Chapter 11 Power Cables

Chapter 11
Power Cables
Chapter 11
Power cables
Touristic Village with Renewable Energy Generation
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 General Layout of the System
The conductor system by means of which electric power is conveyed
from a generating station to the consumers premises may, in general,
be divided into two distinct parts i.etransmission system and distribution
system. Each part can again be sub-divided into twoprimary
transmission and secondary transmission and similarly, primary
distribution and secondary distribution and then finally the system of
supply to individual consumers. Atypical layout of a generating,
transmission and distribution network of a large system would be made
up of elements as shown by a single-line diagram of Fig. 11.1 although
it has to be realized that one or more of these elements may be missing
in any particular system. For example, in a certain system, there may
be no secondary transmission and in another case, when the
generating station is nearby, there may be no transmission and the
distribution system proper may begin at the generator bus-bars.
Now-a-days, generation and transmission is
almost exclusively three-phase. The
secondary trans-mission is also 3-phase
whereas the distribution to the ultimate
customer may be 3-phase or single-phase
depending upon the requirements of the
customers.
In Fig. 11.1 C.S. represents the central
station where power is generated by 3phase alternators at 6.6 or 11 or 13.2 or
even 32 kV. The voltage is then stepped up
by suitable 3-phase transformers for
transmission purposes. Taking the
generated voltage as 11 kV, the 3-phase
transformers step it up to 132kV as shown.
Primary or high-voltage transmission is
carried out at 132 kV
Figure11.1
The 3-phase, 3-wire overhead high-voltage transmission line next

terminates in step-down trans-formers in a sub-station known as
Receiving Station R.Swhich usually lies at the outskirts of a citybecause
it is not safe to bring high-voltage overhead transmission lines into
thickly-populated areas.
Chapter 11
Power Cables
Here, the voltage is stepped down to 33 kV. It may be noted here that
for ensuring continuity ofservicetransmission is always by duplicate
linesFrom the Receiving Station, power is next transmitted at 33 kV by
underground cables (andoccasionally by overhead lines) to various
sub-stations (SS) located at various strategic points in thecity. This is
known as secondary or low-voltage transmission. From now onwards
starts the primary and secondary distribution.
At the sub-station (SS) voltage is reduced from 33kV to 3.3kV 3-wire for
primary distribution.Consumers whose demands exceeds 50 kVA are
usually supplied fromSSby special 3.3 kV feeders.The secondary
distribution is done at 400/230 V for which purpose voltage is reduced
from3.3kV to 400 V at the distribution sub-stations.
Feeders radiating from distribution sub-stationsupply power to
distribution networks in their respective areas. If the distribution network
happens tobe at a great distance from sub-station, then they are
supplied from the secondaries of distributiontransformers which are
either pole-mounted or else housed in kiosks at suitable points of the
distribu-tion networks. The most common system for secondary
distribution is 400/230-V, 3-phase 4-wiresystem. The single-phase
residential lighting load is connected between any one line and the
neutral.
Note: Voltage levels are defined internationally, as follows:
Low voltage: up to 1000 V

Medium voltage: above 1000 V up to 36 kV
High voltage: above 36 kV
Supply standards variation between continents by two general

standards have emergedas the dominant ones:
In Europe
IEC governs supply standards
The frequency is 50 Hz and LV voltage is 230/400 V
In North America
IEEE/ANSI governs supply standards
The frequency is 60 Hz and the LV voltage is 110/190 V.
Chapter 11
Power Cables
12.1.2 Difference between over head lines and under ground

systems
Overhead lines are far cheaper than underground cables for long
distances, mainly due
to the fact that air is used as the insulation medium between phase
conductors. The
support masts of overhead lines are quite a significant portion of the
costs, that is the
reason why aluminum lines are often used instead of copper, as
aluminum lines weight
less than copper, and are less expensive.
However,copper has a higher current conducting capacity than
aluminum per square mm, so once again the most economical line
design will depend on many factors.
Overhead lines are by nature prone to lightning strikes, causing a
temporary surge on
the line, usually causing flashover between phases or phase to ground.
This is of short
duration, and as soon as it is cleared, normal operation may be
resumed. Auto-reclosers
are employed on an increasing number of overhead lines.
And this table show the main advantages and disadvantages for both
systems as shown in ( table 1)
Chapter 11
Power Cables
Over head lines
Under ground systems
Advantages
Less expensive for longer

distances.
Easy to locate fault.
Advantages
Less expensive for shorter
distances
Not susceptible to lightning
Environment-friendly
Not maintenance intensive

Disadvantages
Expensive for long distances
Can be difficult to locate

fault.
Disadvantages
More expensive for shorter

distances
Susceptible to lightning
Not environment-friendly
Maintenance intensive
High level of expertise and

specialized equipment needed for
installation.
Underground (buried) cable
installations are mostly used for
power distribution in industrial
applications.
Table 1
Overhead distribution or transmission becomes difficult in populated

area like cities
and towns. in such areas necessary to use cable laid below the ground
surface . these
are known as underground cables.
All cables are fundamentally similar in that they contain conductors for
carrying current
, insulation for surrounding the conductors , and some form of covering
to provide
mechanical and possible corrosion protection to ensure that the
insulator may continue
to operate is satisfactorily through the life of the cable once the cable
has been installed.
The primary function of the cable is to carry energy reliably between
source and utilization. In carrying this energy ,there are heat losses
generated in the cable that must
be dissipated. The ability to dissipate these losses depends on how the
cable are
insulated ,and this affects their ratings.
Chapter 11
Power Cables
The selections of conductor size requires consideration of the load

current to be carried
and the load cycle ,emergency overloading requirements and
duration ,fault clearing
time and interrupting capacity of the cable over current protection or
source capacity,
voltage drop ,d ambient temperatures for particular installation
conditions.
Cable may be installed in cable trays , underground in duct or direct
buried , in cable
bus ,or open runs of the cable.
12.2 cable construction

A typical cable is comprised of
conductors shielded by varioustypes of
material(see Figure 11.2).
Cables may have single core ,two
cores ,three cores
ormore.Cable core is a conductor
surrounded by insulating material which
isolates it from other
cable cores . Single core cables are
preferred when more flexibility and
installation simplicity are required .
Fig 11.2 cable construction
on other hand ,three-core cables are more economical and acquire

better electrical performance in three-phase transmission and
distribution.
11.2.1 Cable conductors:

The core conductor is the current carrying conducting material of the
underground
power cable. The two conductor materials in common use are copper
and aluminum.
Copper has historically been used for conductors of insulated cables
primarily for its desirable electrical and mechanical properties. The use
of aluminum is based mainly on its favorable conductivity-to-weight
ratio, its ready availability, and the stable low cost of the primary metal.
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.2.1.1 Comparison Between Copper and Aluminum.

