EMC

WARRINGTON - Monday 17 May - Alain CHAROY

AEMC POWER CONVERTERS FOR PARTICLE ACCELERATORS - a.charoy@aemc.fr

Introduction

Differential Mode Immunity

Differential Mode Emissions

Common Mode Emissions

Electromagnetic Radiations
 EMC terms and lab assessment conditions
Electromagnetic emission Electromagnetic susceptibility

Standardized Standardized
test test

Given EM Given EM
disturbance The best situation is disturbance

Defined Defined
Measuring Disturbance
equipment to undertake EMC tests source

Standardized Standardized
Measuring
conditions & to solve EMC problems Measuring
conditions

Emission-test
level
before they appear in situ Immunity-test
level

Emission-test Immunity-test
limit limit

Single emitter Single victim

Deterministic situation Deterministic situation
 EMC best controlling conditions
Electromagnetic emission Electromagnetic susceptibility

Standardized Standardized
test In situ test test

Given EM Given EM Given EM Given EM

disturbance disturbance disturbance disturbance

Defined Defined Defined Defined

Measuring Measuring An EMC Validation is Disturbance Disturbance
equipment equipment source source

Standardized Defined desirable to plan in situ Defined Standardized

Measuring Measuring Measuring Measuring
conditions conditions after system installation conditions conditions

Emission-test Emission before problems appear Immunity Immunity-test

level level level level

Emission-test Emission Immunity Immunity-test

limit limit limit limit

Single emitter Single victim

Deterministic situation Deterministic situation
 EMC troubleshooting
Electromagnetic emission Electromagnetic susceptibility

Standardized Standardized
test In situ test test

Given EM Given EM Given EM Given EM Given EM Given EM

disturbance disturbance disturbance disturbance disturbance disturbance

Defined Defined Defined Non-defined Defined Defined

Measuring Measuring Measuring Disturbance Disturbance Disturbance
equipment equipment equipment sources source source

Standardized Defined Adapted Adapted Defined Standardized

Measuring Measuring Measuring Measuring Measuring Measuring
conditions conditions conditions conditions conditions conditions

Emission-test Emission Disturbance Interference Immunity Immunity-test

level level level level level level

Emission-test Emission Disturbance Interference Immunity Immunity-test

limit limit limit limit limit limit

Single emitter Probability situation Single victim

Deterministic situation Superposition of disturbance Deterministic situation
Common Mode & Differential Mode

ICM
2
ICM Equipment
2

Common Mode Path VCM

Ground (chassis)

IDM
IDM VDM Equipment

Differential Mode Path

The 5 kinds of disturbances generated by a converter
5

ZC2 VDM 4 OUTPUT

INPUT 3 VDM ZC1

Z
Safety wire 1 2
Chassis ground

1 Input-to-Chassis Common Mode

2 Input-to-Output Common Mode
3 Input Differential Mode
4 Output Differential Mode
5 Electromagnetic radiations (E & H)
How to measure CM & DM currents ?

ICM Current probe (Clamp)

2

ICM CM current
measurement
2
ICM

IDM

IDM DM current
measurement
2.IDM
Typical input current of a 5 kVA filtered converter

RTCA DO160D Power lines category B

DIFFERENTIAL
MODE COMMON MODE

Frequency
 How to measure a disturbing voltage ?
50 µH 250 µH
EUT Line
To Spectrum 220 nF 8 µF
Analyzer Bleeder
1 µF
or 50
load 100 k

1 k
5

Ground

CISPR 50
// (50 µH + 5
) L I S N
LISN impedance LISN 50 µH
100

50

LISN 5 µH
10

6

10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 30 MHz

A concealed key point: the switching dynamic impedance
V
100 kV
High

k

impedance

k

k

M

10

1
10
1 Increasing

=
=

=
=
zone

Z
Z

Z
Z
10 kV
Circuits severity
in series

P
P

=
E field dominates, so:

10

1
10

M
kW
kW

W

Reduce parasitic capacitors
1 kV

Limit high V/ t trace lengths
P

P
=

=
10

1
Choose low
r materials (air !)

0

kW
W

100 V
Use lower V circuits in series

P
P

=
=

10
1
W

Increasing Low
10 V
severity

impedance

1
0

10

0.
10

V diode
=
=
=
=

Z
Z

critical
zone
Z

1V
10 mA 100 mA 1A 10 A 100 A 1000 A H field dominates, so:
I
Circuits
in parallel

Reduce ESR and ESL

Limit high  I/ t loop areas
Any switching circuit should

Choose “sandwich” geometries
be positioned in this plane…
Use lower I circuits in parallel

