Brazil

This article is about the country. For other uses, see A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had
Brazil (disambiguation).
one of the worlds fastest growing major economies, with
its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and inuence.[19] Brazils national deCoordinates: 10S 52W / 10S 52W
velopment bank plays an important role for the counBrazil ( i /brzl/; Portuguese: Brasil [baziw] [11] ), of- trys economic growth.[20] Brazil is a founding member of
cially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul,
Repblica Federativa do Brasil,
listen [12] ), is the Organization of American States, Organization of Iberolargest country in both South America and the Latin American States, CPLP and the Latin Union. Brazil is a
American region. It is the worlds fth-largest country, regional power in Latin America and a middle power in
both by geographical area and by population.[13] It is the international aairs,[21] with some analysts identifying it
largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world, and the as an emerging global power.[22] One of the worlds maonly one in the Americas.[14]
jor breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of
[23]
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coee for the last 150 years.
coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi).[15] It borders all other
South American countries except Ecuador and Chile
and occupies 47.3 percent of the continent of South
America.[16] Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological 1 Etymology
systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats.[15] This unique environmental
heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Main article: Name of Brazil
and is the subject of signicant global interest and debate
regarding deforestation and environmental protection.
The word Brazil comes from brazilwood, a tree that
Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.[24] In Porthe landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro lvares Cabral, tuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word
who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil brasil commonly given the etymology red like an emremained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the cap- ber, formed from Latin brasa (ember) and the sufital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de x -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[25] As brazilwood proJaneiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank duces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the Euof kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom ropean cloth industry and was the earliest commercially
of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was exploited product from Brazil.[26] Throughout the 16th
achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested
Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian
monarchy and a parliamentary system. The ratica- coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly
tion of the rst constitution in 1824 led to the forma- Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted Eurotion of a bicameral legislature, now called the National pean consumer goods.[27]
Congress. The country became a presidential republic
The ocial Portuguese name of the land, in original Porin 1889 following a military coup d'tat. An authoritartuguese records, was the Land of the Holy Cross (Terra
ian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until
da Santa Cruz),[28] but European sailors and merchants
1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazils
commonly called it simply the Land of Brazil (Terra do
current constitution, formulated in 1988, denes it as a
Brasil)
on account of the brazilwood trade.[29] The popfederal republic.[17] The federation is composed of the
ular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the
union of the Federal District, the 26 states, and the 5,570
ocial Portuguese name. Early sailors sometimes also
municipalities. Brazil has the worlds highest population
called it the Land of Parrots (Terra di Papaga).[30]
of Roman Catholics and is the worlds most populous
In the Guarani language, an ocial language of Paraguay,
Catholic-majority country.
Brazil is called Pindorama. This was the name the inBrazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal
digenous population gave to the region, meaning land of
GDP and seventh-largest by GDP (PPP) as of 2015.[8][18]
the palm trees.[31]
1

History

HISTORY

economic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations.[41]

Main article: History of Brazil

2.2 Portuguese colonization

2.1

Pre-Cabraline era

Main article: Colonial Brazil

The land now called Brazil was claimed for the

Main article: Pre-Cabraline Brazil

One of the earliest human remains found in the

Representation of the landing of Pedro lvares Cabral in Porto

Seguro, 1500.

Megaliths in the Solstice Archaeological Park, in Amap, erected

between 500 and 2000 years ago, probably to carry out
astronomical observations.

Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro

Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.[32][33]
The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and
radiocarbon dated to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near Santarm and provides evidence that
the tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric
culture.[34]
Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory
of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,[35] mostly semi-nomadic who
subsisted on hunting, shing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The indigenous population of Brazil comprised
several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g. the Tupis,
Guaranis, Gs and Arawaks). The Tup people were subdivided into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambs, and there
were also many subdivision of the other groups.[36]
Before the arrival of Europeans, the boundaries between
these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars
that arose from dierences in culture, language and moral
beliefs.[37] These wars also involved large-scale military
actions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on
POWs.[38][39] While heredity had some weight, leadership status was more subdued over time, than allocated
in succession ceremonies and conventions.[40] Slavery
among the Indians had a dierent meaning than it had
for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socio-

Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival

of the Portuguese eet commanded by Pedro lvares
Cabral.[42] The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the TupiGuarani family, and fought among
themselves.[43] Though the rst settlement was founded in
1532, colonization was eectively begun in 1534, when
King Dom Joo III of Portugal divided the territory into
the fteen private and autonomous Captaincy Colonies of
Brazil.[44][45]
However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincy colonies proved problematic, and
in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into
the Governorate General of Brazil, a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.[45][46] In
the rst two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and
European groups lived in constant war, establishing
opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against
each other.[47][48][49][50] By the mid-16th century, cane
sugar had become Brazils most important exportation product,[43][51] and slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan
Africa, in the slave market of Western Africa[52] (not only
those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola
and Mozambique), had become its largest import,[53][54]
to cope with plantations of sugarcane, due to increasing
international demand for Brazilian sugar.[55][56]
By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began
to decline,[57] and the discovery of gold by bandeirantes
in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the
colonys economy, fostering a Brazilian Gold Rush,[58] attracting thousands of new settlers to Brazil, from Portugal
and all Portuguese colonies around the World,[59] which
in turn caused some conicts between newcomers and old
settlers.[60]

2.4

Independent Empire

Painting showing the arrest of Tiradentes; he was sentenced to

death for his involvement in the best known movement for independence in Colonial Brazil.

3
transatlantic monarchic state.[69] However, such a ploy
didn't last long, since the leadership in Portugal resentful with the new status of its larger colony, continued to
require the return of court to Lisbon (as postulated by
the Liberal Revolution of 1820), as well as groups of
Brazilians, impatient for practical and real changes still
demanded independence and a republic, as showed by
the 1817 Pernambucan Revolt.[69] In 1821, as a demand
of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto,[70] D.
Joo VI was unable to hold out any longer, and departed
for Lisbon. There he swore oath to the new constitution,
leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcntara, as Regent of
the Kingdom of Brazil.[71]

2.4 Independent Empire

Portuguese expeditions known as Bandeiras gradually
advanced the Portugal colonial original frontiers in Main articles: Independence of Brazil and Empire of
South America to approximately the current Brazilian Brazil
borders.[61][62] In this era other European powers tried to Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased,
colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese
had to ght, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s,
in Maranho during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia
and Pernambuco, during the DutchPortuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union.[63]
The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had
two objectives that would ensure colonial order, and
the monopoly of its wealthiest and largest colony: both
keep under control and eradicate all forms of slaves
rebellion and resistance, such as the Quilombo of Palmares,[64] as well as repress all movements for autonomy
or independence, such as the Minas Conspiracy.[65]
Declaration of the Brazilian independence by the later Emperor
Pedro I on September 7, 1822.

2.3

United Kingdom with Portugal

Main article: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and

the Algarves
In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened
the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent Joo, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the
royal court from Lisbon to Brazil.[66] There they established some of Brazils rst nancial institutions, such as
its local stock exchanges,[67] a National Bank, and ended
the monopoly of the colony trade with Portugal, opening
it to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced
into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana.[68]
With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts
of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent Joo return to Portugal, deeming it unt for the head
of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony.
In 1815, in order to justify continuing to live in Brazil,
where the royal court had thrived for the past six years,
the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal,
Brazil, and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental

and the Portuguese Cortes, guided by the new political

regime imposed by the 1820 Liberal Revolution, tried to
re-establish Brazil as a colony.[72] The Brazilians refused
to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them,
declaring the countrys independence from Portugal on 7
September 1822.[73] A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the rst Emperor of Brazil, with the regnal title of
Dom Pedro I, resulting in the foundation of the Empire
of Brazil.[74]
The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun along this process, spread through northern,
northeastern regions and in Cisplatina province.[75] With
the last Portuguese soldiers surrendering on 8 March
1824,[76] Portugal ocially recognized Brazil on 29 August 1825.[77]
In 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative
turmoil and political dissensions with both liberal and
conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of
republican secession,[78] as well as unreconciled with the
way that absolutists in Portugal had given to the succession of King John VI, Pedro I went to Portugal to reclaim
his daughters crown, abdicating the Brazilian throne in
favor of his ve-year-old son and heir (who thus became

HISTORY

the Empires second monarch, with the regnal title of three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro
Dom Pedro II).[79]
II. These were the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and
the devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war eort in
Brazilian history.[86][87]
On 15 November 1889, worn out by years of economic
stagnation, in attrition with the majority of Army ocers, as well as with rural and nancial elites (for dierent reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military
coup.[88]

2.5 Early republic

Proclamation of the Republic, 1893, oil on canvas by Benedito

Calixto (18531927).

Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil between 1831 and 1889.

As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional

powers until he became of age, a regency was set up by
the National Assembly.[80] In the absence of a charismatic
gure who could represent a moderate face of power,
during this period a series of localized rebellions took
place, as the Cabanagem, the Mal Revolt, the Balaiada,
the Sabinada, and the Ragamun War, which emerged
from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central
power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar of a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation
state.[81] This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the Praieira revolt, was overcome
only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the
regency, which occurred with the premature coronation In half of the rst 100 years of republic in Brazil, the Army exercised power directly or through gures like Getlio Vargas (cenof Pedro II in 1841.[82]
During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political
debate was centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic
slave trade was abandoned in 1850,[83] as a result of the
British' Aberdeen Act, but only in May 1888 after a long
process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical
and legal dismantling of slavery in the country, was the
institution formally abolished.[84]
The foreign aairs in the monarchy were basically related issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with
which Brazil has borders. Long after the Cisplatine War
that resulted in independence for Uruguay,[85] Brazil won

ter).

Main articles: Repblica Velha, Estado Novo (Brazil)

and Second Brazilian Republic
The early republican government was little more than a
military dictatorship, with army dominating aairs both
at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press
disappeared and elections were controlled by those in
power.[89] In 1894, following the unfoldings of two severe crises, an economic along with a military one, the
republican civilians rose to power.[90][91][92]

2.6

Contemporary era

Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by

these crises undermined the regime to such an extent,
that by 1930 in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate
Getlio Vargas supported by most of the military, led a
successful revolt.[93][94] Vargas was supposed to assume
power temporarily, but instead closed the Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states governors with his own
supporters.[95][96]
In the 1930s, three major attempts to remove Vargas and
his supporters from power occurred: in the second half
of 1932, in November 1935, and in May 1938.[97][98][99]
Being the second one, the communist revolt, used as an
excuse for the preclusion of elections, put into eect by a
coup d'tat in 1937, which made the Vargas regime a full
dictatorship, noted for its brutality and censorship of the
press.[100]
In foreign policy, the success in resolving border disputes
with neighboring countries in the early years of the republican period,[101] was followed by a failed attempt to
exert a prominent role in the League of Nations,[102] after its involvement in World War I.[103][104] In World War
II Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the
country entered on the allied side,[105][106] after suering retaliations undertaken by Nazi Germany and Fascist
Italy, due to the country having severed diplomatic relations with Axis powers in the wake of the Pan-American
Conference.[107]

Construction of Braslia, the new capital, in 1959

it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[119] The oppression was not limited to only those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to
ght the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil
society,[120][121] inside and outside the country (through
the infamous "Operation Condor").[122][123] Despite its
brutality, like other totalitarian regimes in history, due
to an economic boom, known as an economic miracle,
the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the
early 1970s.[124]

With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazifascist regimes in Europe, Vargass position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with Democracy being reinstated by the
same army that had discontinued it 15 years before.[108]
Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in
1950.[109][110]

2.6

Contemporary era

Main articles: Brazilian military government and History

of Brazil since 1985
Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargass suicide.[111] Juscelino Kubitschek became president
in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the
political opposition that allowed him to govern without
major crises.[112] The economy and industrial sector grew
remarkably,[113] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Braslia, inaugurated
in 1960.[114] His successor was Jnio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking oce.[115]
His vice-president, Joo Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[116] and
was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a
military regime.[117]
The new regime was intended to be transitory[118]

Soldiers guarding the Guanabara Palace in Rio de Janeiro during

the 1964 Brazilian coup d'tat.

Slowly however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial

power that had not slowed the repression, even after the
but defeat of the leftist guerrillas,[125] plus the inability to deal

6
with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the
regime side was led by Generals Geisel and Golbery.[126]
With the enactment of the Amnesty Law in 1979, Brazil
began its slow return to democracy, which would be completed during the 1980s.[82]
Civilians returned to power in 1985 when Jos Sarney
assumed the presidency, becoming unpopular during his
tenure due to his failure in controlling the economic crisis
and hyperination inherited from the military regime.[127]
Sarneys unsuccessful government allowed the election
in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who
was subsequently impeached by the National Congress
in 1992.[128] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President
Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced
a highly successful Plano Real,[129] that, after decades of
failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperination, nally granted stability
to the Brazilian economy,[130][131] leading Cardoso to be
elected that year, and again in 1998.[132]

GEOGRAPHY

proposal, PEC 37, which is interpreted by some as an

attempt to curb repression of corruption[138][139] ). Thus
it became a movement containing conicting ideologies,
with so far no single political agenda nor recognizable
leadership.[140][141][142]

3 Geography

Topographic map of Brazil

Ulysses Guimares holding the Constitution of 1988 in his hands.

The peaceful transition of power from Fernando Henrique to his main opposition leader, Lus Incio Lula da
Silva, who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006,
proved that Brazil had nally succeeded in achieving its
long-sought political stability.[133] Lula was succeeded in
2011 by the current president, Dilma Rousse, the countrys rst woman president and as such one of the most
powerful women in the world.[134][135]
View of the Serra dos rgos, Rio de Janeiro, part of the Serra
In June 2013, following the viral phenomenon of world- do Mar.
wide manifestations (such as the "Arab Spring", the
"Occupy Wall Street" and the "Spanish Indignados"),[136] Main article: Geography of Brazil
numerous protests erupted in Brazil. For days, hundreds
of thousands of people took to the streets in several cities Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of
to protest.[137] Initially a movement against the increase South America and includes much of the continents
in public transport fares, it assumed gigantic proportions, interior,[143] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the
sparked by the excessive use of force by the state po- south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia
lices, turning into a series of huge demonstrations by and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and
groups and individuals, angry about a range of issues Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas
(including new stadium projects for international sports department of French Guiana to the north. It shares
events, demands on quality of public services, anger about a border with every South American country except
corruption, and opposition to a constitutional amendment Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of

3.1

Climate

oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Bahia.

Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade
and Martim Vaz.[15] Its size, relief, climate, and natural
resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[143] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6N 3.1 Climate
and 34S, and longitudes 28 and 74W.
Main article: Climate of Brazil
Brazil is the fth largest country in the world, and
third largest in the Americas, with a total area of
8,515,767.049 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi),[144] including The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather
55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.[15] It spans four conditions across a large area and varied topography,
[15]
According to the
time zones; from UTC5 comprising the state of Acre but most of the country is tropical.
Kppen
system,
Brazil
hosts
ve
major
climatic suband the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC4 in
types:
equatorial,
tropical,
semiarid,
highland
tropical,
the western states, to UTC3 in the eastern states (the
[145]
temperate,
and
subtropical.
The
dierent
climatic
condinational time) and UTC2 in the Atlantic islands.
tions
produce
environments
ranging
from
equatorial
rainBrazil is the only country in the world that lies on the
in
the
north
and
semiarid
deserts
in
the
northeast,
forests
equator while having contiguous territory outside the
tropics. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical
[148]
Many regions have starkly
hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much savannas in central Brazil.
[149][150]
dierent
microclimates.
of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800
metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[146] The main upland area An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern
occupies most of the southern half of the country.[146] Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some
The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, variations in the period of the year when most rain
rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[146]
falls.[148] Temperatures average 25 C (77 F),[150] with
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex more signicant temperature variation between night and
[149]
mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of day than between seasons.
up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[146] These ranges include
the Mantiqueira and Espinhao mountains and the Serra
do Mar.[146] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a
major drainage divide, separating rivers that ow south
into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the
Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The
highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994
metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[15]

Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[149] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very dierent climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[148] In
the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives
less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,[151] most of
which generally falls in a period of three to ve months
of the year[152] and occasionally less than this, creating
long periods of drought.[149] Brazils 187778 Grande
Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazils history,[153]
caused approximately half a million deaths.[154] A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.[155]

Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one

of the worlds most extensive, with eight major drainage
basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[147] Major
rivers include the Amazon (the worlds second-longest
river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the
Paran and its major tributary the Iguau (which includes South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most
the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, So Francisco, Xingu, of the state of So Paulo, the distribution of rainfall
Madeira and Tapajs rivers.[147]
changes, with rain falling throughout the year.[148] The
south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and
average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 C (64.4
F);[150] winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest areas.[148][149]

