnergyEfficiencyLabel
Directive98/11/ECsetstherequirementsforenergylabelforhouseholdlamps.Inpractice,only
incandescentandcompactfluorescentlampsareincluded.Allotherlightsourcesareexcluded.It
implementsthedirective92/75/EEC,whichisanumbrellalabellingdirective.Itestablishesthat
householdappliancesshallbelabelledaccordingtotheirenergyconsumption,andthattheproduct
informationshallbeharmonised.
4.3.5
DisposalphaseofLightingEquipmentinEurope
Legislation
Thematerialcontentsandthedisposaloflightingequipmentarechieflyregulatedbytwodirectives
thatapplytoelectricalandelectronicequipment:
TheRoHSDirective:Directive2002/95/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil of
th
27 ofJanuary2003ontherestrictionoftheuseofcertainhazardoussubstancesinelectrical
andelectronicequipment
TheWEEEDirective:Directive2002/96/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncil
th
of27 ofJanuary2003onwasteelectricalandelectronicequipment
These directives complement European Union measures on landfill and incineration of waste.
Increasedrecyclingofelectricalandelectronicdeviceswilllimitthetotalquantityofwastegoingto
finaldisposal.Producers,includingmanufacturersandimporters,willberesponsiblefortakingback
andrecyclingelectricalandelectronicdevices.Thiswillprovideincentivestodesignelectricaland
electronicequipmentsinmoreenvironmentallyfriendlyandamoreefficientwayconsideringwaste
managementaspectsfully.Consumerswillbeabletoreturntheirwasteequipmentsfreeofcharge.
RoHSDirective
Thefirstdirective,RoHS,ismainlyrelatedtotheproductionphaseoftheproducts,asitdealswith
the materialcomposition oftheproducts. Itis notallowedtoput onthemarket products with
hazardous substances (heavy metals: lead, mercury, cadmium and hexavalent chromium) and
brominatedflameretardants[polybrominatedbiphenyls(PBB)orpolybrominateddiphenylethers
(PBDE)]exceedingfixedlimits(EC2003a).TheRoHSdirectiveisstronglyrelatedtothedisposal
phase.Theabsenceorlimitedamountofhazardoussubstanceswilllimitthegenerationofhazardous
waste.
AstheRoHSdirectiveisaharmonizingdirective,itapproximatesthelegislationinMemberStates.
The aim of the directive is to protect human health and the environment, and to encourage
environmentallysoundrecoveryanddisposalofwasteelectricalandelectronicequipment.
78
Thedirectiveincludesalistofexemptions.Somehazardoussubstancesmaybepresentindifferent
componentsofequipmentsusedforlighting.Forexample:
Leadinsolderingalloys,electroniccomponents,andinglass,
Cadmiuminglass,and
Mercuryindischargelamps(fluorescentlamps,highpressuresodiumlampetc.)(EC 2003a).
WEEEDirective
Theseconddirective,WEEE,aimstopreventthegenerationofwastefromelectricalandelectronic
equipment.Itpromotesthereuse,recyclingandotherwaysofrecoveryofsuchwastetoreducethe
disposal.Thedirectiveobligesproducerstoberesponsibleforthecollection,treatment,recovery
andenvironmentallysounddisposalofWEEE.Itappliesalsotolightingequipmentinwhichthe
followingproductsareincluded:
Luminairesforfluorescentlampsexceptluminairesinhouseholds,
Straight(linear)fluorescentlamps,
Compactfluorescentlamps,
Highintensitydischargelamps,includinghighpressuresodiumlampsandmetalhalide
lamps,
Lowpressuresodiumlamps,and
Otherlightingorequipmentforthepurposeofspreadingorcontrollinglightexceptfilament
bulbs(EC2003b).
Ballasts are notexplicitly mentioned. In the common case where luminaires are equipped with
ballasts,theballastsareconsideredaspartoftheluminaire.Thereisatrendtoconsiderseparate
