Communications

The Radio Frequency Spectrum

Band name

ABBR

Extremely low frequency

Super low frequency
Ultra low frequency
Very low frequency
Low frequency
Medium frequency
High frequency
Very high frequency
Ultra high frequency
Super high frequency
Extremely high frequency
Tremendously high frequency

ELF
SLF
ULF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
THF

ITU
band

frequency

wavelength

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

< 3 Hz
330 Hz
30300 Hz
3003000 Hz
330 kHz
30300 kHz
3003000 kHz
330 MHz
30300 MHz
3003000 MHz
330 GHz
30300 GHz
300 GHz 3000GHZ

> 100,000 km
100,000 km 10,000 km
10,000 km 1000 km
1000 km 100 km
100 km 10 km
10 km 1 km
1 km 100 m
100 m 10 m
10 m 1 m
1 m 100 mm
100 mm 10 mm
10 mm 1 mm
< 1 mm

propagation
mode
Ground Wave
Ground Wave
Ground Wave
Sky Wave
Space Wave
Space Wave
Space Wave
Space Wave

Satellites
Orbit Height
Orbital velocity
Orbital time (period)
Satellite Availability
Operating Frequency

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

100 - 300 mi
17,500 mph
1.5 hours
15 min per orbit
1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz

6,000 - 12,000 mi
9580 mph
5-12 mph
2 - 4 hours per orbit
1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz

Motorola's Iridium Satellite system (66satellite constellation for mobile phone

system)

GPS, NAVSTAR

Satellite classification to size

Size
Large Satellite
Small Satellite
Mini Satellite
Micro Satellite
Nano Satellite

Mass
> 1,000 kg
500 - 1,000 kg
100 - 500 kg
10 - 100 kg
< 10 kg

Loudness level
Cost
> $ 100 M
$ 50 - 100 M
$ 5 - 20 M
$2-3M
<$1M

Microwave frequency bands

Band
L
S
C
X
Ku
K
Ka
Millimeter
Sub-millimeter

Geostationary /
Geosynchronous (GEO)
22,300 mi
6879 mph
24 hours
24 hours per orbit
2 GHz - 18 GHz

Frequency in GHz
1-2
2-4
4-8
8-12
12-18
18-27
27-40
40-300
>300

The good you do to others will always come back to you pay it forward!!

0 - 15 dB
15 - 30 dB
30 - 60 dB
60 - 80 dB
80 - 130 dB
130 dB

very faint
faint
moderate
loud
very loud
deafening

10 Octaves of human hearing

1st octave
2nd
octave
3rd octave
4th octave
5th octave
6th octave
7th octave
8th octave
9th octave

20 - 40 Hz

80 - 160 Hz
160 - 320 Hz
320 - 640 Hz
640 - 1280 Hz
1280 - 2560 Hz
2560 - 5120 Hz
5120 - 10240 Hz

10th octave

10240 - 20480 Hz

40 - 80 Hz

Lower Bass
Upper Base
Lower Midrange
Upper midrange
Treble

Optimum volume per person for various

types of hall
Optimum Volume
/person (m3)
7.1

Type of Hall
concert halls
Italian-type opera
houses
churches
cinemas
Rooms for speech

4.2 - 5.2
7.1 - 9.9
3.1
2.8

Optimum reverberation (@500 to 1kHz)

Room Function
Recording and
broadcasting studios
Elementary classrooms
Playhouses, intimate
drama production
Lecture and conference
rooms
Cinema
small theaters
High school auditoriums
General purpose
auditoriums
Churches

Sound Pressure Levels

Source
faintest audible sound
whisper
Quiet residence
Soft stereo in residence
Speech range
cafeteria
Pneumatic jack hammer
Loud crowd noise
Accelerating motorcycle
Rock concert
Jet Engine (75 feet away)

Super Group Carrier Frequency

L600 Mastergroup

Reverberation time (s)

0.45 - 0.55
0.6 - 0.8

U600 Mastergroup

Supergroup

Carrier
frequency
(kHz)

Supergroup

Carrier
frequency
(kHz)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

612
Direct
1116
1364
1612
1860
2108
2356
2724
3100

13
14
15
16
17
18
D25
D26
D27
D28

1116
1364
1612
1860
2108
2356
2652
2900
3148
3396

0.9 - 1.1
0.9
0.8
1.2
1.5

SPL (dB)
0
20
30
40
50-70
90
90
100
100
120
140

1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6

1.5 - 1.6
1.4 - 3.4

AT&Ts FDM Hierarchy

Group
supergroup
mastergroup
Jumbogroup
Superjumbogroup

VB channels
12
60
600
3600
10800

Groups
5
50
300
900

supergroups
10
60
180

mastergroups
6
18

jumbogroups
3

CCITTs FDM Hierarchy

Group
supergroup
mastergroup
Jumbogroup

VB channels
12
60
300
900

Groups
5
25
75

supergroups
5
15

mastergroups
3

Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy (North American)