3.2 Biodiversity and environment

Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil, Deforestation in Brazil
and Conservation in Brazil
Brazils large territory comprises dierent ecosystems,
such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the
greatest biological diversity in the world,[156] with the
Panorama of the Chapada Diamantina from the Pai Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest
Incio Hill, in the Chapada Diamantina National Park, biodiversity.[157] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest

4 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

grows under temperate conditions.[157] The rich wildlife

of Brazil reects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal
species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly
invertebrates.[157]
Larger mammals include carnivores pumas, jaguars,
ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes, and herbivores
peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and
armadillos. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many
species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[157][158] Concern for the environment
has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.[159] Brazils Amazon Basin is home to an extremely diverse array of sh species, including the redbellied piranha. Despite its reputation as a ferocious
freshwater sh, the red-bellied piranha is actually a generally timid scavenger. Biodiversity can contribute to
agriculture, livestock, forestry and sheries extraction.
However, almost all economically exploited species of
plants, such as soybeans and coee, or animals, such as
chickens, are imported from other countries, and the economic use of native species still crawls. In the Brazilian
GDP, the forest sector represents just over 1% and shing
0.4%.
The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by
cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-shing, wildlife
trade, dams and infrastructure, water pollution, climate change, re, and invasive species.[156] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[160] Construction of highways has
opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and
settlement; dams have ooded valleys and inundated
wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the
landscape.[159][161] At least 70 dams are said to be planned
for the Amazon region, including the controversial Belo
Monte hydroelectric dam.[162]

Government and politics

federative republic, with a presidential system.[17] The

president is both head of state and head of government
of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,[17] with
the possibility of re-election for a second successive term.
The current president is Dilma Rousse, who was inaugurated on 1 January 2011.[163] The President appoints
the Ministers of State, who assist in government.[17] Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source
of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federations bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber
of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.
Brazil is a democracy, according to the Democracy Index 2010.[164]
The Brazilian Federation is the indissoluble union of
the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.[17]
The Union, the states and the Federal District, and
the municipalities, are the spheres of government.
The federation is set on ve fundamental principles:[17]
sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the
social values of labour and freedom of enterprise, and
political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of
government (executive, legislative and judicial under a
checks and balances system) are formally established by
the Constitution.[17] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government,
while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and
state/Federal District spheres.

National Congress of Brazil, seat of the legislative branch.

All members of the executive and legislative branches are

Main articles: Politics of Brazil, Federal government of directly elected.[165][166][167] Judges and other judicial ofBrazil and Elections in Brazil
cials are appointed after passing entry exams.[165] For
The form of government is that of a democratic most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multiparty system, proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and
optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or
beyond 70.[17]

Palcio do Planalto, the ocial workplace of the President of

Brazil.

Together with several smaller parties, four political parties stand out: Workers Party (PT), Brazilian Social
Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) and Democrats (DEM). Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common
for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion
of congressional seats held by particular parties changes
regularly.[168] Almost all governmental and administra-

4.2

Military

tive functions are exercised by authorities and agencies ber 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display
aliated to the Executive.
items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the
daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.[176]

4.1

Law

Main articles: Law of Brazil, Law enforcement in Brazil 4.2 Military

and Crime in Brazil
Main article: Brazilian Armed Forces
The armed forces of Brazil are the second largest in Latin
[169]
Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions
and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codied, although noncodied statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on
other specic cases. Doctrinal works and the works of
academic jurists have strong inuence in law creation and
in law cases.

Brazilian Army participating in UN peacekeeping mission in

Haiti.

Supreme Federal Court of Brazil serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country.

The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution,

which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the
fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and
court decisions must conform to its rules.[170] As of April
2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their
own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal
Constitution.[171] Municipalities and the Federal District
have organic laws (leis orgnicas), which act in a similar
way to constitutions.[172] Legislative entities are the main
source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary
and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[17] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in
rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[17] There are also
specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.[17] The
highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.
This system has been criticized over the last few decades
for the slow pace of decision-making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases
more than a decade elapses before denitive rulings.[173]
Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the rst
court in the world to transmit its sessions on television,
and also via YouTube.[174][175] More recently, in Decem-

NAe So Paulo, aircraft carrier of the Brazilian Navy.

America by active personnel and the largest by the level of

military equipment.[177] It consists of the Brazilian Army
(including the Army Aviation Command), the Brazilian
Navy (including the Marine Corps and Naval Aviation),
and the Brazilian Air Force.
The Army has 235,978 active personnel.[178] Also it has
the largest number of armored vehicles in South America, plus armored vehicles to transport troops and main
tanks[179] It has a large elite unit specializing in unconventional missions, the Brazilian Special Operations Command, unique in Latin America,[180][181][182] plus a Strategic Rapid Action Force, made up of elite units highly
mobilized and prepared (Special Operations Brigade,
Infantry Brigade Parachutist,[183][184] 1st Jungle Infantry
Battalion (Airmobile)[185] and 12th Brigade Light Infantry (Airmobile)[186] to act anywhere in the country,

10
in short time, the external aggression hypothesis.[187] As
Brazil adopts conscription, its military is one of the
worlds largest with eective estimated at more than 1
600 000 men ages reservist per year.[188] The states
Military Police and the Military Fireghters Corps are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each states governor.[17]
The Navy once operated some of the most powerful
warships in the world with the two Minas Geraes-class
dreadnoughts, which sparked a South American dreadnought race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.[189]
Today, it is a green water force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, GRUMEC,
unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms
along its coast.[190] Its the only navy in Latin America
that operates an aircraft carrier, NAe So Paulo,[191] and
one of the ten navies of the world to operate this type of
ship.[179] The Air Force, it is the largest in Latin America has about 700 manned aircraft in service and eective
about 67 thousand military.[192]

4 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign
policy.[200]
Brazils foreign policy is a by-product of the countrys
unique position as a regional power in Latin America,
a leader among developing countries, and an emerging
world power.[201] Brazilian foreign policy has generally
been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful
dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the aairs of
other countries.[202]
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazils foreign
policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing
countries.[203] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide nancial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all,
a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.[203] Total aid is estimated to be around $1
billion per year that includes:[203]
technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30
million in 2010 provided directly by the Brazilian
Cooperation Agency (ABC))

Brazil has not been invaded since 1865 during the

Paraguayan War.[193] Additionally, Brazil has no contested territorial disputes with any of its neighbours[194]
an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise proand neither does it have rivalries, like Chile and Bolivia
vided by Brazilian institutions specialising in techhave with each other.[195][196] The Brazilian military has
nical cooperation
also three times intervened militarily to overthrow the
Brazilian government.[197] It has built a tradition of par- In addition, Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in
ticipating in UN peacekeeping missions such as in Haiti Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to
and East Timor.[198]
the World Food Programme ($300 million).[203] This is in
addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to
multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid
4.3 Foreign policy
places it on par with China and India.[203] The Brazilian
South-South aid has been described as a global model in
Main article: Foreign relations of Brazil
waiting.[204]
Brazils international relations are based on Article

4.4 Law enforcement and crime

Main articles: Law enforcement in Brazil and Crime in
Brazil
In Brazil, the Constitution establishes ve dierent po-

Diplomatic missions of Brazil

Brazil
Nations hosting a diplomatic mission of Brazil
Nations with a non-resident mission of Brazil

4 of the Federal Constitution, which establishes nonintervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful settlement of conicts as the guiding principles of Brazils relationship with other countries
and multilateral organizations.[199] According to the Con- Helicopter of the Federal Police Department.
stitution, the President has ultimate authority over foreign
policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and lice agencies for law enforcement: Federal Police Departconsidering all diplomatic nominations and international ment, Federal Highway Police, Federal Railroad Police,

11
Military Police and Civil Police. Of these, the rst three
are aliated with federal authorities and the last two are
subordinate to state governments. All police forces are
the responsibility of the executive branch of any of the
federal or estadual powers.[17] The National Public Security Force also can act in public disorder situations arising
anywhere in the country.[205]

Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of
taxes collected by the Union and state government.[17]
Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but
no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities
in a single justice administrative division called comarca
The country still has above-average levels of violent crime (county).
and particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide. In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO)
estimated the number of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhab- 5 Economy
itants, one of the highest rates of intentional homicide
of the world.[206] The number considered tolerable by the
Main article: Economy of Brazil
WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[207]
See also: Brazilian real
However, there are dierences between the crime rates
in the Brazilian states. While in So Paulo the homicide
rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 in- Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin Amerhabitants, in Alagoas it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 ica, the worlds eight largest economy at market exchange
rates and the seventh largest in purchasing power parinhabitants.[208]
ity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund
Brazil also has high levels of incarceration and the third
and the World Bank. Brazil has a mixed economy with
largest prison population in the world (behind only China
abundant natural resources. The Brazilian economy has
and the United States), with an estimated total of apbeen predicted to become one of the ve largest in the
proximately 700,000 prisoners around the country (June
world in the decades to come, the GDP per capita fol2014), an increase of about 300% compared to the inlowing and growing,[212] provided that large investments
[209]
dex registered in 1992.
The high number of prisin productivity gains are made to substitute the GDP
oners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system,
growth of the last decade that is attributable to the inleading to a shortfall of about two hundred thousand
crease in the number of people working.[213] Its current
[210]
accommodations.
GDP (PPP) per capita is $15,153 in 2014[6] putting Brazil
in the 77th position according to IMF data. Active in
agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors
Brazil has a labor force of over a 107 million (ranking 6th
4.5 Administrative divisions
worldwide) and unemployment of 6.2% (ranking 64th
[214]
Main articles: States of Brazil and Municipalities of worldwide).
Brazil
See also: Regions of Brazil
Brazil is a federation composed of 26 States, one Federal
district (which contains the capital city, Braslia) and
Municipalities.[17] States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes
collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly
by their voters. They also have independent Courts of
Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much
less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United
States. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted
by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform
throughout the country.[17]

The country has been expanding its presence in international nancial and commodities markets, and is one of a
group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries.[215] Brazil has been the worlds largest producer of
coee for the last 150 years.[23] It has become the fourth
largest car market in the world.[216] Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles,
ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coee, orange
juice, soybeans and corned beef.[217] In total, Brazil ranks
23rd worldwide in value of exports.

Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in

1994. However, after the East Asian nancial crisis, the
Russian default in 1998[219] and the series of adverse nancial events that followed it, the Central Bank of Brazil
temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed[220]
scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until
The states and the federal district may be grouped into re- oat
denitively
changing the exchange regime to free-oat in
gions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and
[221]
January
1999.
Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical,
not political or administrative divisions, and they do not Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue
have any specic form of government. Although dened package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion,[222] then a record
by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical sum. Brazils central bank paid back the IMF loan in
purposes, and also to dene the distribution of federal 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006.[223]
One of the issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt
funds in development projects.

12

5 ECONOMY
a major constraint in successfully penetrating the global
market.[228] Local government corruption is so prevalent that voters perceive it as a problem only if it surpasses certain levels, and only if a local media e.g. a
radio station is present to divulge the ndings of corruption charges.[229] Initiatives, like this exposure, strengthen
awareness which is indicated by the Transparency Internationals Corruption Perceptions Index; ranking Brazil
69th out of 178 countries in 2012.[230] The purchasing
power in Brazil is eroded by the so-called Brazil cost.[231]

Combine harvester n a rice plantation in Santa Catarina. Brazil

is the third largest exporter of agricultural products in the
world.[218]

The economy of the resource-rich nation had been booming until 2010, but stagnation followed and a recession is
now underway, along with ination and charges of corruption and the bankruptcy of a major oil business. Angry demonstrators in 2014 complained beforehand at the
high $11.5 billion (USD) cost of sponsoring the FIFA
World Cup, but Brazilians took pride in its smooth functioning. Brazilian President Dilma Rousse faced a conservative challenger for her re-election bid in the October
26, 2014, runo,[232] but managed to secure a re-election
with just over 51% of votes.[233]

with was an excess of speculative short-term capital inows to the country, which may have contributed to a fall
in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that
period.[224] Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI),
related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.[225]
Ination monitoring and control currently plays a major
part in the Central banks role of setting out short-term
5.1
interest rates as a monetary policy measure.[226]

Components and energy

Main articles: Agriculture in Brazil, Industry in Brazil

and Energy policy of Brazil
Brazils diversied economy includes agriculture, indus-

P-51, an oil platform of Petrobras.

try, and a wide range of services.[234] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and shing accounted
for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007.[235]
Central Bank of Brazil, in Braslia
Brazil is one of the largest producer of oranges, coee,
[236]
Between 1993 and 2010, 7012 mergers & acquisitions sugar cane, cassava and sisal, soybeans and papayas.
with a total known value of $707 billion with the involve- The industry from automobiles, steel and
ment of Brazilian rms have been announced.[227] The petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer
year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with 115 durables accounted for 30.8% of the gross domesbillion USD of transactions. The largest transaction with tic product.[235] Industry is highly concentrated in
involvement of Brazilian companies has been: Cia Vale metropolitan So Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto
do Rio Doce acquired Inco in a tender oer valued at Alegre, and Belo Horizonte.[237]
US$18.9 billion.
Brazil is the worlds tenth largest energy consumer with
Corruption costs Brazil almost $41 billion a year alone, much of its energy coming from renewable sources, parwith 69.9% of the countrys rms identifying the issue as ticularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam

5.2

Tourism

is the worlds largest hydroelectric plant by energy

generation.[238] The rst car with an ethanol engine was
produced in 1978 and the rst airplane engine running
on ethanol in 2005.[239] Recent oil discoveries in the Presalt layer have opened the door for a large increase in oil
production.[240] The governmental agencies responsible
for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National
Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the
National Agency of Electricity.[241]

13
make it attractive to develop business in the travel and
tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in
the 28st place at the worlds level, third in the Americas,
after Canada and United States.[246][247] Brazils main
competitive advantages are its natural resources, which
ranked 1st on this criteria out of all countries considered,
and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many
World Heritage sites. The TTCI report notes Brazils
main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality
of roads ranking in 105th place; and the country continues to suer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked
114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges,
as well as high prices and high taxation. Safety and security have improved signicantly: 75th in 2011, up from
128th in 2008.[247]

The Itaipu Dam on the Paran River, located on the

border between Brazil and Paraguay, is the second
largest of the world (the rst is the Three Gorges Dam,
in China). Approximately 75% of the Brazilian energy
matrix, one of the cleanest in the world, comes from the
hydropower.

5.2

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Brazil

Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country. The country had
5 million visitors in 2010, ranking in terms of international tourist arrivals as the second destination in South
America, and third in Latin America after Mexico and
Argentina. Revenues from international tourists reached
US$6 billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the 2008
2009 economic crisis.[242] Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts were reached
in 2011.[243][244]
Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a
combination of ecotourism with leisure and recreation,
mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as
cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations
are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the
Northeast Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to So
Paulo city.[245]
In terms of the 2015 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness
Index (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that

Snorkeling in the city of Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. The rivers

in the region are known for their crystal clear waters.

According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO),

international travel to Brazil accelerated in 2000, particularly during 2004 and 2005. However, in 2006 a slowdown took place, and international arrivals had almost no
growth in 200708.[248][249][250] In spite of this trend, revenues from international tourism continued to rise, from
USD 4 billion in 2005 to 5 billion in 2007, despite 330
000 fewer arrivals. This favorable trend is the result of the
strong devaluation of the US dollar against the Brazilian
Real, which began in 2004, but which makes Brazil a
more expensive international destination.[251] This trend
changed in 2009, when both visitors and revenues fell as
a result of the Great Recession of 200809.[252] By 2010,
the industry had recovered, and arrivals grew above 2006

14

6 INFRASTRUCTURE

levels to 5.2 million international visitors, and receipts 6.1 Science and technology
from these visitors reached USD 6 billion.[242] In 2011
the historical record was reached with 5.4 million visi- Main article: Brazilian science and technology
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in
tors and US$6.8 billion in receipts.[243][244]
Despite continuing record-breaking international tourism
revenues, the number of Brazilian tourists travelling overseas has been growing steadily since 2003, resulting in a
net negative foreign exchange balance, as more money
is spent abroad by Brazilians than comes in as receipts
from international tourists visiting Brazil. Tourism expenditures abroad grew from USD 5.8 billion in 2006, to
USD 8.2 billion in 2007, a 42% increase, representing a
net decit of USD 3.3 billion in 2007, as compared to
National Synchrotron Light Laboratory in Campinas, state of So
USD 1.5 billion in 2006, a 125% increase from the prePaulo, the only particle accelerator in Latin America.
[253]
vious year.
This trend is caused by Brazilians taking
advantage of the stronger Real to travel and making relatively cheaper expenditures abroad.[253] Brazilians traveling overseas in 2006 represented 4% of the countrys
population.[254]
In 2005, tourism contributed with 3.2% of the countrys revenues from exports of goods and services, and
represented 7% of direct and indirect employment in
the Brazilian economy.[255] In 2006 direct employment
in the sector reached 1.9 million people.[256] Domestic
tourism is a fundamental market segment for the industry, as 51 million people traveled throughout the country
in 2005,[257] and direct revenues from Brazilian tourists
reached USD 22 billion,[258] 5.6 times more receipts than
international tourists in 2005.
In 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Foz do Iguau, So Paulo,
Florianpolis and Salvador were the most visited cities
by international tourists for leisure trips. The most popular destinations for business trips were So Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro and Porto Alegre.[259] In 2006 Rio de Janeiro and
Fortaleza were the most popular destinations for business
trips.