ballastsalsoasproductsunderWEEEdirective.BareLEDsarenotincludedinthedirectivesas
lamps.However,whenLEDsareequippedwithreflectors,lenses,theyareconsideredasluminaires
andthenasproductsunderthescopeofWEEEdirective.
Example:thelampscase
Inthefollowing,materialcomposition,anddisposalphaseandrecyclingtechniquesoflampswillbe
discussed.
Materialcompositionoflamps
Lampsaremadeofcomponentswhichcanbegroupedas:
lampstructure(lampenvelope,metalsupportparts,cap)
electricalparts(electrodes,filaments,wiring,ballast)
lampenvelopeadditives(inertgas,getter,emitter,mercury,sodium,metalhalides,
fluorescentpowder)
Thecomponentmaterialsareselectedfortheirchemicalorphysicalpropertiesforoptimallight
emissionproperties.TheaveragematerialcompositionoflampsisdescribedinTable44.HIDlamp
groupincludesmanydifferentlamptypes.Metalhalidelamps(MH)areselectedtorepresentindoor
applicationsandhighpressuresodium(HPS)lampsareselectedtorepresentoutdoorapplications.
79
Table44.Materialcompositionoftypicallamprepresentatives(ELC2009a).
Lamp Group
Example
GLS
Halogen
Fluorescent
CFLintegrated
CFL-nonintegrated
HID
60W
35W
36W
11W
Total
33
2.5
120
120
Glass
30
2
115
65
Metals
3
0.5
3
4
13W
55
40
195
105
42
44.5
MHL400W 240
HPS150W 150
Weight [g]
Electronics
---25
Plastics
---25
rest
0.01
0.01
2
1
--
10
---
---
3
0.05
Therestarethelampenvelopeadditivesincludingelectrodes,cappingpasteandceramicparts(ELC
2009a).
DisposalPhaseoflamps
Themaingoalsoflamprecyclingaretherecoveryofthemercuryandtheneutralisationofthe
sodiummetal.Gasdischargelampscontainmercury,whereasincandescentlampsarefreefrom
mercury and other environmental sensitive substances. Recycling of glass and metal from
incandescentlampsisnotacommonpractiseasitisnoteconomicallyfeasible.
Recyclingtechniquesforfluorescentlamps
Basically,twotypesoftechniquesareutilizedforrecyclingoffluorescentlamps.Onetechniqueis
knownasendcut,aprocessbywhichbothendsofthefluorescenttubeareremovedbeforethe
materialsareseparatedandprocessedtoahighpurityproduct.Theothertechniqueisknownas
shredder(crushandsieve).Itcrushesthecompleteproductandthevariousingredientsareseparated
and processed after crushing. All the recovered materials can be reused in different types of
applications.Table45showsanoverviewofthematerialcomponentsandtheiroutletchannels.The
lampmanufacturersbuymanyfractionsoftherecoveredmaterials.Theyusethesematerialfractions
tosubstituteforthevirginmaterialandthislastprocessclosesthelifecycleloop(ELC,2009b).
Table45.Overviewofrecoveredmaterialsandtheircustomers(ELC2009b).
Materials
Glass
Metal
Alu-cap
Brass
Fluorescent powder, glass powder
(mercury containing or mercury-free)
Mercury after distillation
Customer
Lamp industry
Glass industry
Glass bricks/concrete bricks
Lamp industry
Controlled landfill
Mercury industry
Lamp industry
Generalconsiderationsondisposalphaseforthefinaluser
TheRoHSandWEEEdirectivesareimportantnotonlyintermsofenvironmentalissues,butalsoin
thelifecycleanalysis(LCA)framework.Althoughstudieshaveshownthatthemain
80
environmental impact of lighting equipment occurs during their useful life time (energy
consumptionduringoperation),thedisposalphaseisstilltobecorrectlytakenintoaccount.Withthe
progressiveshiftfromincandescentlamps toenergyefficientlamps,itis importanttoconsider
proper disposal of these energy efficient light sources containing environmentally sensitive
substanceslikeheavymetals.