Introduction

Differential Mode Immunity

Differential Mode Emissions

Common Mode Emissions

Electromagnetic Radiations
 The voltage tolerance boundary

New Voltage-Tolerance Boundary

New parameters (bullets)

Old Voltage-Tolerance Boundary

Duration of Disturbance in
Cycles (c) and Seconds (s)

106
Voltage-Tolerance
90
Envelope

200
s 1 ms 3 ms 20 ms 0.5 s 10 s Steady

State
 Transient Turn-on Overvoltage
Self-pulsation :
0 = 1 L.
0
Quality Factor : Q =
L.C R
L
R
Vout
Vin C

2
Time response
1.8
( Vin = 1 ) Q = 10
1.6
Q=5
1.4
Q=2
1.2

0.8
Q=1
0.6
Q = 0.7
0.4
Q = 0.5
0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0.t
Where to install a DM Voltage Transient Suppressor ?
Overvoltage : kV Peak résidual voltage : kV

EMC
Power line CONVERTER
Filter

Without TVS : serious risk of destruction

Peak résidual voltage
800 V !…
Clipped overvoltage
500 V

MOV
EMC CONVERTER
Filter
(Ageing)

Varistor on line input : a risk remains

Overvoltage : kV Peak résidual voltage
500 V

EMC
Power line CONVERTER
Filter
OK
& Filter inductance prevents
Varistor at converter input : best results TVS premature triggering
 Where to add protection components ?
Overvoltage
protection Diode
No impedance on the DC side to limit
reverse overvoltage on rectifier bridge

NTC L

AC Line C Output

« PFC Boost »

No voltage
A Diode avoids doubling limitation
output voltage doubling
ABut
NTCNo inrush current
nothermistor
inrush current limitation
limitslimitation yet
inrush current
The problem of the negative impedance of a DC/DC converter
Output Input
Zout EMC filter Z cable EMC filter

R + jL

Z1 Z2 Zin

SOURCE DC / DC
Negative positive
impedance Impedance
Zin

65

0
Phase
-180°
0.1 Hz 1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz
Risks : Solutions :
- No Start Up - Add a large capacitor at DC / DC input
- Output voltage instability - Reduce cable inductance (several pairs in //)
- Destruction of DC / DC converter - Reduce the converter regulation bandwidth

Introduction

Differential Mode Immunity

Differential Mode Emissions

Common Mode Emissions

Electromagnetic Radiations
 Some problems of converters harmonics

Harmonics are generated by non sinusoidal currents. For an electric network,

harmonics are a low frequency problem ( < 2 kHz and in Differential Mode only).

Usually, even harmonics are low (because + and – half-waves look the same).
Most of inverters and AC / DC converters without PFC exceed normalized levels.

Odd harmonics of converters can be severe ( > 50 % @ H3 ; > 30 % @ H5 ).

For most single – phase converters without PFC on a 3 phase network, the 3rd
harmonics (150 Hz) is an “homopolar” current. So, Ineutral can exceed Iphase.

Anti-harmonic or active filters are useful for a low power source (electric generator).

For a high power network, the problem of harmonics is not the voltage distortion
but the mastering of cabling protection scheme (cables & circuits breakers).
 Differential Mode interferences

IDM I2 2
I1 Z2 V2 Z Load
Z1
Power Line 1 V1

IDM

V1 V1
2 2

1 V1
Z1 . I1 ( If Z LISN >> Z1 - Generally, V1 = f ( F ) )

V1 is not applied to the secondary, so it does not disturb the load.

2 V2
Z2 . I2 ( If Z Load >> Z2 - Generally, V2 = f ( t ) )

V2 may be disturbing ( typically if peak-to-peak V2
1 V )
 Differential Mode Emission Spectrum Without Filtering
Converter DM Equivalent Scheme
I 1
Switched
0.35 current
Switching frequency = F0 Z capacitor dBµA F Fc =

r simplified
Transition time =
r C spectrum
LISN
I ESR
100

VDM 1
F2
ESL
F0 Fc  0.5 to 5 MHz log (F)

Convolution Result
Z Electrolytic capacitor impedance VDM
dB
Rectifier bridge
dBµV wideband noise
ESR
Fd =
1 2
.ESL (diode recovery for
C ESL. AC/DC converter)
ESR
1
F

KHz Fd  0.5 to 5 MHz log (F) F0 Fc  Fd log (F)

 Insertion Loss of a Differential Mode EMC Filter
L = L1 + L2 L1

There wire
C EMC Filter
Switched LISN VV11: :V Without filter
without filter
current I Cx  100

