Basic math formulas

Find here a comprehensive list of basic math formulas commonly used when doing basic math
computation

Average formula:
Let a1,a2,a3,......,an be a set of numbers, average = (a1 + a2 + a3,+......+ an)/n
Fractions formulas:

Converting a mixed number to an improper fraction:

Converting an improper fraction to a mixed number:

Formula for a proportion:

In a proportion, the product of the extremes (ad) equal the product of the means(bc),
Thus, ad = bc
Percent:
Percent to fraction: x% = x/100
Percentage formula: Rate/100 = Percentage/base
Rate: The percent.
Base: The amount you are taking the percent of.
Percentage: The answer obtained by multiplying the base by the rate
Consumer math formulas:
Discount = list price discount rate
Sale price = list price discount
Discount rate = discount list price
Sales tax = price of item tax rate
Interest = principal rate of interest time

Tips = cost of meals tip rate

Commission = cost of service commission rate
Geometry formulas:
Perimeter:
Perimeter of a square: s + s + s + s
s:length of one side
Perimeter of a rectangle: l + w + l + w
l: length
w: width
Perimeter of a triangle: a + b + c
a, b, and c: lengths of the 3 sides
Area:
Area of a square: s s
s: length of one side
Area of a rectangle: l w
l: length
w: width
Area of a triangle: (b h)/2
b: length of base
h: length of height
Area of a trapezoid: (b1 + b2) h/2
b1 and b2: parallel sides or the bases
h: length of height
volume:
Volume of a cube: s s s
s: length of one side
Volume of a box: l w h
l: length
w: width
h: height

Volume of a sphere: (4/3) pi r3

pi: 3.14
r: radius of sphere
Volume of a triangular prism: area of triangle Height = (1/2 base height) Height
base: length of the base of the triangle
height: height of the triangle
Height: height of the triangular prism
Volume of a cylinder:pi r2 Height
pi: 3.14
r: radius of the circle of the base
Height: height of the cylinder

Surface area of a square pyramid

It is not complicated to derive the formula of the surface area of a square pyramid.
start with a square pyramid as shown below and call the length of the bases and the height of one
triangle l

l is the slant height. It is not for no reason this height is called slant height!
The word slant refers also to something that is oblique or bent, or something that is not vertical or
straight up. Basically, anything that is not horizontal or vertical!
The area of the square is s2
The area of one triangle is (s l)/2
Since there are 4 triangles, the area is 4 (s l)/2 = 2 s l

Therefore, the surface area, call it SA is:

SA = s2 + 2 s l :
Example #1:
Find the surface area of a square pyramid with a base length of 5 cm, and a slant height of 10 cm
SA = s2 + 2 s l
SA = 52 + 2 5 10
SA = 25 + 100
SA = 125 cm2

Example #2:
Find the surface area with a base length of 3 cm, and a slant height of 2 cm
SA = s2 + 2 s l
SA = 32 + 2 3 2
SA = 9 + 12
SA = 21 cm2

Example #3:
Find the surface area with a base length of 1/2 cm, and a slant height of 1/4 cm
SA = s2 + 2 s l
SA = (1/2)2 + 2 1/2 1/4
SA = 1/4 + 1 1/4
SA = 1/4 + 1/4
SA = 2/4
SA = 1/2 cm2

Here is a list of all the prime numbers up to 100.

2

11

71

73

79

83

89

13

17

19

23

29

31

37

41

43

47

53

59

61

67
97

The gram is used to measure mass or weight.

For instance, a person weighing 170 pounds in customary measurement, weighs 77110 grams or
77.11 kilograms in the metric system.
the liter is used to measure capacity.
for instance, 1 liter of coke measures about 33.81 ounces in customary measurement.
The meter is used to measure length.
For instance, a person whose height is 1 meter is equivalent 3.2808 feet in customary measurement.
In the metric system, other units are named by using prefixes such as kilo, hecto, deka, deci, centi,
and milli etc...
1 kilo = one thousand and the symbol we use is k
For example, 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 hecto = one hundred and the symbol we use is h
1 hectogram = 100 grams
1 deka = ten and the symbol we use is da
1 dekameter = 10 meters
1 deci = one-tenth and the unit is d

1 deciliter = 0.1 liter

1 centi = one-hundredth and the unit is c
1 centimeter = 0.01 meter
1 milli = one-thousandth and the unit is m
1 millimeter = 0.001 meter

To get the amount of space inside a figure, we use a square to represent 1 unit and we say that the
area is measured in square units
Take a look at the following rectangle. To get the area, we are going to draw squares of equal sizes
inside of it.

1 square represents 1 square unit. The rectangle has 8 squares, so the area for this rectangle is 8
square units.
We can also write 8 units2 and it will mean the same
Notice,it is very important, that you can get the same answer if you multiply 2 square units by 4

square units because 2 4 = 8

2 square units represent the measure of the width and 4 square units represent the measure for the
length.
Thus, in general, to get the area for a rectangle, just use the following formula:
Area of rectangle = length width

In practice, when looking for the area of shapes, you will be using real life units such, inches, yards,
feet, and so forth
The following examples demonstrate how to do this

Notice here the unit we are using is inch. That means we are going to use squares, which have a
side of 1 inch to get the area for the rectangle.
Area = length width = 5 2 = 10 square inches or 10 inches 2
This also means that we can fit 10 squares with a side of 1 inch inside this rectangle.
Find the area of the following rectangle

Area = length width = 10 2 = 20 square inches or 20 inches 2

Now,that you understand how to get the area for a rectangle, it is going to be easy to get the area of
shapes such as squares, triangles, and trapezoid.

COMPOUND SENTENCE
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a
coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
(Helpful hint: The first letter of each of the coordinators spells FANBOYS.)
Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a
comma. In the following compound sentences, subjects are in yellow, verbs
are in green, and the coordinators and the commas that precede them are
in red.

A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.

B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.

The above three sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence

contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with
a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can
change the relationship between the clauses. Sentences B and C, for
example, are identical except for the coordinators. In sentence B, which
action occurred first? Obviously, "Alejandro played football" first, and as a
consequence, "Maria went shopping. In sentence C, "Maria went shopping"
first. In sentence C, "Alejandro played football" because, possibly, he didn't
have anything else to do, for or because "Maria went shopping." How can
the use of other coordinators change the relationship between the two

clauses? What implications would the use of "yet" or "but" have on the
meaning of the sentence?
COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more
dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such
as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such
as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, subjects are in
yellow, verbs are in green, and the subordinators and their commas (when
required) are in red.

A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last
page.
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.

When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A

and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the
independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as
in sentences B, C, and E, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before
the subordinators in sentences B, C, and E, it is wrong.
Note that sentences D and E are the same except sentence D begins with the
dependent clause which is followed by a comma, and sentence E begins with
the independent clause which contains no comma. The comma after the
dependent clause in sentence D is required, and experienced listeners of
English will often hear a slight pause there. In sentence E, however, there
will be no pause when the independent clause begins the sentence.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Finally, sentences containing adjective clauses (or dependent clauses) are
also complex because they contain an independent clause and a dependent
clause. The subjects, verbs, and subordinators are marked the same as in
the previous sentences, and in these sentences, the independent clauses are
also underlined.

A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to sells cosmetics.

B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.
C. The house which AbrahAM Lincoln was born in is still standing.
D. The town where I grew up is in the United States.