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HLTFA301B Apply First Aid Theory Assessment Workbook

Full name:
Daytime Contact Phone No:
Email:
Venue:
Date of training:

I declare that the answers that I have provided are my own work.

I have read the appeals process at the back of this booklet.

I understand that this competency based assessment and all criteria must be met before I
am deemed competent.

I have informed the trainer/assessor of any concerns I may have that may affect my ability
to successfully complete this course.

This Workbook must be handed in to _____________ on _____/_____/_____

Participant signature: _________________________ Date: ___/____/______

Assessor Comments:
Theory: ______________________________________________________________________
Practical: _____________________________________________________________________
Final Assessment Mark:

NYC

Assessor Name: ___________________________________________________________


Assessor Signature: ______________________________ Date: _____/_____/_____
This page and the answer sheets at the back of the book are to be completed by the student
and then kept by the trainer as proof of completion after the class.
To conserve your printer ink, we recommend that you print this workbook in gray scale at a
lower quality.
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INSTRUCTIONS TO COMPLETE WORKBOOK


This workbook contains 10 modules.
To complete these modules successfully you will
need to receive a pass mark of 80% by correctly answering
the questions that are provided.
The modules contain multiple choice, matching and true/false
questions.
Once your program has been completed successfully, you are
required to submit your completed workbook to your instructor on the day of your
training.
Upon arrival to your practical session, your trainer will need to see your proof of
photo identification
and the completed and signed workbook.
The resources in this workbook have been kindly donated by Survival
Emergency Products, owned by CPR First Aid, or publicly sourced from
Google Images.

MODULE PAGE NUMBERS:


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

APPROACH TO FIRST AID

PAGE 3

THE FIRST AID KIT

PAGE 13

THE DRS ABCD ACTION PLAN

PAGE 20

THE HUMAN BODY

PAGE 38

CARE OF BLEEDING

PAGE 52

CARE OF FRACTURES

PAGE 61

CARE OF SPINAL INJURIES

PAGE 68

CARE OF POISONING

PAGE 75

CARE OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

PAGE 87

REVISION

PAGE 104

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MODULE 1: APPROACH TO FIRST AID


This module contains the following topics:

What is First Aid?


Calling for an Ambulance
Duty of Care
The Good Samaritan
Consent
Infection Control
Documentation and First Aid in the Workplace (OH&S)

This module takes an average completion time of 20 minutes.

What is First Aid?

First aid is the care given to a casualty of illness or injury until the arrival of an ambulance
officer, nurse or medical doctor.
The four aims of first aid are to:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Protect life
Prevent further deterioration
Promote recovery
Preserve life

Some legal implications may arise for first aiders that take actions that are beyond their own
level of expertise (e.g. surgical procedures).
Providing that a samaritan has stopped at an emergency with good intentions and that they
don't take outrageous actions (such as surgery) out on the casualty, they will not be sued
successfully for making an effort to help.
Any attempt is better than no attempt!
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Calling For Medical Assistance


To call for police/fire/ambulance in Australia, locate a telephone and dial the emergency
phone number.

Landline phone: 000


Mobile phone: 112

The operator who answers your call will ask you which state are you calling from (NSW,
VIC...etc)?
It is important to remain as calm as possible and demonstrate patience during the phone call.
Many questions will be asked by the operator that need to be answered clearly and
accurately before an ambulance can be dispatched.
To call for expert advice on poisoning in Australia, locate a telephone and dial 13 11 26 to
speak with an operator.
For general first aid advice, you can call Nurse On Call on 1300 60 60 24 or log into the
CPR First Aid First Aider Support Network to chat live to other first aiders or publish a
question in our forum - www.cprfirstaid.com.au.

Duty Of Care
In Australia, first aiders are only obliged to render assistance in an emergency (that is, carry a
duty of care) if:

They were involved in the incident;


They are on the ocean (e.g. sailing); or
They choose to accept responsibility on the land.

Actions that involve accepting responsibility and carrying a duty of care for others could be:

Parenting or babysitting a child;


Employment that involves OHS or first aid provision (e.g. first aider, police officer,
teacher, personal trainer...etc);
If you are an employer or managing/supervising other workers; and
Stopping at an emergency remember that by starting to help you are establishing a
duty of care!