Aluminum requires largerconductor sizes to carry the same current as
copper. The equivalent aluminum cable, whencompared to copper in
terms of ampacity, will be lighter in weight and larger in diameter.
To decrease cross-sectional area of extra high voltage cable,

hard drawn copper core
conductors are used (Aluminum conductivity = 60% Copper
conductivity).
The hard drawn copper conductors are preferred in low-voltage

networks, as copper
material can withstand thermal stress during overloading operations
compared with
aluminum conductors.
The hard drawn aluminum conductors are commonly used in

medium-voltage and
high-voltage distribution networks to decrease costs where the threephase load
balancing and hence overloading problem is minimized.
Fig11.3 Coparison between copper and

Aluminum
12.2.1.2 Classes of Conductors

Conductors are classified as solid or stranded. A solidconductor is a
single conductor of solid circular section. A stranded conductor is
composed of a group of small conductors in common contact.
A stranded conductor is used where the solid conductor is too large
and not flexible enough to be handled readily. Large solid conductors
are also easily damaged by bending. The need for mechanical
flexibility usually determines whether a solid or astranded conductor is
used, and the degree of flexibility is a function of the totalnumber of
strands.
Chapter 11
Power Cables
The strands in the stranded conductor are usually arranged in

concentric layers about a central core. The smallest number of wires in
a stranded conductor is three. The next number of strands are 7, 19, 37,
61, 91, 127, etc. Both copper and aluminum conductors may be
stranded as shown in figure 12.3
Figure11.3 Stranded wires core conductors
11.2.2 Cable Insulators:

There are many insulations (or dielectric materials) used in producing
the various
cables to deliver electric power. Cable insulation materials include oil
impregnatedpaper,
rubber , and extruded (or polymeric) insulations.
11.2.2.1 Insulating material should achieve the followingrequirement:
Long life
High dielectric strength
High resistance to corona and ionization
Resistance to high temperatures
Mechanical flexibility
Resistance to humidity
Low insulation losses
It is classified into three main categories:
Natural type :Such as Fabrics Rubber Wood Papers.
Synthetic materials : Such asPolymeric Materials for Insulation

Polymeric insulations (known also as Extruded insulations) are long
chainhydrocarbon thermoplastic materials which are produced by the
polymerization
of petrochemical products like ethylene gas under high pressure
andtemperature. Extruded insulations used for wire and cable are
classified into twomain types:
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.2.2.2 Thermoplastic materials

that tend to lose their form upon subsequent heating. Polyethylene (PE)
and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are the most common thermoplastic type
extruded insulations.
For the power cable polyvinylchloride (pvc)is the most widely used
thermoplastic
insulation. Polyethylene being used in frequently and then only for high
voltages.
PVC insulating compounds have excellent electrical properties suited
to power cables
used up to including 3.3Kv ,but at higher voltages the material is not
suitable, mainly
because it has a relatively high dielectric constant and dielectric losses
become high.
One electrical characteristics of a PVC which is often not appreciated
in the fact that its
insulation resistance varies quite considerably with temperature .At 70
a PVC-insulated cable has an insulation resistance some 700 to1000
times less than the value at20.
Being thermoplastic material ,PVC is harder at lower temperatures and
becomes
progressively softer with increasing temperature .The grades of PVC
used for mains cables are designed for conductor continuous
operating temperatures of 70 and under short-circuit conditions the
conductor temperature should never exceed 1600C ,otherwise the
core insulation would flow and the cable would become permanently
damaged.
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.2.2.3 Thermosetting materials

That tend to maintain their form upon subsequent heating. These
extruded insulations range from Cross linked Polyethylene (XLPE) and
Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR) to the most recent advances in Treeretardant Cross linked Polyethylene (TR-XLPE).
Almost all XLBE is made from high density polyethylene (HDPE). XLBE
contains
crosslinkedbonds in the polymer structure , changing the thermoplastic
to a thermoset.
Cross-linking is accomplished during or after the extrusion of the tubing.
The required
degree of cross-linking, according to ASTM (American Society for
Testing andMaterials) Standard F 876-93, is between 65 and 89%. A
higher degree of cross-linkingcould result in brittleness and stress
cracking of the material.
The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved.
Adequate strength to
120-150C is maintained by reducing the tendency to flow. Chemical
resistance is
enhanced by resisting dissolution. Low temperature properties are
improved. Impact
and tensile strength, scratch resistance, and resistance to brittle
fracture are enhanced.
XLPE-insulated cables have a rated maximum conductor temperature
of 90C and an
emergency rating up to 140C, depending on the standard used. They
have a conductor
short-circuit rating of 250C. XLPE has excellent dielectric properties,
making it useful
for medium voltage - 10 to 50 kV AC - and high voltage cables - up to
380 kV AC voltage,
and several hundred kV DC.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
12.2.2.4 comparison the different characteristics of

