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THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F.

Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011

12.6 Entropy for Psychrometric Mixtures


Air and water vapor form an ideal gas mixture under most conditions of interest. Therefore, the
molar specific entropy of this gas mixture, s , can be evaluated using the method discussed in
Section 11.2:
s ya sa yv sv

(12-53)

where ya and yv are the mole fractions of air and water vapor, respectively, and sa and sv are
the molar specific entropies of pure air and water vapor, respectively, evaluated at the mixture
temperature and their respective partial pressures. On a mass basis, the specific entropy of the
gas mixture can be evaluated according to:
s mf a sa mf v sv

(12-54)

where mfa and mfv are the mass fractions of air and water vapor, respectively, and sa and sv are
the specific entropy of dry air and water vapor, respectively. Psychrometric properties are more
conveniently represented on a dry air mass basis rather than on a molar basis. The dry air
specific entropy of an air-water vapor mixture is obtained by dividing the total entropy of the
mixture by the mass of dry air:

sav

m s mv sv
S
a a
ma
ma

(12-55)

Substituting the definition of the humidity ratio into Eq. (12-55) allows sav to be expressed as:

sav sa sv

(12-56)

The partial pressure of water vapor is given by:

Pv yv P

(12-57)

where P is the total pressure. The water vapor mole fraction and humidity ratio both provide
compositional information for the mixture. The water vapor mole fraction is defined as:

yv

nv
na nv

(12-58)

Substituting the molar masses of water and air into Eq. (12-58) leads to:

yv

mv
MWv
ma
m
v
MWa MWv

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(12-59)

THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011
Equation (12-59) can be rearranged:

yv

1
ma MWv
1
mv MWa

(12-60)

which can be expressed in terms of the humidity ratio:

yv

1
0.622
1

(12-61)

The factor 0.622 in Eq. (12-61) is the ratio of the molar mass of water vapor to the molar mass of
dry air. The partial pressure of dry air can be determined according to:
Pa P Pv

(12-62)

The specific entropy of air-water vapor mixtures on a per mass of dry air is not provided on a
psychrometric chart, but it is provided in EES when the entropy function is accessed using the
'AirH2O' substance. The dry air specific entropy is needed to calculate the entropy generation and
the associated exergy destruction for a psychrometric process.

EXAMPLE 12.5-2: Analysis of a Cooling Tower (continued)


This example continues the analysis of the cooling tower discussed in Example 12.5-1.
a.) Determine the rate of entropy generation in the cooling tower.
The additional EES code is appended to the bottom of the EES code for Example 12.5-1. The
specific entropy of the water at states 1, 2, and 5 are determined.
"Specific entropies"
s[1]=entropy(Water,T=T[1],P=P)
s[2]=entropy(Water,T=T[2],P=P)
s[5]=entropy(Water,T=T[5],P=P)

"entering water"
"leaving water"
"makeup water"

The mole fraction of water vapor at state 3 is given by:


yv ,3

1
0.622
1

The partial pressure of water vapor at state 3 is given by:

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THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011

Pv ,3 yv ,3 P

The specific entropy of the water vapor (sv,3) is evaluated at T3 and Pv,3. The partial pressure of
dry air is given by:
Pa ,3 P Pa ,3

The specific entropy of dry air (sa,3) is evaluated at T3 and Pa,3. The dry air specific entropy of
the air-water mixture is:

sav ,3 sa ,3 3 sv ,3
y_v[3]=1/(0.622/omega[3]+1)
P_v[3]=y_v[3]*P
s_v[3]=entropy(Water,T=T[3],P=P_v[3])
P_a[3]=P-P_v[3]
s_a[3]=entropy(Air,T=T[3],P=P_a[3])
s_av[3]=s_a[3]+omega[3]*s_v[3]

"mole fraction of water vapor at state 3"


"partial pressure of water vapor at state 3"
"specific entropy of water vapor"
"partial pressure of air at state 3"
"specific entropy of dry air"
"dry air specific entropy of air-water mixture"

which results in sav,3 = 5773 J/kg-K. Note that is easier to compute sav,3 using the entropy
function with the AirH2O substance:
s_av_3_check=entropy(AirH2O,P=P,T=T[3],R=phi[3])

"check using the AirH2O substance in EES"

which also returns sav,3 = 5773 J/kg-K. The dry air specific entropy at state 4 (sav,4) is also
computed.
s_av[4]=entropy(AirH2O,P=P,T=T[4],w=omega[4])

"dry air specific entropy of air-water mixture "

An entropy balance on the cooling tower is:


m w s1 m muw s5 m a sav ,3 Sgen m a sav ,4 m w s2
m_dot_w*s[1]+m_dot_muw*s[5]+m_dot_a*s_av[3]+S_dot_gen=m_dot_a*s_av[4]+m_dot_w*s[2]
"entropy balance"

which results in Sgen = 18.02 W/K.


b.) Plot the rate of entropy generation in the cooling tower as a function of the cooling tower
effectiveness.
Figure 1 illustrates Sgen as a function of ct. Note that the rate of entropy generation approaches
zero both when ct = 1, because the temperature difference between the air and water streams
becomes small, and also when ct = 0, because there is very little heat transfer between the
streams. Neither of these extremes would be a practical operating condition.

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THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011

Rate of entropy generation (W/K)

25

20

15

10

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Cooling tower effectiveness


Figure 1: Rate of entropy generation as a function of the cooling tower effectiveness.

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