People with first aid qualifications are not always automatically expected to assist in
emergencies. A duty of care needs to exist for the legal obligation to take place. Neglecting
an existing duty of care may result in implications associated with negligence. For legal
advice, you are encouraged to speak to a licensed solicitor. All first aiders should remain
caring for the casualty at the scene until medical assistance (such as a medical doctor, nurse,
paramedic or ambulance officer, or the fire brigade) takes over.
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Question 1: A duty of care refers to:


Choose one answer.
a) The moral responsibility one person may have for the well being of another
person who they would like to marry

A.

b) The legal responsibility one person may have for the well being of another
person.

B.

c) The legal responsibility of a first aider to provide medical assistance when


waiting for an ambulance to give them drugs

C.

Question 2: First Aiders have a legal obligation (or duty of care) to render assistance in an
emergency when (choose one of the four correct answers below):
Choose one answer.
a) They have begun to render assistance.
b) They are on their bicycle with a helmet on.
c) They have been involved in a traffic incident.
d) Their spouse or own child needs medical attention.
e) The victim is rich and can reward them with gifts if they survive.
f)

At all times, even if drunk.

g) They are employed to provide first aid at work.


Question 3: A first aider may leave the scene of an emergency when:
Choose one answer.
a) They need to locate a phone to call for an ambulance.
b) A bystander threatens them with a knife (danger).
c) Whenever they choose to.
d) The ambulance, medical doctor or nurse arrives and is ready to take over.
e) A victim fully recovers and does not require medical assistance.
f)

They are late to the family barbeque.

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The Protection Of Good Samaritans


Extracted from the Victorian Wrongs Act (6420/1958):
A good samaritan is an individual that provides assistance, advice or care to another person
in relation to an emergency or accident in circumstances in which he or she expects no
money or another financial reward for providing the assistance, advice or care.
A good samaritan is not liable in any civil proceeding for anything done, or not done, by him
or her in good faith in providing assistance, advice or care at the scene of an emergency or
accident.
First aiders providing care should always stay within the limits of their training.
Unless the first aider is in danger to stay, they are legally expected to continue to provide
their support until medical aid takes over the duty of care.
Should a casualty recover and the nature of their condition does not require medical
attention, the first aider may end their duty of care to the casualty.
Neglecting a duty of care, or ignoring the limits of first aid training, may result in further
implications associated with the law.

Question 4: True or false: if necessary, first aiders may ignore the limitations of their first aid
training and carry out actions they are not trained to do in order to save a life e.g. perform
surgery or amputation.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Casualty Consent
Conscious casualties have the right to refuse first aid treatment.
In the event of a casualty falling unconscious, consent is automatically given to the first aider.
Parents and guardians also have the right to refuse first aid treatment for their own minor.
First aiders with a duty of care should contact the ambulance for advice in the event of refusal
and should stay at the scene (if safe to do so) until otherwise advised.
Question 5: True or false: first aiders must always attempt to seek permission from their
conscious victims in order to perform first aid.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 6: True or false: consent is automatically applied to the first aider in the case of an
unconscious adult.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Infection Control
When giving first aid to a sick or injured person you should try to minimise the risks to
yourself, bystanders and to the casualties.
All around the world, any one person could be infected with a communicable disease. This
any one person could very well be your casualty. Diseases that are life threatening can
include HIV/AIDS and hepatitis strains.
There are ten basic rules for protection against infection in first aid. They are listed below,
along with some tips on how to follow the rules.
1. Maintain good hygiene yourself. Wash your hands:
Before and after eating
After using the bathroom
After handling money
After touching door handles or elevator buttons
After touching the sides of escalators or stair rails.
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2. Cover up all of your open wounds such as paper cuts or damaged skin with bandaids,
and use face shields over your casualty's mouth during resuscitation.
3. If you attend to a casualty who is bleeding, always ask your casualty to help you to
control their bleed if they are capable of doing so. This will help to minimise your
contact with their body fluids.
4. When possible, wash your hands with soap and water and apply disposable gloves
(preferably gloves fit your size hands) before touching body fluids from your casualty.