Themanufacturersareresponsiblefortheprocessduringproduction.Theconsumeroftheproducts
should also be involved actively in the disposal process to reduce the harmful effects of the
environmentallysensitivesubstances.Thiswillhelptheendusersgetthemaximumbenefitofthe
products.Inpractice,thereareatleasttwoimportantaspects:
Procedures,infrastructures,availabilityofphysicaltools(containersforcollectionofburned
outlamps)
Knowledgeandconsciousnessofthevarioustypesofconsumers(buildingenergymanagers,
technicalofficers).
ThepracticaladoptionoftheWEEEdirectiveisinprogress,butthesituationisdifferentinthe
differentMemberStates.
4.3.6
Notes
Dedicatedlegislationonlightingdesignisunavailable.Requestsinthiscontextaremadebyvarious
stakeholderstodealproperlywithenergysavingsinlightinginstallations.Alsoacomplementary
legislationoninstallationphaseisadvisable.
Averyimportantconsequenceofthelegislationisthedrivingeffectonthemarkettrends.For
example,theEnergyLabelhelpsconsumerstochoosetherightproductbyshowingtheenergy
efficiency of different products on a common scale. The Ecodesign regulations, establishing
minimum requirement for products and putting those products on the market, will in practice
progressivelybananumberoflessefficientproducts.Theseregulations,inturn,willprovidethe
buyers with comprehensive product information, helping them to select the most appropriate
products.
It is important to highlight that the full process of developing a regulation involves intensive
discussionwithstakeholdersandinterestedpartiestoguaranteethattheregulationwillbeeffective
and the objectives are really achievable. For example, a sufficient timeframe is given to
manufacturerstoredesigntheirproducts,costimpactsforconsumersandmanufacturers(particularly
smallandmediumenterprises)aretakenintoaccount,andparticularemphasisisgivenformarket
surveillanceandconformityassessment.
4.3.7
Reviewofstandardsonelectricandelectromagneticaspects
IECstandard
TheharmonicemissionlimitsforlightingequipmentwereatfirstspecifiedinthestandardIEC
100032,entitled"Harmoniclimitsforlowvoltageapparatus<16A"inwhichlightingequipmentis
definedas classC equipment(IEC,2005).TheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)
setsforththelimitsforharmonicsinthecurrentofsmallsinglephaseorthreephaseloads(lessthan
16A current perphase)in Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)Part32:Limits forharmonic
currentemissions(fromIEC6100032).ThelasteditionofthisstandardisIEC6100032Ed.3.0
b:2005.
81
CENELECstandard
ThetextoftheIECstandardwasapprovedbyCENELECasEuropeanStandardEN6100032
Limitsforharmoniccurrentemissions (equipmentinputcurrentuptoandincluding16Aper
phase).IECstandarddescribesatotalharmonicdistortion(THD i)forcurrentoflessthan33%and
a powerfactor(PF)ofmorethan 0.95forlightingequipment. Nolimits applyforlamps with
integratedballasts,dimmers,andsocalledsemiluminarieswithanactivepoweroflessthan25W.
Inpractice,thismeansthattherearestillnoemissionlimitsforintegralcompactfluorescentlamps.
Equipmentthatdrawscurrentbetween16Aand75AperphaseiscoveredbyIEC/TS61000312.
HarmonicsmeasurementandevaluationmethodsforbothstandardsaregovernedbyIEC6100047.
EuropeanUnionEMCDirective
TheEUElectromagneticCompatibility(EMC)Directivealsodealswithharmonicemissionlevels.
TheEuropeanEMCDirectivedoesnotspecifyemissionlevels,asitisrathergeneral.Forlighting
equipment,manufacturersmustshowthattheycomplywiththeEMCDirectivebygivingreference