T1

Digital
Signal
DS0
DS1

Bit rate
(Mbps)
64Kbps
1.544

Channel
Capacity
1/24 of T-1
24

T1C

DS1c

3.152

T2

DS2

T3
T4M

Line Type

# of T1

Services Offered

VB telephone

48

VB telephone

6.312

96

DS3

44.736

672

28

VB tel, picture phone

VB tel, picture phone,
TV

DS4

274.176

4032

168

same as T3 but more capacity

Medium
twisted pair
twisted pair
twisted pair,
microwave
Coax, microware
Coax, fiber optics
fiber optics

TV channel Frequency allocation

Japanese Multiplexing Hierarchy

Level
1
2
3
4
5

Data Rate (Mbps)

1.544
6.312
32.064
97.728
565.148

channel
#
2
3
4
5
6

Channel Capacity
24
92
480
1140
7680

European standard
2.048
8.448

Channel
Capacity
30
120

time
slots
32
128

34.368
139.264
565.992

480
1920
7680

512
2048
8192

Level

Data Rate (Mbps)

E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14-83

ELECTRONICS
Summary for all 2-input gates
Inputs
A
B
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1

Frequency band
(MHz)
54 - 60
60 - 66
66 - 72
76 - 82
82 - 88
88 - 108
174 - 180
180 - 186
186 - 192
192 - 198
198 - 204
204 - 210
210 - 216
470-890

Low VHF Channels

FM band

High Band VHF

Channels

UHF

Resonant Circuit Feedback Oscillators

Oscillator Type
Hartley
Colpitts
Clapp
Pierce Crystal

Output of each gate

AND

NAND

OR

NOR

EX-OR

EX-NOR

0
0
0
1

1
1
1
0

0
1
1
1

1
0
0
0

0
1
1
0

1
0
0
1

X1
L
C
C
C

X2
L
C
C
C

X3
C
L
Series LC (net L)
Crystal (net L)

Typical Characteristics of IC Logic Families

IC Logic Family

Fan Out

Power
Dissipation (mW)

Propagation
Delay (ns)

Noise
margin (V)

Standard TTL
Schottky TTL
Low power Schottky TTL
ECL
CMOS

10
10
20
25
50

10
22
2
25
0.1

10
3
10
2
25

0.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
3

Level Of Integration
Small Scale Integration (SSI)
Medium Scale Integration (MSI)
Large Scale Integration (LSI)
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI)

No. of gates per chip

less than 12
12-99
100-9,999
10,000-99,999
100,000 or more

Amplifier
efficiency

A
AB
B
C

50%
51-99%
78%
85%

X2
X3

Motors

Level of Integration

Amplifier class

X1

conduction
angle
360
181 to 359
180
0 to 179

input signal
used
100%
> 50% < 100%
50%
50%

The good you do to others will always come back to you pay it forward!!

Motor
class
A
B
F
H

max
temperature
(0C)
105
130
155
180

Mode identification for

Multivibrator
CN1
Resistor
Resistor
Capacitor

CN2
Resistor
Capacitor
Capacitor

Mode
Bistable
Monostable
Astable

Electron Capacity = 2n2

Energy
Level
(Principal
Quantum
Number)

Shell
Letter

Electron
Capacity

K
L
M
N
O
P
Q

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Velocity of Sound
Water
Steel
Wood

5000 ft/sec

Distress Frequency

5150 m/s
3300 m/s

GPRS

170 kbps

EDGE

384 kbps

3G

Specifications

Cable Type

10BaseT
10Base2
10Base5
10BaseF
100BaseT
100BaseTX

Unshielded Twisted Pair

Thin Coax Cable
Thick Coax Cable
Fiber optic cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Unshielded Twisted Pair

720 Kbps
10 Gbps

Max Length
(m)
100
180
500
2000
100
220

2182 kHz

1-2
1900-1910
1980-1990

2-3
2400-2483
2500-2700

3-5
3400-3600
-

IMT 2000 maximum data rate

Slow moving vehicles?
High speed vehicle?