5. Keep your face turned away with distance from any blood. This will help you to avoid
inhaling droplets of a potentially serious infection (e.g. tuberculosis)
6. If you are splashed with body fluid, remove contaminated clothing immediately and
wash the area thoroughly with soapy water. Then seek medical advice immediately.
7. Dispose of all contaminated waste at the nearest medical clinic or hospital.
Alternatively, you can double bag (2 or more bags) the items and place them into the
rubbish.
8. Instruments such as scissors should be cleaned thoroughly with antiseptic.
9. After removal of your gloves, wash your hands in soapy water.
10. Place syringes safely into sharps containers or solid containers (e.g. plastic bottle).
11. Should you be injured with a needle stick, immediately wash the wound with soap and
warm water and cover the wound with a dressing. Seek a doctor's advice without
delay!
12. Clean the casualty's wounds with water or saline only (to avoid infection) and ensure
that the dressing used over the wound is:
Still in date
Is not open or does not appear contaminated before use
Is the most appropriate dressing to be using on that particular wound.

Question 7: The safest place to dispose of used, blood stained items is:
Choose one answer.
a) In an ordinary rubbish bin.
b) Burn it in a fire.
c) A nearby hospital or medical clinic.
Question 8: If a first aider finds a syringe with a needle near a conscious casualty, they
should:
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Choose one answer.


a) Kick the syringe away from the victim towards other bystanders.
b) Pick up the syringe and put it into your pocket for the paramedics to identify.
c) Pick up the syringe by the barrel (if safe) and drop it into a plastic container, such as
a bottle or jar.
Question 9: If you injure yourself with a needle, you should:
Choose one answer.
a) Collect the needle and take it in your pocket to the hospital for tests.
b) Call an ambulance and stay completely still.
c) Wash the injured area with soap and water, apply a dressing over the wound
and seek medical advice.

Recording Incidents
It is important for all first aid incidents, inside or outside of work, to be recorded in writing.
Each workplace should have appropriate documentation for the reporting of illness or injury.
These documents need to be completed in full and should not be altered. Therefore
correction fluid or pencil and eraser should not be used on these documents.
Outside of the workplace, should an incident occur, first aiders should take accurate, brief and
clear notes and keep them on hand in case an investigation takes place. Notes should
include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

The time of the incident


The date of the incident
The location of the incident
What the first aider found upon arrival
What actions the first aider carried out
Any changes in the casualtys condition
Any witness details

All documentation should be signed and dated


by the first aider and kept confidential.
Keep your notes clear and easy to understand and ensure you write down exactly how things
are presented to you.

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Recording Incidents (continued...)

Question 10: True or false: written records of a first aid emergency do not have to be kept
confidential in the case of a small family business.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 11: You have found a workmate unconscious at the bottom of the staircase. After
providing the necessary care to your workmate, the ambulance arrives and transports him to
hospital. It is now time for you to complete a Casualty/Incident Report Form to record the
incident. In the section for History of Incident, it is better to clearly print the following
statement:
Choose one answer.
a) Jack slipped and fell down the stairs and fell unconscious.
b) Upon my arrival, I found Jack unconscious at the bottom of the staircase.
c) Jack fell down the stairs.

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First Aid and Occupational Health and Safety


In all areas of Australia, there is legislation that requires all employers to provide a safe
working environment for all employees. They are also obliged to ensure the provision of first
aid and first aid equipment in the event of an emergency. Thus the employer is obligated to
determine the following requirements for each individual workplace:
1. Number of employees on each shift in each area of the workplace;
2. Accessibility of emergency phones and other communication devices for each area of
the workplace;
3. The nature of work being performed;
4. Identification and risk of any hazards in those worksites and the nature of that risk;
5. Locations of the worksite (where it be metropolitan or remote area Australia) and the
anticipated time of arrival of an ambulance;
6. Known previous occurrences of accidents or illness including near-miss incidents;
and
7. Appropriate selection and availability of first aid supplies and associated staff training.
8. Written policies and procedures for the management of any emergency, including the
provision of translated versions to meet language requirements of any employees with
English not their first language.

Question 12: Employers are required by law to ensure a safe working environment and to
provide the necessary number of first aiders and first aid facilities for all employees.
Employers should always consider: Choose one answer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Anticipated time for ambulance response (location of worksite).


Access to working phones and other communication devices.
Known previous occurrences of accidents and illnesses.
Potential risks and hazards (nature of work being performed).
Where the nearest Mac Donalds is.

f) Availability of appropriate first aid supplies and trained first aiders.


g) Number of employees on each shift.
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h)

First Aid and Occupational Health and Safety (continued...)