tootherstandardswhicharelistedintheEU'sofficialjournals.
ANSI/IEEEstandards
The US standards do not specify any emission limits for equipment. IEEE Standard 5191992
"RecommendedPracticesandRequirementsforHarmonicControlinElectricalPowerSystems"
only provides the guidelines for permissible injections of harmonic currents from individual
customers(includingonlyforlighting)intothepowersystem(IEEE,1992).TheIEEESinglePhase
HarmonicsTaskForce(P1495)isdevelopingastandardforsinglephaseloadsoflessthan40A.
Thereis,however,stillnoagreementonwhatsuchlimitsshouldbe,orwhetherlimitsareeven
needed.MostoftheongoingworksbytheIEEEregardingharmonicstandardsdevelopmenthas
shiftedtomodifyingtheStandard5191992(McGranaghan2001).
IEEEStandard5191992providesrecommendedlimitsforharmoniclevelsatthepointofcommon
coupling (PCC) between the customer and the power system (the location from where other
customerscouldbesupplied).TherecommendedvoltagedistortionlimitforthePCCis5%forthe
totalharmonicdistortion(THDi)and3%forindividualharmonics.Thetaskforceworkingonthe
revisiontoStandard519isconsideringhigherlimitsfortheinteriorsofthefacilityandmakingthese
limitsfrequencydependent.ThelimitsspecifiedinIECforlowvoltagesystemsallowTHD iof8%
andincludelimitsforindividualharmoniccomponents,whichdecreasewithfrequency.
Theharmonicfilterworkinggroup,whichispartofthecapacitorsubcommittee,hascompleteda
harmonicfilterdesignguideknownasIEEEStandard1531(IEEE,2003).Anumberofdifferences
betweenEuropeanandUSpowersystems(IEEE2002)suggestthatanyharmoniclimitsfortheUS
should be different from the IEC standard. The European system uses no neutral on overhead
mediumvoltagedistributionandacablesheathfortheundergroundportion,andtheyusedeltawye
transformerstostepdownthevoltageto400/230V.Asaresult,itislesssusceptibletotripled(3,6,
9etc.)harmonicdistortionthantheUSsystem.TheEuropeansystemincludesextensive400/230V
secondarydistribution,creatinghigherimpedanceutilitydistributionthantheUSsystem.TheUS
systemhashighersecondaryimpedancebeyondthepointofcommoncoupling,however,becauseof
smallerdistributiontransformersused.
82
HarmonicCurrentsLimits
EuropeanStandards
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) adopted a philosophy of obliging
manufacturerstolimittheirproductsconsumptionofcurrentharmonicsintheirstandardIEC61000
32(IEC2005).Thisstandardappliestoallsinglephaseandthreephaseloadsratedatlessthan16
Acurrentperphase.ThestandardclassifieselectricalloadsasshowninTable46.Thestandardas
originallypublishedusedtheclassificationsontheleftsideofthetable,withthespecialwaveform
definedinFigure48.Thespecialwaveformisthelimitingenvelopeforthecurrentwaveform.The
currenthastofallwithinthiswaveformforeachhalfcycle95%ofthetime.Afternegotiationswith
manufacturerswhoopposedtothelimits,AmendmentA14,withitsclassificationsontherightside
oftheTable46,waspublished.Themanufacturershadthreeyearstimebywhichtheycoulduse
eitherofthesetsofclassifications(IAEEL1995,Fenical2000).TheamendmentA14hasbeenin
st
forcesinceJanuary1 2004.Theharmoniccurrentlimitsareforindividualharmonics,anddonot
specifytotalharmonicdistortion(THDi).TheselimitsaregiveninTable47andTable48.
Table46.EN6100032equipment(lighting)classification.
Classifications (original)
Class A: Balanced 3 phase equipments, single
phase equipment not in other classes.
Class C: Lighting equipment over 25 W.
Amendment A14 Classifications

