(12-53)
where ya and yv are the mole fractions of air and water vapor, respectively, and sa and sv are
the molar specific entropies of pure air and water vapor, respectively, evaluated at the mixture
temperature and their respective partial pressures. On a mass basis, the specific entropy of the
gas mixture can be evaluated according to:
s mf a sa mf v sv
(12-54)
where mfa and mfv are the mass fractions of air and water vapor, respectively, and sa and sv are
the specific entropy of dry air and water vapor, respectively. Psychrometric properties are more
conveniently represented on a dry air mass basis rather than on a molar basis. The dry air
specific entropy of an air-water vapor mixture is obtained by dividing the total entropy of the
mixture by the mass of dry air:
sav
m s mv sv
S
a a
ma
ma
(12-55)
Substituting the definition of the humidity ratio into Eq. (12-55) allows sav to be expressed as:
sav sa sv
(12-56)
Pv yv P
(12-57)
where P is the total pressure. The water vapor mole fraction and humidity ratio both provide
compositional information for the mixture. The water vapor mole fraction is defined as:
yv
nv
na nv
(12-58)
Substituting the molar masses of water and air into Eq. (12-58) leads to:
yv
mv
MWv
ma
m
v
MWa MWv
E17-1
(12-59)
THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011
Equation (12-59) can be rearranged:
yv
1
ma MWv
1
mv MWa
(12-60)
yv
1
0.622
1
(12-61)
The factor 0.622 in Eq. (12-61) is the ratio of the molar mass of water vapor to the molar mass of
dry air. The partial pressure of dry air can be determined according to:
Pa P Pv
(12-62)
The specific entropy of air-water vapor mixtures on a per mass of dry air is not provided on a
psychrometric chart, but it is provided in EES when the entropy function is accessed using the
'AirH2O' substance. The dry air specific entropy is needed to calculate the entropy generation and
the associated exergy destruction for a psychrometric process.
"entering water"
"leaving water"
"makeup water"
1
0.622
1
E17-2
THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011
Pv ,3 yv ,3 P
The specific entropy of the water vapor (sv,3) is evaluated at T3 and Pv,3. The partial pressure of
dry air is given by:
Pa ,3 P Pa ,3
The specific entropy of dry air (sa,3) is evaluated at T3 and Pa,3. The dry air specific entropy of
the air-water mixture is:
sav ,3 sa ,3 3 sv ,3
y_v[3]=1/(0.622/omega[3]+1)
P_v[3]=y_v[3]*P
s_v[3]=entropy(Water,T=T[3],P=P_v[3])
P_a[3]=P-P_v[3]
s_a[3]=entropy(Air,T=T[3],P=P_a[3])
s_av[3]=s_a[3]+omega[3]*s_v[3]
which results in sav,3 = 5773 J/kg-K. Note that is easier to compute sav,3 using the entropy
function with the AirH2O substance:
s_av_3_check=entropy(AirH2O,P=P,T=T[3],R=phi[3])
which also returns sav,3 = 5773 J/kg-K. The dry air specific entropy at state 4 (sav,4) is also
computed.
s_av[4]=entropy(AirH2O,P=P,T=T[4],w=omega[4])
E17-3
THERMODYNAMICS, S.A. Klein and G.F. Nellis, Cambridge University Press, 2011
25
20
15
10
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
E17-4