Image from google images


If the first aider is employed to give first aid in the workplace, then that first aider has a legal
duty of care to give first aid to any person suffering an illness or injury at that workplace. This
requires the designated first aider to attend regular first aid training sessions in order to keep
their skills and qualifications from expiring. Duties of a designated workplace first aider
include:
1. Ensuring their first aid and CPR qualifications do not expire
2. Providing first aid to employees of their workplace (within their first aid knowledge),
provided that they do not expose themselves to danger when carrying out their duty.
3. Completing and filing accident report forms
4. Reporting hazards relating to each event to health and safety management
5. Notifying health and safety management of any trends or common occurrences (e.g.
eye strain)
6. Referring casualties to appropriate medical care when necessary.
7. Restocking first aid supplies (including replacing those items which may have expired)
8. Cleaning the first aid room adequately (including correct disposal of biological waste
e.g. blood)
9. Maintaining confidentiality of all issues to ensure the privacy of all casualties is kept
protected.

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Question 13: A first aider employed to conduct first aid in the workplace is NOT responsible
for:
Choose one answer.
a) Providing first aid to staff in need.
b) Ordering McDonalds for the staff members every Friday.
c) Reporting common trends amongst victims (e.g. eye strain).
d) Reporting hazards highlighted by an occurrence.
e) Providing appropriate referrals to medical aid when necessary.
f)

Writing permission slips to staff members that want to get out of work for money.

g) Completing and filing confidential accident and casualty reports.


h) Maintaining stocked, in date and clean first aid equipment at all times.

MODULE 2: THE FIRST AID KIT


This module contains the following topics:

First Aid Kit Items

This module takes an average completion time of 20 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS A FAKE IMAGE OF BLEEDING

Medication in first aid kits


In Australia, it is NOT considered illegal to supply over the counter pain killers to casualties.
However, suppliers of a medication must understand that all responsibility (and potential
liability) falls onto them.
Responsibility is not of the first aider, and not of the casualty. It is the responsibility of the
supplier (the one who owns the medication) to ensure it is being stored, administered, and
documented in an appropriate and safe manner.
First aiders, unless otherwise trained, are not qualified to administer medications. Therefore,
in most circumstances, the first aider can only assist the casualty to self administer their
medication and should not carry medications in their first aid kits.

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Antiseptics in first aid kits


Antiseptic solutions are designed to kill bacteria. The problem with using the solutions on an
open wound is that it will kill the good bacteria as well as the bad.
Complications of using these solutions in first aid are:
1. Can slow down the natural healing process
2. Can cause poisoning if the product has exceeding the expiration date or has not been
stored correctly
3. Can mask the severity of the wound with colour agents, forcing medical professionals
to scrub it off
4. Can trigger allergic reactions.
Antiseptic solutions should NOT be used within the first 48 hours of a new wound.
First aiders are advised to use antiseptic solutions only to:
1. Clean around the wound in order to remove excess dirt on the skin, but never on the
wound itself
2. Clean reusable instruments, such as tweezers.
First aiders often use saline solution for wound irrigation. Saline solution, as long as it remains
in date and appropriately stores, is completely safe to use and does not cause further
complications from medical staff.

Question 1: True or false: antiseptics are accessible in supermarkets, which means that they
are quite reasonable to use in most first aid situations like sunburn or amputation.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Question 2: Antiseptics can cause the following complications:


a) Discolouration of the wound
b) Poisoning
c) Kills good bacteria
d) All of the above

Burnaid in first aid kits


Unlike burn creams, Burnaid is not absorbed into the skin. It can be easily rinsed off under
water at any time. It causes less complications for the burn compared to normal burn creams
and is considered okay to use only if cool water is unavailable.
Burnaid can also be used in the form of a dressing. This combines the use of a non-adherent
dressing and the gel to cool and cover together!
Burnaid Gel is a cooling agent used only when water is not available.

First aiders using burnaid products should always check that it has not exceeded the
expiration date, has been stored appropriately, and that casualty is not allergic to the product
or its ingredients.
Question 3: True or false: Burnaid products are made from natural ingredients, which means
that is considered 'OK' to use the gel on burns even when they are out of date.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Non adherent dressings in first aid kits

Non adherent (also known as non adhesive and non stick) dressings are dressings
specifically designed to cover those sticky wounds':

1.
2.
3.
4.

Burns
Abrasions (grazes)
Avulsions (tears)
Small cuts.

Non adherent dressings are low linting and have a shiny plastic film on both sides. The plastic
film prevents the pad from sticking to a wound.
Combine dressings in first aid kits
Combine dressings are absorbent dressing that are used to control bleeding.
It is not recommended that first aiders use these dressings on a sticky wound such as a burn
or abrasion, as the dressing may adhere to the wound and be difficult to remove later by
medical staff.