Class A: Balanced 3 phase equipments,
household appliances excluding equipment
identified as class D, tools (except portable),
dimmers for incandescent lamps (but not other
lighting equipment), and audio equipment,
anything not otherwise classified.
Class C: All lighting equipment except
incandescent lamp dimmers.
Another important clarification in the version of November 2005 is that the current harmonics
measurementmustbedoneonthelineconductorandnotontheneutralconductor(IEC,2005).
However,forsinglephaseapplicationsthiscanbedoneontheneutralconductorbutnotinthree
phaseapplicationswherethevaluescandiffersignificantlyiftheEUTisnotbalanced.
i/ip
/3
/3
/3
0.35
/2
83
Figure48.Limitingenvelopeforthecurrentwaveform.
Table47.HarmonicslimitforClassAequipment(IEC2005,Abidin2006).
Harmonic order
n
3
5
7
9
11
13
15 n 39
2
4
6
8 n 40
Maximum permissible
harmonic current (A)
Odd harmonics
2.30
1.14
0.77
0.40
0.33
0.21
2.25/n
Even harmonics
1.08
0.43
0.3
1.84/n
Table48.HarmonicslimitforClassCequipment(IEC2005,Abidin2006).
Harmonic order
n
2
3
5
7
9
11 n 39
Maximum permissible
harmonic current
(% of fundamental)
2
30 x circuit power factor
10
7
5
3
AmericanRecommendations
IEEEhasdraftedaguidetolimitharmoniccurrentconsumptionbysinglephaseloadsratedless
than600Vand40A(Pacificorp1998,IEEE1992).Thisdraftguidedividestheloadsintotwo
classes.Theyarelistedbelow:
1. HigherwattagenonlinearloadslikeheatpumpsandEVbatterychargersaswellaslarge
concentrationsoflowerwattagedeviceslikecomputerworkstationsandelectronicballastsfound
intypicalcommercialofficesandbusinesses(Pacificorp1998).Therecommendedmaximum
levelsofcurrentdistortionallowedfortheseloadsareshowninTable49.Theguidealsosuggests
a minimum power factor of 0.95 for the high wattage loads. Maximum THD i is 15% and
rd
Maximum3 harmoniccurrentis10%.
84
2.Lowerwattagenonlinearloadsnotconcentratedinasmallarea(Pacificorp1998).Table49
rd
showstherecommendedlimits.FortheseloadsmaximumTHDiis30%andmaximum3
harmoniccurrentis20%.
Table49.RecommendedFullLoadHarmonicCurrentLimitsforEquipment.
Equipment
All lighting, motor drives, and other equipment
sharing a common electrical bus or panel with
sensitive electronic loads
All fluorescent lighting, including compact
fluorescent
Limit (%THDi
for current)
15
30
Electricaldevices,suchascomputersandfluorescentlightingsystems,cansendharmonicwave
formsatmanyfrequenciesbackontothepowersupplyline,therebydistortingthewaveformofthe
supply current. For 4 feet long lamps, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
recommendsaTHDi limitof32%butsomeelectricutilitiesonlyprovidefinancialincentivesfor
ballaststhatproduceTHDi oflessthan20%.Ballasts thatproduceTHD i oflessthan10%are
availableforinstallationswithcriticalpowerrequirements(Lightcorp2009).
Fluorescentelectronicballastsshallcomplywiththefollowingratings(Indiana2006).
98%
minimumpowerfactor
maximumTHDi
20%
rd
maximum3 harmonicdistortion
10%
TheelectronicballastsalsoaretocomplywiththeFCC(FederalCommunicationsCommission)
Regulations,Part15,andSubpartJforelectromagneticinterference.
4.4Examplesoflightingrelatedenergyprograms
4.4.1
ENERGYSTAR
TheENERGYSTARprogramwasinitiatedintheUSbuthasnowspreadglobally,workswith
manufacturers,nationalandregionalretailers,stateandlocalgovernments,andutilitiestoestablish
energyefficiencycriteria,labelproducts,andpromotethemanufactureanduseofENERGYSTAR