ESR L2 V2:DM WithImpedance
EMC filter
Back wire

DM
DMequivalent
equivalentscheme
schemeofofaaconverter
converterwith
without
an EMC
any filter
filter
+20
dB V2
+10
V1
Resonance before cut-off
0

-10

-20
F0 = 1
-30 2
 L.Cx
F
F0
-40
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10
 Traps of a Differential Mode EMI filter

3
4
L1 L
H

LISN 7 Cx L2 C’ Electrolytic
capacitors Converter

1 2 6 5
1 - Choose the proper structure (to mismatch the impedances)
2 - Choose (L1+L2) x Cx value so that Fresonance < lowest frequency to filter
3 - Verify that no inductance saturates at max current (Max P & Min V)
4 - Limit H field coupling to leakage inductance (in air) of L1 & L2
5 - Safety margin necessary to compensate electrolytic caps ESR dispersion
6 - Add C’ as needed to reduce wideband recovery noise of rectifier bridge
7 - Limit H field-to-loop coupling to avoid parasitic voltage pick-up.
Take care of Differential Mode cabling…

Those cabling inductances

reduce filtering effectiveness

NO !
Take care of Differential Mode cabling…

NO !

Those areas radiate if they

BETTER
carry high
I /
t
Take care of Differential Mode cabling…

NO !

BETTER

BEST !
How to reduce cabling parasitic impedances…
ZG ZG
ZL ZL

V V

Serial Parallel
Impedances Capacitance
Improper
Routings
Z > 1 K

Z < 10

To reduce the cabling areas is necessary, but insufficient

V V
To move
away

Correct
Routings
Minimal
length
 How to measure Output Ripple…

C = 1 µF to measure HF ripple only

C = 100 µF to measure 100 Hz ripple

Nominal
Input Converter R Current

Very short connection

Output
(Max length = 2 cm)
terminal
Oscilloscope

50
Coaxial Cable

50
input
 How to analyse Output Ripple
C = 1 µF to measure HF ripple only
C = 100 µF to measure 100 Hz ripple

Output Nominal
Input Converter R Current
terminal

Very short connexion

(Max length = 2 cm)

Oscilloscope

50
Coaxial Cable

50
input

Voltage
Usually CM - to - DM conversion
60 mV

0
t

–60 mV

HF « NOISE » « RIPPLE »
« RIPPLE + NOISE »
( @ > 3 MHz ) ( @ Switching F )

10 mV : Excellent — 100 mV : Average — 1 V : Excessive


Introduction

Differential Mode Immunity

Differential Mode Emissions

Common Mode Emissions

Electromagnetic Radiations
 Common Mode interferences
ICM
2

C2 ZDM Load
Power Line
V
ICM
2 C1
ZCM

Safety wire ICM 1 2

I1 I2

1 I1 = C1 . V / t
I1 doesn’t circulate through the load, so it is little disturbing.

2 I2
C2 . V / t (but possibly modified by ZCM)

I2 can circulate through the load, so it may be very disturbing.
Measured total CM current : ICM = I1 + I2
 Common Mode Emission Spectrum Without Filtering
Converter CM Equivalent Scheme
V 1 Switched
Switching Frequency = F0
L cable inductance dBµV F Fc = 0.35 Voltage

r
Transition Time =
r Simplified
 1 µH Spectrum
V V LISN 1
C  30 pF to 3 nF
 25
VCM F2

C : Parasitic cap between “hot conductors” & ground F0 Fc  1 to 10 MHz log (F)

Convolution Result
Resonance
1
Loop VCM
Z dBµV
admittance
dB
-1 Resonance
1  flat 1
F F F
1 1
Fr =
2
 LC F3
log (F)
Fr  3 to 30 MHz F0 Fc Fr log (F)
 Insertion Loss of an EMC Common Mode Filter
CCM = Cp + C'p + 2 x Cy M
2 wires

Switched EMC Filter

Voltage V LISN VV
1:1:VWithout
without filter
C'p 2 x Cy
25
V2:CMWith the filter
impedance
“Hot Cap” Cp
Ground

CM
CMequivalent
equivalentscheme
schemeofofananisolated
isolatedconverter
converterwithout
with a afilter
filter

+20
dB V2
V1
+10 Resonance before cut-off
0

-10

-20
1
F0 =
-30
2
 M.CMC
F
F0
-40
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 2 3 5 7 10
 The 3 cases of Primary-to-Secondary Common Mode
Metallic chassis
Grounded
1
No disturbance outside of the chassis
output
Filter Converter

No CM noise in electronic circuits
Electronics

EMC filter easy to optimize
IMC

Not filtered
output
2
No disturbance outside of the chassis
Filter Converter

CM Noise through electronic circuits
Electronics

IMC C
EMC filter more difficult to optimize

3
EM radiations outside of the chassis

Filter Converter
Not

Input filter impossible to optimize
IMC Filtered
output
IMC
The output cable must be shielded



or filtered
Load
To float or not to float the output, that’s the question…

CM inductance
can saturate I+
Primary M
circuits I–
Connexion
Ground
to ground Ig Ig

I+
I–

I+
Primary
circuits
M I–

C
100 nF I+ = I–

A (nearly) universal solution

 How to measure Primary - to - Secondary C. M. current ?