PVC, XLPE, and EPR
type extruded insulation power cables:
characteristics
PVC
Chemical Structure
Thermoplastic Polar
Polymer Structure
Recommended
continuous
working temperature
at
conductor surface in
c
Intermittent
temperature
rating during
overloading
inc
Maximum
temperature
during short-circuit c
Current Carrying
Capacity
Amorphous
Dielectric Strength
(KV/mm)
Low Temperature
Brittleness
Deg. C
Mechanical and
electrical
properties at high
temperature during
overloading and long
shortcircuitperiods
Flexibility
Application
Acid Resistance
XLBE
Themoset, pure
Hydrocarbon.
Partial Crystalline
70
90
120
130
160
250
___________
30% Higher than PVC
350
550
-15
-90
Degraded much
when heating over
105 c
Flexible
Wiring installation
inside building
Fair
Change slightly as
temperature increases
and does not melt at 105c
Hard to bend
Primary feeder in MV
and in HV &EHV
systems
Excellent
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
In this project
PVC cables is used for low voltage application.
XLPE cables is used for High voltage application.
11.2.3 Shielding of Higher Voltage Cable

For operating voltages below 2 kV, nonshielded constructions are
normally used.
Insulation shielding is required for all nonmetallic, sheathed,singleconductor cables operating above 2 kV and all metallic sheathed
cables and multiconductor cables
above 5 kV.
11.2.3.1 Procedure
Shielding is the practice of confining the electric field of the cable to
the insulation surrounding the conductor by means of conducting or
semiconducting layers,
closely fitting or bonded to the inner and outer surfaces of the
insulation. In other words, theouter shield confines the electric field to
the space between conductor and shield. The inner or strand stress
relief layer is at or near the conductor potential. The outer or insulation
shield is designed to carry the charging currents and in many cases
fault currents.
11.2.3.2 Purpose
Insulation shields have several purposes:
Confine the electric field within the cable.
Equalize voltage stress within the insulation, minimizing surface

discharges.
Protect cable from induced potentials.
Limit electromagnetic or electrostatic interference (radio, TV,

etc.).
Reduce shock hazard (when properly grounded).
11.2.4 Metallic Sheaths:

Materials used for cable sheathing are lead layer, aluminum layer or
copper wire.
The main function of it is to provide:
Good method of cable earthing.
Good path to the fault current.

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Chapter 11
Power Cables
12.2.4.1 Lead Sheathing:

Lead is one of the oldest sheathing materials used on power cables,
dating back to the
early 1900s. Use of lead sheaths has proven to be a very effective
moisture barrier
contributing to long-term reliability of cable systems.
Disadvantage of lead sheaths is that:
They add a great deal of weight to the cable.
Lead sheaths are prone to deformation under continuous load

conditions due to the
creep characteristics of the material.
Also, lead sheaths are susceptible to failure due to metal fatigue

caused by
mechanical vibration or thermal cycling.
11.2.4.2 Aluminum Sheathing

Aluminum sheathing began to appear in the late 1940s. Aluminum is
attractive because
it is much lighter than lead and has good mechanical properties.
However, extra sheath
losses caused by eddy currents can be generated because Aluminum
metal has higher
conductivity compared with lead sheath type.
11.2.5 Armoring:
Armoring is primarily used to protect the cable mechanically and add
strength to the
cable A flat galvanized steel metal tape is helically wrapped around
the cable core. The
tape is typically protected by an outer covering. Applications include
commercial or
industrial installations in conduit, ducts, troughs, and raceways.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.2.5.1 Steel -tape armoring.

the steel tape is provided over the bending and they aren't very
flexible , and their use is limited where the bending of the cables can
not be avoided .
Figure 1
11.2.5.2 wire armoring

It has been found that asingle layer of wire armoring provides abetter
mechanical protection as against two layer of steel tape
Figure 2
11.2.6 Nonmetallic jackets:

Jackets, also called sheaths, are external covering layers that can
serve several purposes:
They provide mechanical, thermal, chemical and environmental

protection to the
insulated conductors they enclose.
They may act as electrical insulation when used over shields or

armor.
They ease installation and routing concerns by enclosing multiple

insulated
conductors.
They may also protect the characteristics of the underlying

insulation, for example,
a thin nylon jacket over PVC enhances the abrasion and fluid
resistance of a 600v
cable.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.2.7 Bedding
It is an inner sheath of bituminous paper over the lead metal sheath to
provide:
Round cross-section-area of cables to take largest volume in

least space area.
Separate the metallic sheath from the armored layer to prevent

galvanic
corrosion.
12.3 Cable selection

When selecting a cable for your specific application, a number of
variables
require attention. These are:
Application (voltage rating)
Size and type of load to be supplied.
Emergency overload criteria.
Permissible voltage drop.
Prospective fault current.
Circuit protection.
Installation conditions.
11.3.1 Application
The selection of the cable insulation (voltage) rating is based on: the
phase-to-phase voltage of the system in which the cable is to be
applied, the general system category (depending on whether the
system is grounded or ungrounded), and the time in which a ground
fault on the system is cleared by protective equipment.
11.3.1.1 Low-voltage distribution

For LV distribution purposes, the choice is basically between XLPE and
PVCinsulatedcables. The XLPE cables have higher current ratings than PVC
cables
for the sameconductor size, Normally XLPE cables tend to be slightly
more
expensive than PVC cables.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
The choice between these two types for LV applications will normally
be
determined by economic considerations (the relative prices at that
stage)
andavailability. Bear in mind that a slightly smaller XLPE cable can be
chosen
for the same current requirement, which have other spin-offs, for
example
space-saving on cable racks or in trenches, slightly reduced labor costs
for installation, etc.
12.3.1.2 Medium-voltage distribution

For MV applications, the choice is more involved. First of all, the choice
lies between
overhead lines and underground cables. Nowadays, the tendency is to
move toward
underground cables for distribution purposes, which stated in the
previous.
where they are very economic compared to underground
cables.overhead lines are
mainlyconsidered for applications over relatively large distances,
where they are very economic compared to underground cables.
The next choice is then between aluminum or copper conductors.
Aluminum
conductors are larger than copper conductors for the same currentcarrying capacity,
which may add to installation costs. The choice will mainly be an
economic one,
influenced by availability and the relative prices of the two metals at
that stage.
Aluminum conductors may be considered in high corrosive areas.
The third choice is the question of cable insulation type. For normal
distribution
purposes, the choice lies between PVC- or XLPE-insulated cables.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.3.2 Load to be supplied