Control room of Brazilian Space Agency at the Alcntara Launch

Center.

public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.[260] Brazils most esteemed
technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the
Butantan Institute, the Air Forces Aerospace Technical
Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
and the INPE.[261][262] The Brazilian Space Agency has
the most advanced space program in Latin America, with
signicant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of satellite.[263] Owner of relative technological sophistication, the country develops submarines, aircraft,
as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country
in the Southern Hemisphere the integrate team building
International Space Station (ISS).[264]

The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep

water, from where extracts 73% of its reserves. Uranium
is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory, mostly
The city of Rio de Janeiro is featured in tourism in Brazil. for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% from its
electricity from hydroelectricity[265] ) and the countrys
rst nuclear submarine will be delivered in 2015 (by
France).[266] Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin
America[267] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material
6 Infrastructure
science and life sciences. And Brazil is the only Latin
American country to have a semiconductor company with

6.2

Transport

15

its own fabrication plant, the CEITEC.[268] According to

the Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010
of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the 61 worlds
largest developer of information technology.[269]
Brazil also has a large number of outstanding scientic personalities. Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests Bartolomeu de Gusmo, Landell
de Moura and Francisco Joo de Azevedo, besides
Alberto Santos-Dumont,[270] Evaristo Conrado Engelberg,[271] Manuel Dias de Abreu,[272] Andreas Pavel[273]
e Nlio Jos Nicolai.[274] Brazilian science is represented by the likes of Csar Lattes (Brazilian physical
Pathnder of Pi Meson),[275] Mrio Schenberg (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),[276] Jos
Leite Lopes (only Brazilian physicist holder of UNESCO
Science Prize),[277] Artur vila (the rst Latin American winner of Fields Medal)[278] and Fritz Mller (pioneer in factual support the theory of evolution by Charles
Darwin).[279]

6.2

Transport

Main article: Transport in Brazil

Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and

Internal view of Recife International Airport, voted the best in the

country.[280]

Line 4 station of the So Paulo Metro. The So Paulo metro

was voted the most ecient of the Americas, and the 7th in the
world.[281]

struction of highways. With the implementation of Fiat in

1976 ending an automobile market closed loop, from the
end of the 1990s the country has received large foreign
direct investments installing in its territory other major
car manufacturers and utilities, such as Iveco, Renault,
Peugeot, Citroen, Honda, Mitsubishi, Mercedes-Benz,
BMW, Hyundai, Toyota among others.[284] Brazil is the
seventh most important country in the auto industry.[285]
Brazils railway system has been declining since 1945,
when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,185 mi)
in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in
1970. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal Railroad Corporation RFFSA, which was privatized
in 2007.[286] The So Paulo Metro was the rst underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems
are in Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Braslia, Teresina and Fortaleza.
The country has an extensive rail network of 28,538
kilometers in length, the tenth largest network in the
world.[287] Currently, the Brazilian government, unlike
the past, seeks to encourage this mode of transport; an example of this incentive is the project of the RioSo Paulo
high-speed rail, that will connect the two main cities of
the country to carry passengers.

There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing elds: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.[288] So Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, near So Paulo, is the largest and busiest
airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while
handling the vast majority of commercial trac for the
The rst investments in road infrastructure have given up country.[289]
in the 1920s, the government of Washington Luis, being pursued in the governments of Getlio Vargas and For freight transport waterways are of importance, e.g.
Eurico Gaspar Dutra.[283] President Juscelino Kubitschek the industrial zones of Manaus can be reached only by
(195661), who designed and built the capital Braslia, means of the Solimes- Amazonas waterway (3,250 km
depth). The country
was another supporter of highways. Kubitschek was re- (2,019 mi) with 6 meters minimum
[287]
also
has
50
000
km
of
waterways.
sponsible for the installation of major car manufacturers
in the country (Volkswagen, Ford and General Motors Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the counarrived in Brazil during his rule) and one of the points try. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports
used to attract them was, of course, support for the con- at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itapassenger trac. The road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved
roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) (22,056 mi)
in 1967 to 184,140 km (114,419 mi) (114,425 mi) in
2002.[282]

16

6 INFRASTRUCTURE

ja, Rio Grande, Paranagu, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba,

Vitria, Suape, Manaus and So Francisco do Sul are the
most important.[290] Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18
days before being serviced, container ships 36,3 hours on
average.[291]

6.3

Water supply and sanitation

Main article: Water supply and sanitation in Brazil

Among the achievements in the water supply and san-

The Albert Einstein Hospital in So Paulo is one of the most wellknown health units in Brazil.

According to the Brazilian Government, the most serious

health problems are:[295]
Childhood mortality: about 2.51% of childhood
mortality, reaching 3.77% in the northeast region.
Motherhood mortality: about 73.1 deaths per
100,000 born children in 2002.
Water treatment plant in Coronel Fabriciano, Minas Gerais.

Mortality by non-transmissible illness: 151.7 deaths

per 100,000 inhabitants caused by heart and circulatory diseases, along with 72.7 deaths per 100,000
inhabitants caused by cancer.

itation sector is an increase in access to water piped on

premises from 79% to 92% between 1990 and 2010; an
increase in access to Improved sanitation from 68% to
Mortality caused by external causes (transportation,
79% in the same period;[292] a functioning national sysviolence and suicide): 71.7 deaths per 100,000 intem to nance water and sanitation infrastructure; a high
habitants (14.9% of all deaths in the country), reachlevel of cost recovery compared to most other developing 82.3 deaths in the southeast region.
ing countries; as well as a number of notable technical
and nancial innovations such as Condominial sewerage
and an output-based subsidy for treated wastewater called In 2002, Brazil accounted for 40% of malaria cases in the
Americas.[296] Nearly 99% are concentrated in the Legal
PRODES.
Amazon Region, which is home to not more than 12% of
Among the challenges is the still high number of poor
the population.[296]
Brazilians living in urban slums (Favela) and in rural areas
without access to piped water or sanitation; water scarcity
in the Northeast of Brazil; water pollution, especially in
6.5 Education
the South-East of the country; the low share of collected
wastewater that is being treated (35% in 2000); and longMain article: Education in Brazil
standing tensions between the federal, state and municipal
governments about their respective roles in the sector.
The Federal Constitution and the Law of Guidelines and
Bases of National Education determine that the Federal
Government, States, Federal District and municipalities
6.4 Health
must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responMain article: Health in Brazil
The Brazilian public health system, the National Health sible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as
System (SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The con18% of
government.[293] The public health services are universal stitution reserves 25% of the state budget and[297]
federal
taxes
and
municipal
taxes
for
education.
and available to all citizens of the country for free. Nevertheless, millions of auent Brazilians have private health According to the IBGE, in 2011, the literacy rate of the
population was 90.4%, meaning that 13 million (9.6% of
care coverage.[294]