products. ENERGY STAR products include clothes washers, refrigerators/freezers, dishwashers,
roomairconditioners,windows,doorsandskylights,residentialwaterheaters,compactfluorescent
lamps,andsolidstatelightingluminaires.In2006theENERGYSTARprogramloweredthetotal
energy consumption of t he year by almost 5%. On the ENERGY STAR webpage
(www.enenrgystar.gov)thereisinformationabouttheproductsthathavequalifiedtoachievethe
ENERGYSTAR.ForinstanceforCFLsthereislistofproductswithwattage,lightoutput,lamplife,
colortemperature,andmodeltype.ToqualifyabareCFLlampefficacyshouldbeatleast50lm/W,
ifthelamppowerislessthan10W,55lm/W10Wlamppower<15Wand65lm/Wwhenlamp
powerismorethanorequalto15W.Detailedspecificationsaregivenfore.g.colorquality(CRI
80),startingandrunuptime,andpowerfactor.Thelamplifeisconsideredwithrapidcyclestress
testandlumenmaintenanceduringburninghours(ENERGYSTAR2008).ForCFLs,theENERGY
STARwebpagesprovideabuyersguideandinformationonhowtheywork,theirrecycling,andthe
amountofmercury.
85
4.4.2
TopRunnerprogram
TheTopRunnerprogramwascreatedinJapanas acountermeasurefortheincreaseofenergy
consumptiononresidential,commercialandtransportationsectors.Theprogramisincorporatedin
theJapaneselegislationforenergyconservation,andrequiresmanufacturerstoimprovetheenergy
performance of their machinery and equipment. Few examples of the products involved are
fluorescentlamps,computers,freezers,refrigerators,TVs,VCRs.
Expectationsregardingtheroleofenergyconservationareincreasingduetoglobalenvironmental
problems. Therefore, the requirements for improving the energy efficiency of machinery and
equipmentasmuchaspossiblearenowareality.TheTopRunnerprogramhascomeintoexistence
inlightofthissituation.TheTopRunnerprogramuses,asabasevalue,thevalueoftheproduct
withthehighestenergyefficiencyonthemarketatthetimeofthestandardestablishmentprocess
andsetsstandardvaluesbyconsideringpotentialtechnologicalimprovementsaddedasefficiency
improvements.Naturally,targetstandardvaluesareextremelyhigh.
Fortargetachievementevaluation,manufacturershavetomakesurethattheweightedaveragevalue
meets or exceeds the target standard value. While this system gives manufacturers substantial
technologicalandeconomicburdens,theindustryshouldconductsubstantialpriornegotiationson
possibilityofachievingstandardvaluesandadoptsalespromotionmeasuresforproductsthathave
achievedtargetvalues.
Withfluorescentlamps,targetfiscalyearwasfulfilledinFY2005,thetotalluminousefficacy
(lm/W)wasimprovedbyapproximately35.7%fromFY1997.Itwasinitiallyassumedthatthe
improvementratewasapproximately16.6%(TopRunner2008).
86
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The major international organization in charge of coordinating the management of standards,

NON VISUAL EFFECTS

Illuminance (horizontal) on task area

Commission Regulation (EC) No 245/2009 of March 18 , 2009 implementing Directive

Lamps to be banned (i.e. can not be "placed on the market" anymore)

All non-clear lamps not equivalent-class A (any power)

1 Sep 2009 for >950 lm (80 W) A B C D E F G

1 Sep 2010 for >725 lm (65 W) A B C D E F G

1 Sep 2011 for >450 lm (45 W) A B C D E F G

1 Sep 2012 for > 60 lm ( 7 W)

Class C: Lighting equipment over 25 W.

Amendment A14 Classifications

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