In order to select the appropriate cable, it is necessary to know the
voltage and the load
current, as the first step in the selection process. The following formulae
apply:
KW 1000
= of knowing voltage, and power factor

,inIfL
case
3 cos
KVA 1000
, in IfL
case
= of knowing the kVA rating and voltage
3
Use this value of current to determine the cable size by reference to

the relevant
manufacturers tables for copper or aluminum conductors.
A slightly larger conductor size may be chosen for safety aspects, and
to provide for the
higher than usual current, which may be according to derating factors
in normal cases.
the starting current of electrical motor should be taken in our
calculation of the cable.
The deratinf factors can be obtained from the tables like in the project
from (ELSEWEDY
Power Cables Catalogue)
Then the manufacturer's ampacity recommendations should be
usedas load current criteria.
Ampacity tables indicate the minimum size conductor required,
however, conservative
engineering practice, future load growth considerations, voltage drop,
and short circuit
considerations may require the use of larger conductors.
17
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.3.3 Standard Cable Installation Conditions

Standard installation conditions for cables that are installed in free air
includes:
Ambient air temperature is 25 for transmission and distribution

cables, 30
forindoor wiring and 35 for wiring installations in ships.
Minimum distance between cable and wall is 20 mm.
Minimum distance between the cable and neighboring one is

150 cm.
Cable is isolated from direct sun rays.

While the standard installation conditions for cables that are directly
buried in ground
includes:
Soil temperature is 15
Thermal resistivity of soil is 1.2 m/W.
Minimum distance between the cable and neighboring one is

1.8 m.
Buried depth is 0.5 m for 1-kV cables and 0.8 m for cables higher
than 1kV.
12.3.4 Emergency overload criteria

Normal loading limits of insulated wire and cable are determined
based on many years of practical experience. These limits account for
a rate of insulation deterioration that results in the most economical
and useful life of such cable systems.
The anticipated rate of deterioration equates to a useful life of
approximately 20 to 30 years. The life of cable insulation may be
halved, and the average thermal failure rate almost doubled for each
5 to 15 increase in normal daily load temperature.
The normal daily load temperature is the average conductor
temperature over a typical 24 hour period. It reflects both the change
in ambient temperature and the change in conductor temperature
due to daily load fluctuations.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
Additionally, sustained operation over and above maximum rated

operating temperatures or ampacities is not an effective or
economical practice, because the temperature rise is directly
proportional to the conductor loss, which increases as the square of
the current. The intensified voltage drop may also increase the risks to
equipment and service continuity.
Maximumemergency overload temperatures for various types of
insulation have been established and are available as a practical
guide. Operation at these emergency overload temperatures should
not exceed 100 hours per year, and such 100 hour overload periods
should not exceed five during the life of the cable.
11.3.5 Permissible voltage drop:

The supply conductor, if not of sufficient size, will cause excessive
voltage drop in the circuit, and the drop will be in direct proportion to
the circuit length. Proper starting and running of motors, lighting
equipment, and other loads having heavy inrush currents must be
considered. It is recommended that the steady state voltage drop in
distribution feeders be no more than Five percent (5%)
And it will be stated in this chapter in details.
11.3.6 Cable Short Circuit Capacity :

The wiring design and installation of cable circuits requires an
adequate selection of the
nominal cross-sectional area based on:
Continuous current loading under practical installation

conditions of cable circuits.
Cable short-circuit capacity at duration starts from short-circuit

instant until
complete interruption by automatic circuit-breakers.
Under short-circuit conditions the temperature of the conductor rises
rapidly then, due to the thermal characteristics of the insulation,
sheath, and surrounding materials, it cools off slowly after the shortcircuit condition is cleared.
A transient temperature limit for each type of insulation for short-circuit
durations not in excess of 10 seconds has been established, and many
19
Chapter 11
Power Cables
times this criterion is used to determine minimum conductor size.

Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association (IPCEA) standards define
the maximum conductor temperature limits allowable under worstcase fault conditions.
Cable insulations among other cable layers that are affected much
with heat dissipationduring short-circuit, where the maximum
recommended temperature
max not toexceed 160 for PVC-insulation and 2500C for XLPEinsulation
The maximum short-circuit current period (T) in seconds changes in an
inverse
relationship to the cable r.m.s short circuit capacity (Isc) in amperes as
shown in the
following formula:
I 2 sc =
2 s 2
max +
ln (
)
T
o +
S: is the normal cross-section area of core conductor in mm2

: is the recommended cable temperature for continuous operation
(70) for
PVC insulation, and 90 for XLPE-insulation
, :are constants depending upon materials of core conductor and
metallic sheath layer
(as indicated in the next )
T:Clearing time in (sec) It is recommended to select an adequate
nominal cross-sectional
area of core conductor to carry short-circuit current less than shortcircuit current
capacity during 1 or 3 seconds standard interrupting duration
Material
Copper
Aluminum
256
148
234.5
228
Diffirent values of ,
21
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.4 Classification of cables according to voltage

Cables are usually classified according to their operating voltage as
follows:
Low voltage cables (up to 1kv).
Figure 3
Medium voltage cables (3KV to 30KV)
Figure 4
High voltage cables(30KV to 500KV)
Figure 5
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
12.4.1 Low Voltage Cables

The following tables is up to(0.6/1KV)
300/500 V & 450/750 V
Figure 5
300/500 V & 450/750 V
Figure 6
300/500 V
Figure 7
22
Chapter 11
Power Cables
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 8
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 9
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 10
23
Chapter 11
Power Cables
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 11
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 12
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 13
24
Chapter 11
Power Cables
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 14
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 15
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 16
25
Chapter 11
Power Cables
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 17
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 18
0.6/1 (1.2) kV
Figure 19
26
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.4.2 Medium Voltage Cables

operating voltage from 6/10 kV up to 18/30 Kv
6/10 (12) kV
Figure 20
6/10 (12) kV
Figure 21
6/10 (12) kV
Figure 22
27
Chapter 11
Power Cables
6/10 (12) kV
Figure 23
8.5/15 (17.5) kV
Figure 24
8.5/15 (17.5) kV
Figure 25
28
Chapter 11
Power Cables
38/66 (72.5) kV
62 Figure
38/66 (72.5) kV
Figure 27
11.5 Determination of cable faults:

11.5.1 Reasons of cable faults :
mechanical factors.
Electrochemical factors.
bad industry.
bad burial, elongation and tide.
bad welding.
bad loading.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.5.2 Types of faults:
single line to ground fault.