Nominal V Converter Nominal I R Time measurement

50 mV/mA sensitivity
Oscilloscope

100 MHz bandwidth
Coaxial cable
1 mA peak-peak = Excellent

10 mA peak-peak = Average
50

100 mA peak-peak = Excessive

Nominal V Converter Nominal I R Frequency measurement

9 or 10 kHz RBW, Peak detection
Short wire
Current Spectrum Analyser

Span : 0.1 to 50 MHz (100 MHz)
clamp

10 dBµA = Excellent

30 dBµA = Average

50 dBµA = Excessive
 This simple “ CM / DM SEPARATOR ” reduces by 10 +
the time and difficulty to optimize a single-phase EMC filter

From LISN To analyzer

Line 1 2.N turns N turns Differential Mode
Output

50

Line 2
Common Mode
Output

Ferrite tore with µr
5000 & AL > 2000 nH/turn2

e.g. Philips 3E25 (orange), Diam. = 14 mm, N = 7 50

Practical realisation of a “ CM / DM SEPARATOR ”

Line 1 DM
input output
AND OR
Line 2 CM
input output
CM / DM separator adaptation on a commercial LISN

Added BNC on the

non-measured output
(internal 50
suppressed)

2 coaxial cables
with same length

Introduction

Differential Mode Immunity

Differential Mode Emissions

Common Mode Emissions

Electromagnetic Radiations
Sources of Electromagnetic Radiations
1

H
I1 I2 IMC

1 Sources of H field :
Leakage fields of windings
Secondary loop areas
Primary loop area
2 Sources of E field :
High
V/
t conductive parts (Heat sink, ferrite core…)
HF insufficiently filtered cables (e.g. output cable)
HF solutions must be installed close to the sources
Ni - Zn
Ferrite tube
Noisy
Load
converter

Noisy Output
converter
2 x 1 nF
Chassis metal sheet

“BLM”
Ferrite
High bead
µr
bead Clock

R MOS R R
22  C  47 pF
C
10 to
100 
HF Diode
Even small converters (few W) can be very noisy (I/O CM & radiation)
 Ground Loop : Definition & Effects

Apparatus Apparatus
Interconnect. cable
#1 #2

GROUND LOOP
Z I
nearest ground conductor / structure

Ground loop cannot be avoided !

1 Common impedance coupling

Earth impedance
does not matter 2 Field - to - Loop coupling
 Star Grounding : Principle & Reality

3
4
2

5
1

Voltage
reference

The
Thereal
Theory…
world !
Ground Grid : Definition & Effects

Apparatus Apparatus

#1 #2

ground conductor / structure

GROUND GRID

Other ground wire or structure

How to improve immunity ?

 Ground Grid : Definition & Effects

Reduction of Ground Loop =

Apparatus Better immunity against Apparatus
radiated fields
#1 #2

Improvement of Ground Grid = Adding a Ground Strap =

Better immunity against Further reduction of the
conducted disturbances Ground Loop Area

A GROUND GRID is highly recommended !

 Where to connect the shielded cables braid ?

Any power cable : At both ends, to chassis ground, without pigtail.

High frequency coax : At both ends, to chassis ground, without pigtail.

Digital link (except coaxial Ethernet): At both ends, to chassis ground…

High impedance source (> 10 k
): At both ends, to chassis ground…

Any cable inside an equipment : At both ends, to chassis ground…

Any outer shield (not signal return): At both ends, to chassis ground…

Low voltage signal cable, with low frequencies to transmit,
with a low impedance source, in a noisy environment,

without balanced transmission (bad CMRR): At one end only

… But then good immunity will be hard to achieve !
Avoid aluminium foil with a drain wire (without braid).
 Please, let us remember…

EMC is not black magic (Just simple physics…)

Some measurement equipments are required

Usually, only simple equipments are sufficient

It’s good to be experienced (& confident enough)

It’s important to understand how system works

It’s useful to methodically analyse what happens

It’s efficient to foresee and simplify EMC problems

It’s necessary to know the orders of magnitudes

It’s politically effective to be persuasive (& smiling)

It’s essential never to become discouraged !…
Questions ?