Magnetic Field Intensity

Equator
North Pole

Flicker noise Voltage

0.01 V to 0.2V
0.1V to 2V
0.05V-3V
0.02V-0.2V

Cable TV:
matching (RF)
terminal isolation
sound carrier isolator
spurious radiation rejection
cross modulation
adjacent channel isolation
audio signal level
video SNR for modulator

16 dB
28 dB
40 dB
60 dB
80 dB
-60 dB
1 dB
36 dB

MPEG 1

CD/internet

MPEG 2

(DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper

MPEG 3

HDTV

MPEG 4

DivX

MPEG 7

Multimedia content Description Interface

MPEG 21 Multimedia Framework

The good you do to others will always come back to you

5-10
5150-5350
5470-5850

> 10
10150-10650
-

32,000 nT
64,000 nT

Monolithic IC (m)
transistor
resistor
diodes

20 x 12
6 x 30
10 x 15

Commonly magnetized alloys

384 kbps
144 kbps

Wire-wound resistor?
Carbon-composition?
carbon film
metallic film (wire)

Application
Digital Microwave
(DECT)Cordless phone
GPRS
EDGE
CDMA
D-AMPS

(Precise & Standard Positioning Service)

GPS
PPS
SPS
horizontal
22 m
100 m
vertical
27.7 m
156 m
Time interval
200 nsec
340 nsec

Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile: (MHz)

<1
450-470
-

26.965-27.475 MHz

modulation technique
QAM - PSK
GFSK
GMSK
8PSK
BPSK
/4-DQPSK

2 Mbps

Bluetooth
Fiber
Optics

121.5 MHz

Maritime (radiotelegraphy)
CB (40 channels, 8Km)

Data rates

8
18
32
18
8
2

aeronautical

Permalloy
Hipernik
Perminvar
Constantan
Nichrome

22% iron and 78% nickel

40% Fe and 60% Ni
Ni 43%, Iron 34%, Cobalt 23%
40-60% copper / thermocouples
15-20% chromium and has high electrical resistance

CATV
Class I

TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds

Class II

w/o auxiliary equipment scrambling

Class III

w/ auxiliary equipment

Class IV

provides signaling path CATV, PPV

N0N
A1A
C3F
F1B
F8E
A3C
F3C
A3E
F3E
G3E
H3E
J3E
R3E

Un-Mod carrier, No info

Telegraphy
VSB Tx for TV signal
FSK
FM stereo Mux signal
AM Fax
FM Fax
AM Telephony, DSB
FM Telephony
PM Telephony
SSB FC
SSB SC
SSB RC

pay it forward!!

Moores Law (bps)

2015
1 Billion

2050
500 Trillion

Curie temperature (0C)

Cobalt
Iron
Nickel
Gondolinium

1130
770
358
16

Mobile Phones (W)

-

Analog

Digital

Class I

0.6

Class II

1.6

1.6

Class III

0.6

Names and Accomplishment

Abraham Abesamis
Neil Bhor
Ernest Rutherford
Christian Hulsmeyer
Theodor Maiman
Backham & KAO
Marc Anderseen
Norio Taniguchi
Burell Smith
Bob Khan & Vinton Cerf
Ted Hoff
Gilbert Hyatt
Isaac Asimov
Karel apek
Tim Bernes-Lee
Tomas Watson
William Gibson
Douglas Engelbart
Bob Metcalfe
Larry Robert
John Barger
Brattain and Bardeen
John Pierce
Vinton Cerf
Jack st. Claire Kilby
Ted Nelson
Jack Raskin
Seymour Roger Cray
Bob Noyce & Gordon Moore
Giovanni Caselli
Antonio Meucci
Vic Hayce
Agusta Ada Bryon
Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak
Edwin Armstron
Mark Tilden
Harry Nyquist
Carl Beredicks
Dr Carl Zener
Dr Leo Esaki
Randall and Boot
Richard Feynman
Perception
Surprise
Reflex action
Mascular inhibition
Respiratory failure
Fatal

secondary cell battery

lead-acid
nickel cadmium
silver-zinc
silver-cadmium

Chairman NTC
Calculated the radius and
velocity of electron
Measure atomic radius
Radar

Brain waves:
< 3 Hz
4 to 8 Hz
8 to 12 Hz
13 to 30 Hz

Phosphor

Developed LASER
Clad glass fiber
MOSAIC
Nanotech
MAC Mother Board
Designed TCP/IP
Designed Microprocessor
Invented Microprocessor
3 law of Robotics, 1969
coined Robot, 1920

P1
P4
P22
P31

Green
White
RGB
Green

Oscilloscope
Monochrome
colored
Oscilloscope

Blackout
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5

designed HTTP
IBM founder
Cyberspace

Weak black out

10 mins
< 1 hour
1-2 hours
more than 2 hours

OP AMPS

Mouse
Ethernet
Arpanet
Web-log
Inventor Transistor
Coined "transistor"
FTP/Father of internet
IC
Coined Hyper text
Founder of Macintosh

