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Canada is the second largest country in the world varying in climate from permafrost in the north to
four distinct seasons nearer the equator;
The International Boundary is the longest border between two nations. It is the 5,525 mile (over 8890
kilometers) border between Canada and the United States;
7% of Canadas land is covered with over 2 million lakes;
An estimated 14% of worlds fresh water supply is located in Canada;
Canada has 10 provinces and 3 territories. The capital city is Ottawa;
The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and
Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The three
territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon.
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European exploration began in earnest in 1497 with the expedition of John Cabot, who was the first to
draw a map of Canadas East Coast;
Between 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for
King Francis I of France. Cartier heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word kanata,
meaning village. By the 1550s, the name of Canada began appearing on maps;
When Europeans explored Canada they found all regions occupied by native people they called
Indians, because the first explorers thought they had reached the East Indies. The native people lived
off the land, some by hunting and gathering, others by raising crops;
The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists changed the native way of life
forever. Large numbers of Aboriginals died of European diseases to which they lacked immunity.
However, Aboriginals and Europeans formed strong economic, religious and military bonds in the
first 200 years of coexistence which laid the foundations of Canada;
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English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, dating from the early 1600s, eventually became richer
and more populous than the French ones;
In the 1700s France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. In 1759, the British
defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Qubec City marking the end of
Frances empire in America;
Following the war, Great Britain renamed the colony the Province of Quebec. The French-speaking
Catholic people, known as habitants or Canadians, strove to preserve their way of life in the Englishspeaking, Protestant-ruled British Empire.
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In 1793, Upper Canada became the first province in the Empire to move toward abolition of slavery;
In 1807, the British Parliament prohibited the buying and selling of slaves, and in 1833 abolished
slavery throughout the Empire;
Thousands of slaves escaped from the United States, followed the North Star and settled in Canada
via the Underground Railroad, a Christian anti-slavery network;
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Canada Day is the national day of Canada, a holiday celebrating the anniversary of the July 1, 1867,
enactment of the British North America Act, 1867 (today called the Constitution Act, 1867), which
united three colonies into a single country called Canada within the British Empire;
Most communities across the country will host organized celebrations for Canada Day, usually
outdoor public events, such as parades, carnivals, festivals, barbecues, air and maritime shows,
fireworks, and free musical concerts, as well as citizenship ceremonies for new citizens.
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Canada is a parliamentary democracy, a federation and a constitutional monarchy;
The federal government is made up of: The Head of State (Queen Elizabeth II and The Governor
General that represents her), The House of Commons (members of Parliament that make the laws),
The Head of Government (Prime Minister that chooses members of Parliament and the Senate) and
The Senate that reviews the laws proposed by The House of Commons;
As of 2014, at least eight countries have converted fully to polymer banknotes. Such notes incorporate
many security features not available to paper banknotes, including the use of metameric inks; they

also last significantly longer than paper notes, resulting in a decrease in environmental impact and a
reduction of production and replacement cost.
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Canada uses the Canadian Dollar;
There are no 1 or 2 dollar bills in Canada, they have been replaced by the 1 and 2 dollar coins the
loonie and the toonie;
Canadian dollars are brightly coloured and easy to distinguish, which shows Canadas cultural pride;
The newest Canadian bills, released in 2011, are made of polymer instead of paper. Such notes
incorporate many security features not available to paper banknotes.
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Canada was a founder member of the Commonwealth in 1931 when its independence was recognised
under the Statute of Westminster, and Arnold Smith of Canada was the first Commonwealth
Secretary-General;
Canada is also the largest country of the Commonwealth (10 million square kilometres);
Canada funds the Commonwealth and its institutions through assessed contributions as a member
state of the Commonwealth, and through voluntary contributions for specific projects and programs,
with the amounts determined at Canadas discretion. Key institutional partners include the
Commonwealth Secretariat, the Commonwealth Foundation, and the Commonwealth of Learning.
Canadas support to the Commonwealth of Learning contributes to helping member governments
provide increased access to affordable, quality education and training opportunities for those who
need it most, particularly women and girls, using open, distance and technology-based approaches.
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It is common in Canada for people who dont know you to greet you with Hi! or How are you?
when walking down the street;
In Quebec, kissing on the cheeks in the French manner is quite common. When close friends and
family meet in Quebec, they use first names and kiss both cheeks;
It is considered rude to speak in a foreign language in the presence of others who do not understand
what is being said;
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Most Canadians only allow guests in rooms of their home that they have designated as public or
guest rooms;
Many Canadians are non-smokers and they do not allow smoking in their homes or vehicles;
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Recycling and not littering are valued behaviours;
Bargaining or haggling is not a common practice in Canada other than for buying particularly
expensive objects like houses or cars;
When in Quebec, learn a little French; Qubcois greatly appreciate it when you take the effort to talk
to them in their native language;
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Punctuality is important, but arriving 15 minutes late for a dinner party is acceptable;
Canadians usually have three meals a day;
Eating while walking in public is unacceptable;
Politely refusing food in Canada is unlikely to cause offence;
15% tips are expected at restaurants;
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In Canada, most people eat with the fork in the left hand and the knife in the right hand for foods that
require cutting;
Elbows should never be on the table when eating;
After finishing a meal, eating utensils should be placed on the plate;