Double line to ground fault.
Three phase to ground fault.
Phase to phase fault.
Three phase fault.
11.5.3 Method of fault determination:

1)
High voltage test (high voltage with small current).
2)
Burning of fault location on the cable (high current with low
voltage).
3)
Determine of fault location.
11.5.3.1the high voltage test:
First the faulted cable should be disconnected from starting

terminal and from endingterminal.
this cable is tested to determine the quality of insulation.

Rules of this test:
a)
inject each phase with voltage equal to three times the
operating voltage of the
cable (this voltage around 35KV for the new 11KV cable and 33KV for
the old 11KV
cable)
b)
the second test in case of old cables it will be two times the
operating voltage
(25Kv for 11Kv cable).
c)
each phase tested for 15 minutes.
d)
if the cable is good ,it will withstand the tested voltage.
e)
it is not allowable to leak more than 150 micro ampere foe each
1 K.M from the
length of the cable .if the leakage current more than 150 micro
ampere ,thats a
good indication that there is a fault.the values of leakage currents in
each phase
should be close to each other.
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Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.5.3.2 burning the fault location:

Inject the cable with high current and low voltage to burn the fault
location.
11.5.3.3 determination of the fault location:
The distance= speed(V)time (t)
() ()
Distance of fault= ( )
11.6 Precautions burial of the cable:
it must be the shortest path and has low curvature.
Far from the paths of modern tree planting paths.
Far from the paths of public services.
Far from the ground which has high level from salts and acids, if it
is important
to follow through them. it should be put on special pipes against them.
Far from the paths of electrical trains and if it is important, it

should be made
earthed for the cable with the earthed bars.
Far from the paths of trains to avoid shakings and if it is important,

the cable should
be put in pipe makes from galvanized steel or from PVC .
11.6.1 Cable trenches:

There are different methods for laying depended on cable type, cable
importance & soil
surrounding cable. Such as:
Cables laid in ducts: this method for vital cable and for crossing
ways. Man holes are
made to maintain & repair the cable easily when a fault occurs.
Metallic shield: it
used when the cable is near to railways or duct of pipe lines to prevent
galvanic
corrosion.
Conduits (pipes) which used for buildings (walls & ceilings).
The cables laid in bitumen compound. This method is used where

the soil is
chemically corrosive to the cable.
31
Chapter 11
Power Cables
11.6.2 Rules for burring of cable trenches:
The burial depth not less than 70Cm.
A layer of sands should be put with 10cm then put the cable on it
directly.
Again put a layer of sand on the cable until reaches to 20cm

from burial depth.
Put bricks along the path of the cable as guidelines.
Put the original soil which is extracted during the process of burial
until reaches to
20cm from the edge of the hole and put warning strip at this deep then
make the
process of asphalt for the street.
Important note:
In the project, the cables not direct buried into soil but the cable are
put in the ducts.
Figure 28
32
Chapter 11
Power Cables
12.7 cable selection for the project

The Diversty factor of different places in the village used to determining
the rating current is placed in the following table
Diversty factor
Lighting
sockets
1
0.3
1
1
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.3
Place
mosque
Food court
Hotel
Mall
administration building
chalet
cinema
0.7
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.8
0.3
1-Transformer 1 region cable selection:

Location
Rated
current(A)
Cable
current(A)
Bus way to GRD

Floor panel board
35.89
44.86
Bus way to Floor 1

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 2

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 3

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 4

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 5

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 6

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 7

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 8

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor 9

panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor

10 panel board
10.44
13.05
Bus way to Floor

11 panel board
10.44
13.05
Cable Type
Multicore cables,stranded Copper

Conductors PVC Insulated PVC
sheathed laid in duct
Conductors PVC Insulated
PVCsheathed laid in duct
No of
cables
1
Corres
ponding
CSA( mm2 )
(3 10 +
10)+10
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
33
Chapter 11
Power Cables
Bus way to Floor

12 panel board
30.77
38.46
Bus way to Floor

13 panel board
78.8
98.5
Bus way to Floor

14 panel board
35.78
44.73
Bus way to Floor

15 panel board
35.78
44.73
Bus way to Floor

16 panel board
45
56.25
Bus way to Floor

17 panel board
34.44
43.05
Bus way to Floor

18 panel board
39.76
49.7
Bus way to Chiller

1
337
421.25
Bus way to Chiller

2
337
421.25
Bus way to Chiller

3
337
421.25
Bus way to Chiller

4
337
421.25
SDB to Elevator
odd doors
21.25
26.56
SDB to Elevator
even doors
21.25
26.56
SDB to Service
lighting
40
50
25.5
31.87
SDB to Elevator
goods
46
57.5
MDB to Bus way
1763.28
2204
154
192.5
1917.28
2396.6
SDB to Water
Pump
MDB to SDB
Transformer1 to
MDB