Another dressing that is used to control bleeding is the pad of the Triangular Bandage.
It is important to keep dressings as clean as possible. Dressings should be handled with as
little human contact as possible. Using clean tweezers will assist in this.
Question 4: Combine dressings are great to use when covering abrasions.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Glues in first aid kits


Adhesive tapes and bandaids must be used with extreme caution due to the potential for
triggering allergic reactions (especially amongst children).
It is the glue found on these items that commonly cause allergic reactions.
When securing a dressing, you might like to consider using a roller bandage instead of tape,
to remove the risk of allergic reaction.
Roller Bandages in first aid kits
Roller bandages are designed to secure dressings
to a wound and provide compression when required.
They are not designed to act as a dressing. Placing these
bandages directly over an open wound does not aid in
infection or bleeding control and will only cause the
bandage to stick to the wound.
Get your roller bandage on any way you find is easiest.
But the preferred way to hold the bandage is with the
head facing up and the tail on the surface of the casualty.

Holding it this way would guarantee you more confidence


and control over applying the bandage.
Question 5: When applying the roller bandage to a victim:
Choose one answer:
a) Hold the 'head' of the bandage on top, and the 'tail' on the body part. Roll the head
very tightly.
b) Hold the bandage in your left hand, and bandage really tightly around the persons
wound, so its so tight that it stops blood flow.
c) Get the bandage on any way you can. It's important to have it work and allow
circulation but stop the bleeding. It's not about looking pretty.

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Splinter Probes in First Aid Kits


Disposable Splinter Probes are small sharp and pointy instruments designed to aid in
exposing a splinter without causing serious damage to the skin.
To safely use a Splinter Probe:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Break the foil blister packet and remove the device


Take the cap off the device
Gently pick at the skin surrounding the end of the splinter
Once you have managed to gently expose the end of the splinter, use a clean pair of
tweezers to carefully remove the splinter from the casualty.
5. Apply a bandaid over the broken skin to aid in skin repair.

First raiders are generally advised to provide the casualty with these instruments and request
that they carry out this procedure on their own. This will help to prevent legal complications for
the first aider.
If any splinter appears too complicated to remove easily, it is best that the casualty seeks
assistance from a medical professional.

Question 6: True or false: the first aider should encourage and instruct the casualty on how
to use the splinter probe and tweezers to remove their own splinter.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Summary of approved kit items and their uses


Item
Gloves
Resuscitation Mask
Antiseptics
Saline (sodium chloride)
Gauze swabs
Bandaids
Non adherent dressing
Burnaid
Tape
Combine dressing
Triangular bandage
Roller (crepe) bandage
Wound dressing

Description
Gloves
In sachet, key ring or
container
Tubes, sprays or sachet
Clear ampoules or sachets of
water
Woven squares
Bandaids
Thin absorbent dressing with
plastic film
Cool gel in tube or sachet
Tape (brown or cream
colour)
Woven absorbent dressing
Packaged as a pad, opens
into a triangle
Rolled up bandage

Safety pins

Combine dressing sewn to


roller bandage
Pins in safety pod

Forceps or tweezers

Forceps or tweezers

Pencil and paper

Pencil and paper

Plastic bags

Plastic bags

Thermal accident blanket

Silver foil blanket

Scissors

Scissors

Cold pack

Cold pack usually in box

Use
Infection control
Infection control
Clean around wound or
equipment only
Eye and wound irrigation
wiping wounds
Cover sticky wounds
Cover sticky wounds
Only if cool water is
unavailable!
Secure dressings
Control bleeding
Control bleeding or slings
Secure dressings and
supporting joints and
limbs
Control bleeding
Pin downwards to secure
slings
To handle dressings and
splinters
Documenting vital
information
To collect casualtys
belongings
Maintain body
temperature IS
FLAMMABLE AND
ELECTRICALLY
CONDUCTIVE
Cuts dressings and
clothing
Reduce bruising, swelling
and pain

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Question 7: Match the first aid kit items with their descriptions.
a) The solution used to irrigate a wound

a) Splinter Probe

b) A dressing with a plastic film used for sticky wounds

b) Combine/Pad

c) A tool used to expose splinters

c) Non-Adherent Dressing

d) The bandage used for slings

d) Triangular Bandage

e) A dressing that contains a chemical cooling agent

e) Burnaid Dressing

f) The type of dressing used to stop bleeding

f) Gloves

g) Protection from blood and other body fluids

g) Saline

MODULE 3: THE DRS ABCD ACTION PLAN


This module contains the following topics:

The DRABCD Action Plan (including resuscitation)

This module takes an average completion time of 40 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS FAKE IMAGES OF UNCONSCIOUS
NON-BREATHING CASUALTIES INCLUDING BABIES AND CHILDREN!
(DRS ABCD)
D is for Danger
Although a First Aider may have a duty of care to another person during an emergency, they
are expected to always protect themselves from harm.
The order of priority for protection is:
1. The First Aider
2. Other people (bystanders)
3. The casualty (victim, patient)
Physical hazards are sometimes invisible
(such as gases, or diseases). Dangers can
be overhead (such as a broken tree branch),
from a distance (such as oncoming traffic),
or hidden dangers (such as a contaminated
syringe hidden under the casualty).
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Danger (continued...)
Before making a decision to enter any scene, the first aider should always conduct a thorough
scan to ensure ones own safety.
First Aiders who choose not to wear gloves for protection against body fluids are placing
themselves at risk of becoming infected with a disease.

First Aiders that are not equipped with protection should are not legally expected to carry out
tasks that include contact with a casualtys body fluids. It is very important to wear gloves.
More importantly, first aiders should have gloves that are the correct size for their hands!
If any casualty is faced with immediate danger that cannot be removed from the scene, then
the casualty should be moved from the danger by a first aider where ever it is safe to do so
(regardless of spinal injury).

If a casualty is experiencing a seizure (image above is fake):


First aiders should protect the seizing casualtys head with padding and remove dangers from
the victim - BUT should avoid touching the casualty until the seizure has ended.
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Question 1: Who is the most important person in an emergency?


Match the roles with their priorities below:
a) Priority 1

a) Casualty (injured or ill)

b) Priority 2

b) You (the first aider)

c) Priority 3

c) Others (bystanders)

(DRS ABCD)
R is for Response
High priorities to the first aider are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ensuring safety for the casualty


Management of any airway or breathing difficulties
Controlling fluid loss
Preventing or managing Shock.

In most circumstances, the first aider is not qualified to administer medications. Casualtys
should administer their own medication unless the first aider is trained to do it for them (such
as an Epipen Administration qualification).
First Aiders should introduce themselves calmly and confidently to the casualty in order to
gain control over an emergency.
In order to seek a response (reply) from the casualty, first aiders may gently sqeeze the
casualtys shoulders and hands as well as speaking verbally to the casualty. If the casualty
responds in some way to what the first aider is doing then they are considered a
consciouscasualty.

Most consious casualties can convey important information about their history and current
condition, and can also assist the first aider to manage their complaints.
If the casualty is flushed in the skin and warm to touch then they have too much of
something in the body that could be affecting their condition (e.g. sugar, temperature, blood
pressure...etc).
If the casualty is pale in the skin then they have too little, or not enough, of something in the
body that could be affecting their condition (e.g. sugar, temperature, blood pressure...etc).
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Positioning a conscious casualty:


If the face is pale raise the tail
Lay the casualty flat and elevate their feet.
This encourages blood flow to travel back to
the vital organs.

if the face is red (flushed) raise the head


Half sit the casualty with support for their
back. This allows the build up of blood in the
head to travel back down.
If the casualty is uncomfortable with the
position they are placed in, the first aider
should encourage a more comfortable
position with consideration to the casualtys
condition and safety.

Question 2: True or false: a conscious victim with a flushed warm face should be lying down
with feet elevated.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Response (continued...)
A casualty who does not respond to your touch or verbal commands is considered as
unconscious.

An unconscious casualty requires priority care because:


1. They are unable to protect themselves from danger.
2. They cannot cough, gag or swallow in order to protect themselves from choking
hazards.
3. They cannot open their airway.
4. Their breathing can become lazy.
5. The cause of their unconsciousness is most likely very serious (such as diabetes).
It has been reported that most unconscious casualtys can hear everything that is going on
around them. Therefore, it is very important to stay positive and continue to speak to all
casualties.
If a casualty regains consciousness during their care, first aiders must continue to
communicate calmly and confidently to the casualty in order to reassure them. This helps to
encourage the casualtys confidence in the first aiders ability to help them.