17
forbidden any activity of the press was the publication
of newspapers or books. The Brazilian press was ocially
born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808, with the creation
of the Royal Printing, National Press by the Prince Regent
Dom Joo.[301]
The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the rst newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.[302] Largest newspapers nowadays are Folha de
S.Paulo (from the state of So Paulo), Super Notcia (Minas Gerias 296.799), O Globo (RJ 277.876) and O Estado
de S. Paulo (SP 235.217).[303]
Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a
speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on
Courtyard of the ancient Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortica20 April 1923 with the creation of Radio Society of Rio
tion and Design, the rst institution of higher education in Brazil,
[304]
created in 1792 and forerunner of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
de Janeiro (UFRJ).
Television in Brazil began ocially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of TV Tupi by Assis
Chateaubriand.[305] Since then television has grown in the
population) people are still illiterate in the country; funccountry, creating large public networks such as Globo,
tional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.[298]
SBT, Record and Bandeirantes. Today it is the most imIlliteracy is highest in the Northeast, where 19.9% of the
portant factor in popular culture of Brazilian society, in[299]
population is illiterate.
dicated by research showing that as much as 67%[306][307]
Higher education starts with undergraduate or sequential of the general population follow the same daily soap opera
courses, which may oer dierent options of specializa- broadcast. Digital Television, using the SBTVD standard
tion in academic or professional careers. Depending on (based on the Japanese standard ISDB-T), was adopted
the choice, students can improve their educational back- 29 June 2006 and launched in 2 November 2007.[308] In
ground with courses of post-graduate studies or broad May 2010, Brazil launched TV Brasil Internacional, an
sense. To attend a higher education institution is required, international television station, initially broadcasting to
by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education, complet- 49 countries.[309]
ing all levels of education suited to the needs of all students of teaching kindergarten, elementary and medium,
provided the student does not hold any disability, whether
7 Demographics
physical, mental, visual or hearing.
Main articles: Demographics of Brazil and Brazilian people
See also: Immigration to Brazil and List of Brazilian
Main article: Communications in Brazil
states by population density
The Brazilian press has its beginnings in 1808 with the
The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008
PNAD, was approximately 190 million[310] (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometre or 57.8/sq mi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1[311] and 83.75% of the
population dened as urban.[312] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the CenterWest and the North, which together make up 64.12% of
the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million
inhabitants.

6.6

Media and communication

The rst census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and

recorded a population of 9,930,478.[313] From 1880 to
1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.[314] Brazils populaPresident Dilma Rousse at Jornal Nacional news program. tion increased signicantly between 1940 and 1970, beRede Globo is the second largest commercial television network cause of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the
of the world.[300]
birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in
arrival of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil, hitherto the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life ex-

18

7 DEMOGRAPHICS
between 65% to 77%).[327][328][329][330]
Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social
class lines, although a high income disparity is found
between race groups, so racism and classism can be
conated. Socially signicant closeness to one racial
group is taken in account more in the basis of appearance (phenotypes) rather than ancestry, to the extent that
full siblings can pertain to dierent racial groups.[331]
Socioeconomic factors are also signicant, because a minority of pardos are likely to start declaring themselves
White or Black if socially upward.[332] Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually,
Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and pardos with a signicant
non-European contribution, but the individual variation
is great).[330][333][334][335]

Population density of Brazilian municipalities.

pectancy rose from 44 to 54 years[315] and to 72.6 years

in 2007.[316] It has been steadily falling since the 1960s,
from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05%
in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of
0.29% by 2050[317] thus completing the demographic
transition.[318]
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%[319] and among the
youth (ages 1519) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the
Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.[320]
Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population
and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.[321]

7.1

Race and ethnicity

The brown population (ocially called pardo in Portuguese, also colloquially moreno)[336][337] is a broad category that includes caboclos (assimilated Amerindians
in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives),
mulatos (descendants of primarily Whites and AfroBrazilians) and cafuzos (descendants of Afro-Brazilians
and Natives).[336][337][338][339][340] People of considerable
Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western
regions.[341]
Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can
be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraba[340][342] and also in northern Maranho,[343][344] southern Minas Gerais[345] and in
eastern Rio de Janeiro.[340][345] From the 19th century,
Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About ve million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil
between 1808 and 1972, most of them of Portuguese,
Italian, Spanish, German, Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish,
Russian, Chinese, Japanese, and Arab origin.[346]

Main article: Race and ethnicity in Brazil

According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92
million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about
83 million) as Pardo (brown), 6.84% (about 13 million)
as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as Asian; and 0.28%
(about 536 thousand) as Amerindian (ocially called indgena, Indigenous), while 0.07% (about 130 thousand)
did not declare their race.[322]
In 2007, the National Indian Foundation estimated that
Brazil has 67 dierent uncontacted tribes, up from their
estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the
largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[323]
Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable miscegenation between Amerindians, Europeans,
and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country
(with European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for

7.2 Religion
Main article: Religion in Brazil
Further information: Roman Catholicism in Brazil and
Protestantism in Brazil
Religion in Brazil formed from the meeting of the
Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved
African peoples and indigenous peoples.[347] This conuence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of
Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of
syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella
of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities,[348] and in some instances,
Allan Kardec's Spiritism (most Brazilian Spiritists are
also Christians). Religious pluralism increased during
the 20th century,[349] and the Protestant community has
grown to include over 22% of the population.[350] The
most common Protestant denominations are Pentecostal
and Evangelical ones. Other Protestant branches with

7.4

Language

19
de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte all in the Southeastern Region with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.[357] The majority of state capitals are
the largest cities in their states, except for Vitria, the
capital of Esprito Santo, and Florianpolis, the capital
of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of So Paulo (Campinas, Santos
and the Paraba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio
Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley) and Santa Catarina (Itaja
Valley).[358]

Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in

Aparecida do Norte, So Paulo, is the second largest Catholic
church in the world.

7.4 Language

Main articles: Languages of Brazil, Portuguese language,

Brazilian Portuguese and List of endangered languages in
Brazil
[360]
(Article
a notable presence in the country include the Baptists, The ocial language of Brazil is Portuguese
Seventh-day Adventists, Lutherans and the Reformed tradition.[351]
Roman Catholicism is the countrys predominant faith.
Brazil has the worlds largest Catholic population.[352] According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD
survey does not inquire about religion), 73.57% of
the population followed Roman Catholicism; 15.41%
Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other
Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism; 0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam;
0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions,
undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no
religion.[353]
However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in
Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped
signicantly.[354] After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a signicant group, exceeding 7% of the population as of the 2000 census. The
cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and Porto Velho have
the greatest proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil.
Teresina, Fortaleza, and Florianpolis were the most Roman Catholic in the country.[355] Greater Rio de Janeiro,
not including the city proper, is the most irreligious and
least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while Greater
Porto Alegre and Greater Fortaleza are on the opposite
sides of the lists, respectively.[355]

7.3

Urbanization

Main articles: List of largest cities in Brazil and

Municipalities of Brazil
According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and
Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the
population, while the Southeast region remains the most
populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.[356] The
largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are So Paulo, Rio

Museum of the Portuguese Language in So Paulo, Brazil.

13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil),

which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The
most famous exception to this is a strong sign language
law that was passed by the National Congress of Brazil.
Legally recognized in 2002,[361] the law was regulated
in 2005.[362] The law mandates the use of the Brazilian
Sign Language, more commonly known by its Portuguese
acronym LIBRAS, in education and government services.
The language must be taught as a part of the education
and speech and language pathology curricula. LIBRAS
teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("inclusion") to deaf people.[363]
Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development,
mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese[364] (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more
recent immigrants, coming from Northern regions, and
in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia), with a few inuences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially West African and Bantu restricted to the vocabulary only.[365] As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Por-

20
tugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more
recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions,
have a closer connexion to contemporary European Portuguese). These dierences are comparable to those between American and British English.[365]
Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the
Americas, making the language an important part of
Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture
distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[366]

8 CULTURE
tors native languages were carried along to Brazil, and
which, still alive there, are inuenced by the Portuguese
language.[369][370] Talian is ocially a historic patrimony
of Rio Grande do Sul,[371] and two German dialects possess co-ocial status in a few municipalities.[372]
Learning at least one second language (generally English
or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the
mandatory education system (primary and secondary education, there called ensino fundamental and ensino mdio respectively). Brazil is the rst country in South
America to oer Esperanto to secondary students.[373]

8 Culture

Pomerode, Santa Catarina, is one of the municipalities with

a coocial language.
In this region, Hunsrckisch and
Pomeranian, German dialects, are two of the minor languages.

In 1990, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all
countries with Portuguese as the ocial language,
reached an agreement on the reform of the Portuguese orthography to unify the two standards then in use by Brazil
on one side and the remaining lusophone countries on the
other. This spelling reform went into eect in Brazil on
1 January 2009. In Portugal, the reform was signed into
law by the President on 21 July 2008 allowing for a 6year adaptation period, during which both orthographies
will co-exist. The remaining CPLP countries are free to
establish their own transition timetables.[367]

Interior of the So Francisco Church and Convent in Salvador,

Bahia, one of the richest expressions of Brazilian baroque.