(3 10 +
10)+10
(3 50 +
25)+25
(3 10 +
10)+10
(3 10 +
10)+10
(3 10 +
10)+10

(3 16 +
16)+10
(3 16 +
16)+10
(3 150 + 70)
+70
(3 150 + 70)
+70
(3 150 + 70)
+70
(3 150 + 70)
+70
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 16 +
10)+10
(3 10 +
10)+10
(3 16 +
16)+10

singlecorecables,stranded Copper
Conductors XLPE Insulated
(3 1 240
+120) +120
(3 95 +
50)+50
(3 1 300
+150)+150
34
Chapter 11
Power Cables

Location
Rated
current(A)
Cable
current(A)
Bus way to Floor 19

panel board
16.18
20.23
Bus way to Floor 20

panel board
37.9
Bus way to Floor 21

panel board
Cable Type
No of
cables
Corres
ponding CSA
( mm2 )

(3 2.5 + 2.5)
+2.5
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 22

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 23

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 24

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 25

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 26

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 27

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
35
Chapter 11
Power Cables
Bus way to Floor 28

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 29

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 30

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 31

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 32

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 33

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 34

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 35

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 36

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 37

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 38

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 39

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
36
Chapter 11
Power Cables
Bus way to Floor 40

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 41

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 42

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 43

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Floor 44

panel board
37.9
47.38

(3 16 + 16)
+10
Bus way to Chiller 1
337
421.25

(3 150 + 70)
+70
337
421.25

(3 150 + 70)
+70
337
421.25

(3 150 + 70)
+70
337
421.25

(3 150 + 70)
+70
Water Pump
25.5
31.87

(3 10 +
10)+10
Service lighting
40
50

(3 16 +
10)+10
MDB to Bus way
2273.78
2842.23

(3 1 + 300)
+300
37
Chapter 11
MDB to SDB
Transformer 2 to
MDB
Power Cables
65.5
81.87

(3 50 + 25)
+25
2339.28
2924
(3 1 300 +
150)+150

Location
Rated
Cable
Cable Type
current(A) current(A)
MDB to Mosque
60.93
76.16
panel board
SDB 3 to GND floor
151.24
189.05
right panel board
SDB 3 to First floor
32.1
40.13
right panel board
SDB4 to Chiller 1
354
442.5
Mall
SDB 4 to Chiller 2
354
442.5
Mall
SDB 2 to Cinema
101
126.25
chiller
SDB2 to Cinema
40.76
50.95
panel board
SDB4 to Elevator
21.25
26.56
1
SDB4 to Elevator
21.25
26.56
2
SDB4 to Elevator
46
57.5
goods
SDB4 to Water
25.5
31.875
pump
MDB to SDB1
114
142.5
MDB to SDB2
141.76
177.2
MDB to SDB3
183.34
229.18
MDB to SDB4
354
442.5
No of
Corres ponding
cables CSA ( mm2 )
1
(3 25 + 25)+10
(3 35 + 16)+16
(3 2.5 + 2.5)
+2.5
(3 185 + 95)
+95
(3 185 + 95)
+95
(3 50 + 25)
+25
(3 6 + 6)+6
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 16 + 16)+10
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 150 + 150)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 70 + 35)
+35
(3 300 + 150)
+150
38
Chapter 11
Transformer 3 to
MDB
Power Cables
854.03
1067.53
(3 1 300 +
150)+150

Location
Rated
Cable
Sub1 to Chalets 1:4

panel board
112.84
141.05
Sub1 to Chalets 5:8

panel board
112.84
141.05
Sub2 to Chalets
9:13 panel board
141.05
176.31
Sub2 to Chalets
14:18 panel board
141.05
176.31
Sub3 to Chalets
19:23 panel board
141.05
176.31
Sub3 to Chalets
24:28 panel board
141.05
176.31
Sub4 to Chalets
29:33 panel board
141.05
176.31
Sub4 to Chalets
34:38 panel board
141.05
176.31
GF2 Mall Panel

board to GF 2.1
panel board
GF2 Mall Panel
board to GF 2.2
panel board
GF2 Mall Panel
board to GF 2.3
panel board
Chillers to Chiller 1
34.5
43.13
32.6
40.75
33.4
41.75
294
367.5
Chillers to Chiller 2
294
367.5
Service panel to
Water Pump
22.6
28.25
Elevator 1,2 Panel

board to Elevator 1
21.2
26.5
Elevator 1,2 Panel

board to Elevator 2
21.2
26.5
Service Panel to
Elevator 1,2 Panel
board
42.4
53
Cable Type

No of
Corres
cables ponding CSA
( mm2 )
1
(3 50 +
25)+25
1
(3 50 +
25)+25
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 10 + 10)
+10
(3 10 + 10)
+10
(3 10 + 10)
+10
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 10 +
10)+10
39
Chapter 11
Power Cables
Escalator 1,2 Panel

board to Elevator 1
14.2
17.75

(3 2.5 + 2.5)
+2.5
Escalator 1,2 Panel

board to Elevator 1
14.2
17.75
(3 2.5 + 2.5)
+2.5
Service Panel to
Escalator 1,2 Panel
board
SDB1 to SUB1
28.4
35.5
(3 6 + 6)+6
225.68
282.1
(3 70 + 35)
+35
SDB1 to SUB2
282.1
352.63
(3 120 + 70)
+70
SDB1 to SUB3
282.1
352.63
(3 120 + 70)
+70
SDB1to SUB4
282.1
352.63
(3 120 + 70)
+70
SDB2 to GF2 Mall

Panel board
100.5
125.63
(3 70 + 35)
+35
SDB2 to chiller 1,2

panel board
588
735
(3 120 + 70)
+70
SDB2 to Service
Service board
93.4
116.75
(3 35 +
16)+16
SDB2 to Mall
second floor 3
panel board
MDB to SDB1
60.39
75.49
(3 25 +
25)+10
842.29
1052.86

(3 185 + 95)
+95
MDB to SDB2
1071.98
1340
(3 240 + 120)
+120
Transformer 4 to
MDB
2143.96
2679.95