Question 3: Unconscious victim's lives are under serious threat because they are unable to:
Choose one answer.
a) Protect themselves from hazards and are unable to keep their airways clear from
choking.
b) Help the first aider establish what management should be followed.
c) Tell the first aider what is wrong with them and if they have ambulance cover.

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(DRSABCD)
S is for Seek Help
Call or SEND for Help immediately - do not delay your ambulance call when your
casualty is unconscious!

(DRS ABCD)
A is for Airway
Unconscious and paralysed casualties are unable to cough, gag, or swallow (that is, use their
protective reflexes) and are also more prone to choking on stomach contents as the stomach
muscle relaxes.
You may need to clear obstructions from their airway because they can't do it themselves.
To clear obstructions from the airway of a casualty, the first aider should put the casualty in
the recovery position (as gravity encourages the safe removal of the obstruction). The first aid
can then use their own fingers (not the casualtys fingers) to scoop the obstruction from the
casualty's mouth.
The casualty may suffocate if their airway is not open. This is because their jaw and tongue
can place pressure on the airway. The first aider needs to reposition the unconscious
casualtys head so the airway remains an open passage for breathing. The correct position to
keep the airway open depends on the age of the casualty:
Casualties aged over 1 year: A full head extension (tilt the head as far back as it
naturally goes).
Casualties aged under 1 year: A slight tilt only (slight chin lift so the nose points
upwards).

All unconscious breathing casualties should be stabilised on the recovery position.

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First aiders MUST continue to clear the airway from potential obstructions until the ambulance
relieves them from their duty of care. A clear airway helps lead to adequate breathing.
Adequate breathing keeps the brain alive.
No airway and no breathing leads to irreversible brain damage.
Spines can be fixed. Brain damage cant be fixed.
THE AIRWAY TAKES FULL PRIORITY EVEN OVER SPINAL INJURIES!

Question 4: To maintain a clear airway for unconscious victims, it is important to recognise


their age groups.
Match the correct head positions with the age groups below in response to maintaining a
clear and open airway for each one of them.
a) Adult and child (1+ years)

a) Slight head tilt (neutral)

b) Baby (0-12 months)

b) Full head tilt

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(DRS ABCD)
B is for Breathing
Where ever possible, first aiders should check breathing on an unconscious casualty by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Ensuring the casualtys airway is clear and open


Looking for rising and falling of the casualtys chest
Feeling for movement of the diaphragm (the area below the ribs)
Feeling for air coming from the casualtys mouth and nose
Listening for air coming from the casualtys mouth and nose
Ensuring the casualty is taking more than 1 breath in 10 a second duration.

First aiders should check the casualtys breathing every minute.


Question 5: An unconscious victim is considered as 'breathing' when they take:
Choose one answer.
a) 1 breath every 30 seconds.
b) A random gasp for air now and then.
c) More than 1 breath in a 10 second duration.
Question 6: How should you position an unconscious, breathing victim?
Choose one answer.
a) The position that you found them in as they may have spinal injuries.
b) On their back with their head tilted back (if adult victim).
c) On their side (Recovery Position).
Positioning an unconscious casualty who is breathing properly: How To
Unconscious casualties who are not breathing properly will require positioning on their backs
for resuscitation.
Unconscious casualties who are breathing properly and do not require resuscitation should be
stabilised on the recovery position.
The Recovery Position: How to
1. Kneel beside the casualty (see the picture above). The casualty's arm that is furthest
from you is to be placed on a right angle to the casualty's body.
2. The casualty's arm and leg that are closest to you should be bent (see the picture
above). You can then firmly grasp the casualty's hip and shoulder and slowly push
them away from you.
3. Keep their head and neck in line with their spine as you turn.
4. Use caution for the safety of your own back and gently guide the casualty onto their
side.
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5. Unconscious casualties are limp and heavy.


6. Once they have been turned over onto their side, ensure the casualty is secure by
placing their bent leg well over onto the ground for balance and place their wrists
together.
7. The casualty in now in the recovery position. Make sure that they have a clear and
open airway, with their face facing the ground (for drainage of stomach contents).
8. Ensure the casualty is still managing to breathe properly on their own before you
decide to temporarily move onto another task (e.g. seeking blankets).

PLEASE NOTE:

Women during late stages of pregnancy should be rolled onto their left side. This
encourages their baby to shift to the left and away from the mother's main artery.
Remember: 'Ladies lie left'.
New infants (0 12 months of age) cannot balance themselves on their side and must
be stabilised constantly by a responsible person (see the picture below).