LM 101
LM 741C
OP 177A
IS-41
IS-54
IS-95
IS-136
IS-136.2

Super Computer
Intel fair child
Pantelegraph
1st Inventor of the telephone
Father of Wi-Fi
World 1st Computer
Programmer
Apple computer
Superheterodyne (radio)
Robosapien
Negative Feedback Amplifier
discovered germanium in 1915
development of zener diode
invented tunnel diode
Inventor of Magnetron

General purpose OP-Amp

Industries Standard
Ultra Precision Amp
Roaming
D-AMPS
CDMA One
TDMA, North American Digital Cellphone

roaming, /4-DQPSK

Commercials (minutes)
Program
duration
60
30
15
5

MLA

OUT-MLA

15
7.5
3.5
15sec

17
8.5
4
1.5

SUF for 3G (MHz/million):

Frequency

paired

unpaired

5 MHz
5-10
10-15
>15

P 5M
8M
10M
15M

P 3M
6M
8M
12M

subatomic to atom manipulation

AC (mA) at 60 Hz
0 to 1
1 to 4
4 to 21
21 to 40
40 to 100
Over 1600

The good you do to others will always come back to you

DC (mA)
0 to 4
4 to 15
15 to 80
80 to 160
160 to 300
300mA
pay it forward!!

IC types
Film
Hybrid
Monolithic

spike
surge
dip / sag

6000v in sec
110%
80% - 85 %

IC
packaging
TO
Flatpack
DIP

Packaging
Level
Level
Level
Level
Level

0
1
2
3
4

Resistor, diodes (non repairable parts)

Sub-modules attached to circuit cards
circuit cards, mother boards etc.
Drawers
Cabinets

Types of Robots
Semi-Autonomous
Autonomous
Tele-Operated
Androids
Cyborgs
Automatons

ASIMO
QRIO
HUBO
Robosapien
Bang-bang Robot

Needs some human intervention

Needs no human intervention
Remote controlled
Resemble humans
Mixture of human and machine parts
Automatically follow programmed instructions

GPS

GLONASS

24

21 (3 spare)

6
4
600
600
550
12 Hours
20,200 km

3
8
1200
450
64.80
11 Hours & 15mins
19,100 km

Satellites
Orbital Planes
Satellites / Planes
Plane Separation
Satellite Separation
Inclination
Orbital Period
Altitude

Microphones
Low Z
dynamic
carbon
ribbon

High Z
crystal
condenser
electret

Colpitts

tapped capacitor

Hartley
Armstrong
Clapp

tapped inductor

V.32
V.34bis
V.90

arm or joined- arm configuration

Spherical configurations

up, down, left, right, pivot at certain angle

Cylindrical configuration

360

Coax
Twin lead
Open wire

Cartesian or rectilinear

up/down/left/ right
4 axis robot with rotating elements that move
in single plane

Proton
Neutron

Assembly Robot Arm)

RFID frequency bands

13.553 MHz
918 MHz
2446 MHz

13.567 MHz
920 MHz
2454 MHz

SCR

NPN + PNP

Diac

two 4-layer SCR

Triac

two SCR back-to-back

Erlang B
Erlang C
Poisson

FAX
Mins / page

Group 1
6

Group 2
3

scan lines / inch

90

100

Group 3
6-15 sec / page
Standard

100

or

98

Fine

200

series LC

9600 bps
33.6 kbps
56 kbps

Velocity Factor

Articulated

SCARA (Selective Compliance

Magnetic Coupling

Medium Q
High Q

Maxwell Bridge
Hay Bridge

Mechanical Configurations of Industrial Robots

Honda
Sony
Korea
toy like robot
Limit stop

or

196

Superfine

400

or

392

0.66 / 0.6-0.8
0.8
0.9
2 up quarks 1 down quark
2 down quarks 1 up quark

do not reappear during test period

Held in the system until satisfied
satisfied or abandoned

IP version
IPv4
IPv6

Bluetooth
class
class 1
class 2
class 3

Maximum Permitted
dB Power (mW/dBm)
100 mW (20dBm)
2.5 mW (4dBm)
1 mW (0dBm)

Range
~100m
~10m
~1m

Turns Ratio of Transformer

step up
step down

less than unity

greater than unity

Welding Type
Carbon Arc Welding
Electron Beam Welding
Spot Welding
MIG (metal inert gas)
TIG (tungsten inert gas)
Plasma arc Welding
Pressure Welding
Electric Resistance Seam Welding

Occurrence of blow holes

Vacuum tube/ high velocity electrons applied in the materials
a type of resistance welding
high deposit rate/uses consumable wire electrodes
Uses non-consumable wire electrodes
wine glass / shielding gas
atom-atom bond
uses disc electrodes

Addresses
232
2128