(3 1 240)
+1 240

Location
Rated
Cable
Cable Type
SDB1 to Foad court
55
68.75
panel board
sevice panel to Foad
21.19
26.49
court elevator
sevice panel to Foad
16.95
21.19
court water Pumps
Conductors PVC Insulated PVCsheathed
No of
Corres ponding
cables CSA ( mm2 )
1
(3 25 + 25)+10
41
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 4 + 4)+4
Chapter 11
Power Cables
laid in duct
SDB1 to Foad court

chiller 1
101
126.25
GF 4 Mall Panel
board to GF4.1 Panel
board
GF 4 Mall Panel
board
GF 4 Mall Panel
board
SDB2 to Mall GF4
water Pumps
39.5
49.38
31
38.75
24.8
31
22.6
28.25
SDB2 to Chiller 2
294
367.5
SDB3 to Mall GF5

Panel board
22.6
28.25
SDB3 to Chiller 3
294
367.5
Mall GF5 Escalator

1,2 board to
Escalator 1
Mall GF5 Escalator
1,2 board to Mall
GF5 Escalator 2
Mall GF5 Escalator
1,2 board
14.13
17.66
14.13
17.66
28.26
35.33
GF5 Mall
sevicepanel board
to water Pumps
SDB1 to Food
coartsevice panel
board
SDB2 to GF4 Mall
panel board
16.95
21.19
38.85
48.56
95.3
119.13
SDB3 to GF5 Mall

sevicepanel board
45.2
56.5
MDB to SDB1
194.85
243.56
MDB to SDB2
411.9
514.87
MDB to SDB3
361.8
452.25
Transformer 5 to MDB
968.55
1210.69

laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
(3 70 + 35)
+35
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 6 + 6)+6
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 50 +
2.5)+2.5
(3 50 +
2.5)+2.5
(3 6 + 6)+6
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 16 + 16)+16
(3 70 + 35)
+35
(3 16 + 16)+16
(3 70 + 35)
+35

laid in duct
laid in duct
Conductors XLPE Insulated PVCsheathed
laid in duct
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 70 + 35)
+35
(3 1 240 +
1 240)+ 1
240
41
Chapter 11
Power Cables

Location
Mall GF1 , Floor 2 to
GF1.1 Panel board
GF1.2 Panel board
GF1.3 Panel board
Floor 2 Panel board
chillers 1 to Chiller 1
chillers 1 to Chiller 2
Rated
Cable
Cable Type
34.5
43.125
Conductors PVC Insulated PVC sheathed
laid in duct
32.6
40.75
Conductors PVC Insulated PVC sheathed
laid in duct
33.4
41.75
laid in duct
30.3
37.87
laid in duct
194
242.5
laid in duct
194
242.5
laid in duct
No of
Corres ponding
cables CSA ( mm2 )
1
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 10 + 10)+10
(3 185 + 95)
+95
(3 185 + 95)
+95

laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
(3 16 + 16)+10
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 1.5 + 1.5)
+1.5
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 4 + 4)+4
(3 10 + 10)+10
Water Pump mall to

Water Pumps
45.2
56.5
Escalator1,Escalator2
to Panel board
Escalator1
to Panel Escalator2
14.2
17.75
14.2
17.75
Elevator1, Elevator2 to
Panel board Elevator
1
Elevator1, Elevator2 to
Panel board Elevator
2
Admin1,Admin2
Panel boards to
Admin 1 building
Panel board
Admin1,Admin2
Panel boards to
Admin 2 building
Panel board
Chillers 2 to Admin
Chiller 1
21.2
26.5
21.2
26.5
33.7
42.13
26.2
32.75

laid in duct
(3 6 + 6)+6
115
143.75
(3 70 + 35)
+35
Chillers 2 to Admin
Chiller 2
115
143.75
(3 70 + 35)
+35
water pump admin

to Water pumps
22.6
28.25
(3 4 + 4)+4
SDB1 to Mall GF1

,Floor 2
130.8
163.5

laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
(3 95 + 50)
+50
42
Chapter 11
Power Cables
SDB1 to chillers 1
338
422.2
SDB1 to Water Pump

mall
45.2
56.5
SDB1 to
Panel board
SDB1 to Elevator1,
Elevator2
Panel board
SDB2 to
Admin1,Admin2
Panel boards
SDB2 to Chillers 2
28.4
35.5
42.4
53
59.9
74.87
230
287.5
SDB2 to water pump

admin
22.6
28.25
MDB to SDB1
634.8
793.5
MDB to SDB2
312.5
390.63
Transformer 6 to MDB
947.3
1184.13

laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
laid in duct
Conductors XLPE Insulated PVCsheathed
laid in duct
(3 185 + 95)
+95
(3 16 + 16)+10
(3 6 + 6)+6
(3 16 + 16)+10
(3 25 + 25)+25
(3 240 + 120)
+120
(3 6 + 6)+6
(3 240 + 120)
+120
(3 120 + 70)
+70
(3 1 1000 +
1 500)+ 1
500
12.8 Voltage drop:

Voltage drop is a term used to describe any reduction in the supply
voltage in a complete electrical circuit. The term may be used to
describe a voltage loss across aspecific component in the circuit, the
voltage loss measured across the entire circuit, or as
a broad description of the phenomenon of voltage loss in a circuit in
general.
All electrical circuits, no matter how simple, present a certain amount
of resistance to the
flow of electrical current through them. This resistance effectively
makes the electrical
43
Chapter 11
Power Cables
current work harder, and thus absorbs energy. This expenditure of

energy is what causes
the reduction in voltage described by the term voltage drop.
For example, a simple circuit can be made up of a 9-volt battery