Main article: Culture of Brazil

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese

culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the
Portuguese empire.[374] Among other inuences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman
Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. The culMinority languages are spoken throughout the nation. ture was, however, also strongly inuenced by African,
indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and
One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are
[375]
spoken in remote areas and a signicant number of traditions.
other languages are spoken by immigrants and their Some aspects of Brazilian culture were inuenced by the
descendants.[365] In the municipality of So Gabriel da contributions of Italian, German and other European as
Cachoeira, Nheengatu (a currently endangered South well Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived
American creole language or an 'anti-creole', accord- in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.[376]
ing to some linguists with mostly Indigenous Brazilian The indigenous Amerindians inuenced Brazils language
languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, and cuisine; and the Africans inuenced language, cuitogether with its southern relative lngua geral paulista, sine, music, dance and religion.[377]
once was a major lingua franca in Brazil, being replaced Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into
by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by dierent styles that range from Baroque (the domimajor political changes), Baniwa and Tucano languages nant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[378][379]
had been granted co-ocial status with Portuguese.[368] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism,
There are signicant communities of German (mostly the
Brazilian Hunsrckisch, a High German language dialect)
and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins
in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ances-

Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates

back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century
and has gained a new level of international acclaim since
the 1960s.[380]

8.2

Literature

8.1

Music

21

Main article: Music of Brazil

The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion

The Rio Carnival, a type of samba parade.

8.2 Literature

Men playing berimbau and pandeiro in a capoeira circle.

of European and African elements.[381] Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the
inuences that built Brazilian music, although many of
these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The rst was Jos Maurcio Nunes Garcia, author of sacred pieces with inuence of Viennese
classicism.[382] The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and
instruments that had a bigger role in the development of
popular music and folk, ourishing especially in the twentieth century.[381]
Popular music since the late eighteenth century began
to show signs of forming a characteristically Brazilian
sound, with samba considered the most typical and on the
UNESCO cultural heritage list.[383] Maracatu and Afox
are two Afro-Brazilian music traditions that have been
popularized by their appearance in the annual Brazilian
Carnivals.[384] The sport of capoeira is usually played
with its own music referred to as capoeira music, which is Machado de Assis, poet and novelist, founder of the Brazilian
usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk Academy of Letters.
music.[385]
Choro is a very popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. In spite of the
name, the style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by virtuosity, improvisation, subtle modulations
and full of syncopation and counterpoint.[386] Bossa nova
is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed
and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.[387] The phrase
bossa nova means literally new trend.[388] A lyrical
fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.[389]

Main article: Brazilian literature

Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the
writings of the rst Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such
as Pro Vaz de Caminha, lled with descriptions of fauna,
ora and commentary about the indigenous population
that fascinated European readers.[390]
Brazil produced signicant works in Romanticism
novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and Jos de

22

8 CULTURE

Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar,

in his long career, also treated indigenous people as
heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarani, Iracema and
Ubirajara.[391] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain
international prestige from critics worldwide.[392][393][394]

pamonha (corn and milk paste); esrra (Lebanese pastry); kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine); empanada (pastry)
and empada, little salt pies lled with shrimps or heart
of palm.
Brazil has a variety of candies such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut trues and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with
a guava jam known as goiabada). Peanuts are used to
make paoca, rapadura and p-de-moleque. Local common fruits like aa, cupuau, mango, papaya, cocoa,
cashew, guava, orange, passionfruit, pineapple, and hog
plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates,
popsicles and ice cream.[405]

The Brazilian Modernism, evidenced by the Week of

Modern Art in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,[395] while Post-Modernism
brought a generation of distinct poets like Joo Cabral
de Melo Neto, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Vinicius
de Moraes, Cora Coralina, Graciliano Ramos, Ceclia
Meireles, and internationally known writers dealing with
universal and regional subjects like Jorge Amado, Joo
Guimares Rosa, Clarice Lispector and Manuel Ban8.4
deira.[396][397][398]

8.3

Cuisine

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Brazil

The Brazilian lm industry began in the late 19th cen-

Main article: Brazilian cuisine

See also: List of Brazilian dishes
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reecting the
countrys varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by
the preservation of regional dierences.[399] Examples
are Feijoada, considered the countrys national dish;[400]
and regional foods such as vatap, moqueca, polenta and
acaraj.[401]

Gramado Film Festival

tury, during the early days of the Belle poque. While

there were national lm productions during the early 20th
century, American lms such as Rio the Magnicent were
made in Rio de Janeiro to promote tourism in the city.[406]
The lms Limite (1931) and Ganga Bruta (1933), the
latter being produced by Adhemar Gonzaga through the
prolic studio Cindia, were poorly received at release
and failed at the box oce, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the nest Brazilian lms of all
time.[407] The 1941 unnished lm Its All True was divided in four segments, two of which were lmed in
Brazil and directed by Orson Welles; it was originally proBrigadeiro is a typical sweet of Brazilian cuisine.
duced as part of the United States Good Neighbor Policy
The national beverage is coee and cachaa is Brazils na- during Getlio Vargas Estado Novo government.
tive liquor. Cachaa is distilled from sugar cane and is the During the 1960s the Cinema Novo movement rose
main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.[402] to prominence with directors such as Glauber Rocha,
An average meal consists mostly of rice and beans with Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Paulo Cesar Saraceni and
beef and salad.[403] Often, its mixed with cassava our Arnaldo Jabor. Rochas lms Deus e o Diabo na Terra do
(farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried Sol (1964) and Terra em Transe (1967) are considered to
greatest and most inuential in Brazilian
meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and be some of the
[408]
lm
history.
[404]
Popular snacks
served in most typical restaurants.
are pastel (a pastry); coxinha (chicken croquete); po During the 1990s Brazil saw a surge of critical and comde queijo (cheese bread and cassava our / tapioca); mercial success with lms such as O Quatrilho (1995), O

8.6

National holidays

23

Que Isso, Companheiro? (1997) and Central do Brasil

(1998), all of which were nominated for the Academy
Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the latter receiving a Best Actress nomination for Fernanda Montenegro. The 2002 crime lm City of God, directed
by Fernando Meirelles, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on Rotten Tomatoes,[409] being placed in Roger
Ebert's Best Films of the Decade list[410] and receiving
four Academy Award nominations in 2004, including
Best Director. Notable lm festivals in Brazil include the
So Paulo and Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals
and the Gramado Festival.
Senna, one of the biggest names in F1's history.

8.5

Sports
So Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in
1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American
Games in 2007.[424] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro
was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016
Paralympic Games, making it the rst South American
city to host the games[425] and second in Latin America
after Mexico City. Furthermore, the country hosted the
FIBA Basketball World Cups in 1954 and 1963. At the
1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one
of its two world championship titles.[426]

8.6 National holidays

Stamp for the victory of the Brazilian team at the 1970 FIFA
World Cup

Main article: Sport in Brazil

9 See also
Index of Brazil-related articles
List of Brazilians

The most popular sport in Brazil is football.[411] The

Brazilian mens national team is ranked among the best in
the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has
won the World Cup tournament a record ve times.[412]
Volleyball, basketball, auto racing, and martial arts also
attract large audiences. The Brazil mens national volleyball team, for example, currently holds the titles of
the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World
Championship and the World Cup.
Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach
football,[413] futsal (indoor football)[414] and footvolley
emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial
arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,[415] Vale tudo,[416]
and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.[417]

Outline of Brazil

10 References
[1] Exrcito Brasileiro. Hino Bandeira Nacional (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 29, 2014..
[2] Demographics. Brazilian Government. Archived from
the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 8 October
2011.
[3] Libras, Brazilian Portuguese sign language, is ocially
recognized as a legal means of communication in Lei
10.436. Brazilian Government. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won

the Formula One world championship eight
times.[418][419][420]

[4] Caracteristicas da Populao e dos Domiclios do Censo

Demogrco 2010 Cor ou raa (PDF). Retrieved 7
April 2012.

Brazil has hosted several high-prole international sporting events, like the 1950 FIFA World Cup[421] and recently has hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[422] The So
Paulo circuit, Autdromo Jos Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[423]

[5] Brazil. IBGE population estimates.