attached to a simple
flash light bulb with a small switch. If one were to measure the voltage
across the
batteries terminals with the switch open, the multimeter reading would
be
approximately 9 volts. If one were to close the switch and illuminate the
bulb, that
reading would drop by approximately 1.5 volts. That reduction in
voltage is what is
known as a voltage drop, and it comes about as the result of the work
the battery has to
do to illuminate the bulb. Each and every component in a circuit,
including the wiring,
offers a certain amount of resistance to the flow of electrical current
and will cause an
associated voltage drop.
In applications that are extremely supply voltage sensitive, such as
electronic devices,
these voltage losses have to be carefully calculated and the supply
voltage adjusted to
make provision for them. A 12 volt direct current (DC) power supply, for
instance, will
typically produce an output of 13.8 volts to accommodate.
this voltage drop phenomenon. In applications that require very long
cable runs, it is
common practice to uses fairly heavy cables that present less
resistance to the flow of
electric current in an attempt to minimize the effects of voltage losses.
The total
potential loss of voltage in any circuit thus needs to be carefully
calculated during the
design and specification phase of a project to ensure that the final
result meets all
44
Chapter 11
Power Cables
requirements.
11.8.1 Permissible voltage drop
Calculate the volt drop that will be experienced at the load terminals.
The maximum
volt drop allowed by the Australian Standard for Electrical Installations
(Standard AS
3000; known as the SAA Wiring Rules) is 5%.
11.8.2 The volt drop may be calculated in two different ways:
Multiplying the current by the impedance of the length of cable.

Calculate the
percentage volt drop by reference to the phase-to-earth voltage.
Multiply the current by the length of cable, and then multiply the
result by the volt
drop per amp per meter
12.8.3 Checking for volt drop:
Vdrop =
3Z Idistance
1000
From the previous law as the current increase the impedance increase
and the voltage drop
increase.
11.8.4 In case of low voltage:

The current will be high because the voltage is low compared with high
voltage ,for
same power so the voltage drop will be high . If the voltage drop
exceeded certain limit
(5%) according to IEC standard ,the cable size should be increased to
decrease the overall
resistance hence decrease the voltage drop .which mean you pay
more money.
11.8.5 In case of high voltage:
45
Chapter 11
Power Cables
The current will be smaller than it in case of low voltage for the same
power transmitted
,so the voltage drop will be small ,so we volt drop seldom be a problem
a higher voltage
11.8.6 Voltage drop calculation calculated in the project

From
Transformer 3
Transformer 5
Transformer 6
Transformer 3
Transformer 1
Transformer 2
TO
Mosque
Food Court
Adminstration building
Cinema
Ground of hotel
Level 19 of hotel
SDB 1(chalets 1:8)

SDB 2(chalets 9:18)
Trans 4(MDB 1)
SDB 3(chalets 19:28)
SDB 4(chalets 29:38 )
chalets 1:4
SDB 1
chalets 5:8
chalets 9:13
SDB 2
chalets 14:18
chalets 19:23
SDB 3
chalets 24:28
chalets 29:33
SDB 4
chalets 34:38
Rated Current(A)
61.2
55
26
28
36
17.5
Length
40
85
40
40
40
19
mv/Amp/meter
1.28
1.28
5.199
5.199
3.101
7.741
Voltage Drop (VD)

3.13344
5.984
5.40696
5.82288
4.46544
2.5738825
VD %
0.824589
1.574737
1.422884
1.532337
1.175116
0.677338
225.68
282.1
282.1
282.1
28.21
28.21
28.21
28.21
28.21
28.21
28.21
28.21
40
80
120
160
10
40
10
40
10
40
10
40
0.244
0.18
0.18
0.18
5.199
5.199
5.199
5.199
5.199
5.199
5.199
5.199
2.2026368
4.06224
6.09336
8.12448
1.4666379
5.8665516
1.4666379
5.8665516
1.4666379
5.8665516
1.4666379
5.8665516
0.57964
1.06901
1.60352
2.13802
0.38596
1.54383
0.38596
1.54383
0.38596
1.54383
0.38596
1.54383
46

Chapter 11 Power Cables

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Chapter 11 Power Cables

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Chapter 11

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The 3-phase, 3-wire overhead high-voltage transmission line next

Low voltage: up to 1000 V

Supply standards variation between continents by two general

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12.1.2 Difference between over head lines and under ground

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Over head lines

Under ground systems

Less expensive for longer

Easy to locate fault.

Not susceptible to lightning

Not maintenance intensive

Expensive for long distances

Can be difficult to locate

More expensive for shorter

High level of expertise and

Overhead distribution or transmission becomes difficult in populated

The selections of conductor size requires consideration of the load

12.2 cable construction

on other hand ,three-core cables are more economical and acquire

11.2.1 Cable conductors:

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11.2.1.1 Comparison Between Copper and Aluminum.

To decrease cross-sectional area of extra high voltage cable,

The hard drawn copper conductors are preferred in low-voltage

The hard drawn aluminum conductors are commonly used in

Fig11.3 Coparison between copper and

12.2.1.2 Classes of Conductors

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The strands in the stranded conductor are usually arranged in

Figure11.3 Stranded wires core conductors

11.2.2 Cable Insulators:

It is classified into three main categories:

Natural type :Such as Fabrics Rubber Wood Papers.

Synthetic materials : Such asPolymeric Materials for Insulation

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11.2.2.2 Thermoplastic materials

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11.2.2.3 Thermosetting materials

12.2.2.4 comparison the different characteristics of

30% Higher than PVC

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PVC cables is used for low voltage application.

XLPE cables is used for High voltage application.

11.2.3 Shielding of Higher Voltage Cable

Confine the electric field within the cable.

Equalize voltage stress within the insulation, minimizing surface

Protect cable from induced potentials.

Limit electromagnetic or electrostatic interference (radio, TV,

Reduce shock hazard (when properly grounded).

11.2.4 Metallic Sheaths:

Good method of cable earthing.

Good path to the fault current.

12.2.4.1 Lead Sheathing:

Disadvantage of lead sheaths is that:

They add a great deal of weight to the cable.

Lead sheaths are prone to deformation under continuous load

Also, lead sheaths are susceptible to failure due to metal fatigue

11.2.4.2 Aluminum Sheathing

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11.2.5.1 Steel -tape armoring.

11.2.5.2 wire armoring