[6] Brazil. International Monetary Fund (IMF). Retrieved
29 October 2014.
[7] IMF,April 2015

24

[8] IMF, October 2015

[9] Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index Brazil
The World Factbook. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.

10

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Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. (Portuguese)
Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and
the Making of Brazil, 18251891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7
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tica, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 85-08-08213-4

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12

Further reading

Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.
Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White:
Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil.
New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New
York, NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.

13 External links
Ocial Tourist Guide of Brazil
Brazilian Federal Government

Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University
of Texas Press.

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability:

The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 18051819).

Brazil at DMOZ

Background Note: Brazil. US Department of

State. Retrieved 16 June 2011.

Video report on Brazil in 1961

Bellos, Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of

Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.
Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge:
CUP.
Costa, Joo Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in
Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California
Press.
Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil.
Cambridge: CUP.
Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A
Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley,
CA: University of California Press.
Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil.
Cambridge: CUP.
Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul.
Chichester: Summersdale.
Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy
in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change.
Macmillan.
Prado Jnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.

Brazil at UCB Libraries GovPubs

Country Prole from the U.S. Library of Congress

(1997)

Brazil from the BBC News

Key Development Forecasts for Brazil from
International Futures
Democracy in Brazil from the Dean Peter Krogh
Foreign Aairs Digital Archives
Works related to CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil
at Wikisource
Geographic data related to Brazil at OpenStreetMap

36

14

14
14.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Brazil Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil?oldid=696507764 Contributors: Joao, Peter Winnberg, Brion VIBBER, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, Jeronimo, -- April, Andre Engels, LA2, Scipius, Youssefsan, Danny, Jcra, William Avery, SimonP, Drbug, Zoe,
Graham, Rsabbatini, Olivier, Leandrod, Edward, Infrogmation, DopeshJustin, Pgunn, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Hoshie, Mic, Ixfd64, 172,
Pedreco, Delirium, Arpingstone, Tregoweth, CesarB, Egil, Looxix~enwiki, Ahoerstemeier, Haakon, Docu, TUF-KAT, Notheruser, Angela, Jebba, Darkwind, Ugen64, Glenn, Vzbs34, Nikai, Cadr, Jiang, Tobias Conradi, Mxn, Raven in Orbit, Dwo, Mulad, Emperorbma,
RodC, Timwi, RickK, Colipon, Fuzheado, Rednblu, Marco Neves, WhisperToMe, Wik, Prumpf, AlexBrainer, Tpbradbury, Maximus
Rex, Grendelkhan, Taxman, VeryVerily, Ed g2s, Jmartinezot, Topbanana, Bjarki S, Warofdreams, Bloodshedder, Renato Caniatti~enwiki,
Italo Svevo, Wetman, SuPERLman, Secretlondon, Hajor, JorgeGG, PuzzletChung, Fito, Robbot, Vardion, Astronautics~enwiki, Moriori, Fredrik, Korath, RedWolf, Moncrief, Nurg, Romanm, Merovingian, PedroPVZ, (:Julien:), Yacht, ThaGrind, Bkell, Doidimais Brasil,
Hadal, JesseW, JackofOz, Refdoc, Mushroom, Vikingstad, Anthony, JerryFriedman, Kairos, GreatWhiteNortherner, Dina, Carnildo, Alan
Liefting, Svato, Xyzzyva, Alexwcovington, Centrx, Giftlite, DocWatson42, Lunkwill, MaGioZal, Phil5329, Dsloan, P3navy04, Sj, Sentinel,
NoahLevitt, Nichalp, Netoholic, Meursault2004, MSGJ, Everyking, Curps, Alison, David Johnson, Varlaam, Cantus, Rick Block, Broux,
FatTux, DO'Neil, Guanaco, Jorge Stol, Mboverload, Siroxo, Allstar86, Redux, Gzornenplatz, VampWillow, Avala, SWAdair, Bobblewik,
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Elekhh, FoxBot, Eamaral, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Losangeleslive, Dragonitedude09,
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Minsbot, Hadi Payami, Shredder2012, MarcosPassos, Nicdb, BattyBot, Ling.Nut3, Aaron archual, Mr.StateOfShock, ZuluKane, Knoowii,
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Dexbot, J.P.Rallizgard, Alburzador, Br'er Rabbit, Unbaratocha, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, MarioZelda128, Puisque, DLITE25, Lindodawki,
Mr. Ajax, Eldunayz, Vincius18, Soulytribe, Spanish Philippines, Souslalune, ThievingBeagles, Sbalfour, Vitor Carvalho, CsDix, Camyoung54, Ruby Murray, Zalunardo8, CGBoas, Melonkelon, Eyesnore, Jewels Vern, American In Brazil, Alexandre Candalaft, Theryx7,
EvergreenFir, Dwscomet, Gjrvarginha, Antiochus the Great, ArmbrustBot, Roboting, MJ Soquerata, Arthur Brum, CutlerB, Hobbityobbit, Emefaush, Judicial89, Disgusto, Danachos, Brunobusato98, Kind Tennis Fan, Gregjwarren, Programingcraze007, Blondeguynative,
Luxure, UnbiasedVictory, EduardoFernandez, Rgolds1203, Jbley, Stamptrader, Chipperdude15, 1982vdven, Barjimoa, Katastasi, Jononmac46, Janperson, Savvyjack23, Monkbot, BatmanArkhamOriginsV3, TheBoulderite, GinAndChronically, Ryopus, The Original Fil,
Ack! Ack! Pasta bomb!, Galaad1k, NBAkid, Vincius94, Spawn3000, Monopoly31121993, StradBot, Marcelo Armando, Samuelrowland, A Great Catholic Person, JitsuFighter, ChatBurns, PKdbz, Unbroken14, TheGuyWhoHasAUsername, Cynulliad, Howbabby, Mll
mitch, Aldiazmo, Dash9Z, Viladive, Sudhirdeshwal, Cyborg the Wikipedian, VitorPredator, KasparBot, MB298, ShesLostControlAgain,

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KPWD, Dataexpertgenius, Thiago Uzumaki, BD2412bot, Volkstod, Lux-hibou, The Quixotic Potato, Ameteurdemographer, Orelbon,
Paanur, GATO12, Nezi1111, Retention7 and Anonymous: 2620

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File:0741_NOV_B_05_Esplanada_dos_Ministerios_Brasilia_DF_03_09_1959.jpg
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wikipedia/commons/3/30/0741_NOV_B_05_Esplanada_dos_Ministerios_Brasilia_DF_03_09_1959.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0
Contributors:
Arquivo Pblico do Distrito Federal Original artist:
Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img
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src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
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File:50_Aniversrio_da_Repblica_Brasileira.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/50%C2%BA_
Anivers%C3%A1rio_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Brasileira.png License: Public domain Contributors: DIP (Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganga). Original artist: Desconhecido. Colorida por Djalma Gomes Netto.
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THERY_Img_05.png License: Attribution Contributors: Revista disponvel na web; http://confins.revues.org/document3483.html Original
artist: ARCHELLA & THRY, 2008
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C3%B4nio_Parreiras_-_Pris%C3%A3o_de_Tiradentes%2C_1914.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Antnio
Parreiras
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A7%C3%A3o_KC-390_%2815414135738%29.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Apresentao KC-390 Original artist: Ministrio
da Defesa
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File:Ayrton_Senna_with_toy_car_cropped_no_wm.jpg Source:
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File:Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_(Brazilian_Army).ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Brazilian_Flag_
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File:Brigadeiro.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Brigadeiro.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:
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File:Capoeira-three-berimbau-one-pandeiro.jpg
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File:Central_Bank_of_Brazil.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Central_Bank_of_Brazil.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Fotos produzidas pelo Senado Original artist: Senado Federal

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TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Chapada_Diamantina_Panorama_(cropped).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Chapada_
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artist: ?
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Fibonacci
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File:Desembarque_de_Pedro_lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_(18651939).jpg
Source:
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em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original
artist: Oscar Pereira da Silva
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Brazil.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aquintero82
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League.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Je Dahl
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Emblem_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on ocial emblem
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e/ec/Esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_tratamento_de_%C3%A1gua_de_Coronel_Fabriciano_MG.jpg License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors:
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User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370
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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?

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File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_Mercosur.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Mercosur.svg License: Public domain Contributors: SVG implementation of Mercosul-Mercosur/CMC/DEC N 17/02 Original artist: Converted to SVG by Fvasconcellos
(talk contribs)
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del Paraguay
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File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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