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Question 7: To move a victim to the recovery position, the first aider should take the following
steps:
Choose one answer.
a) Place the furthest arm on the right angle, bend the closest limbs and turn the victim
away from the first aider - whilst supporting the head and neck.
b) Just throw the victim over anyway that's easiest.
c) Turn the victim away from the first aider and ensure the one of the victim's legs are
bent up to act as leverage.

A casualty who stops breathing properly has only a 5% chance of regaining their breathing
with resuscitation alone and every minute without oxygen to the brain results in 10% brain
damage. This is why it is important for the first aider to check breathing on their casualty
frequently!
Note, ARC guidline changes 2011
DRS ABCD.
When conducting the action plan of DRS ABCD if there is no effective breath in a 10
second check then the first aider is to commence compressions X 30 and then 2 effective
breaths

Breaths: How To
1. Ensure the casualty is lying on their back.
2. Kneel beside the casualtys head and check their airway for obstructions.
3. If their airway is clear, tilt the casualtys head in order to open the air passage. Check
for breathing once the head is back.

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4. If there is no breathing, seal the nose of the casualty and open the mouth (be sure not
to place direct pressure on the casualtys throat.
5. Cover the casualtys mouth completely with your mouth and breathe out so your air
goes into their lungs.

It is important that you consider the use of a face mask as your casualty may be
infected with a communicable disease.

It is very important to ensure that you do not breathe too much air into the
casualty.

Adults will take a full breath (about 1 second worth)


Children will take half an adult's breath (about half a second worth)
Babies will take a puff from an adult's cheeks (like blowing out a lit candle).

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Repeat your breath and then check for breathing.


6. Turn your head so that your ear is to the casualtys mouth, and you can see if their chest
has risen. Wait for their chest to go back down before administering another breath.

If the casualty is now breathing more than 1 breath in a 10 second duration, place your
casualty on the recovery position and monitor their condition.
If the casualty is still not breathing more than 1 breath in a 10 second duration (inadequate
breathing), begin delivering compressions in order to massage the casualtys heart muscle.
If your casualty has a stoma (a surgical hole in their neck), then the stoma is what acts as the
airway and the mouth and nose will not work with breathing. Rescue breathing for a stoma
casualty would require direct breaths into the hole found on the front of their neck (stoma).

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Question 8: 1 performing resuscitation on a victim, their age and size will determine the
amount of air you require in order to inflate their lungs safely. Over inflation is dangerous.
Link the correct air amounts to the age groups below.
a) Adult (8+ years)

a) Puff from an adults cheeks

b) Child (1 to 8 years)

b) Half an adults breath

c) Baby (0-12 months)

c) Full breath

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(DRS ABCD)
C is for Compressions
Compression is the action of pushing up and down on a casualtys chest to manually pump
blood around the casualtys body to keep it alive.
Common concerns about compressions:

Can compressions break ribs? And if so, can the broken ribs damage the lungs or
heart?
Can we harm a casualty by compressing the heart when its not needed?
What if my casualty does not wake up during compressions? Should I stop my
compressions?

Breaking of the ribs:


It is likely that ribs will break during compressions, regardless of what a first aider does to
avoid it. This is due to the amount of pressure the first aider uses to reach the heart muscle.
Damage to a breathing casualty:
Recent studies have concluded that delivering compressions on any casualty (breathing or
not breathing) does not and cannot harm their heart and we cannot kill the casualty. The
worst thing that can happen is breaking of their ribs. So when doubt, we should not hesitate
this procedure.
The hearts response to compressions:
It is unrealistic to expect a casualty to begin breathing or wake up during compressions as
one would see on television and in the movies. This is because the casualty usually needs a
shock from an electrical device called a defibrillator to start breathing on their own again.
The chances of recovery with compressions alone is only 5%.
Therefore, compressions are not designed to restart the casualty.
Compressions are aimed to preserve the casualtys body and buy them time for defibrillation.

Compressions (for casualties over 1 years of age): How To


1. Position yourself beside the unconscious, non-breathing casualty.
2. Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the sternum (breastbone).

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3. Straighten your elbows and angle yourself directly over the casualty so you can push
straight down.
4. Pull your knees back a little (so you are not too close to the casualtys arm).
5. For small casualties such as children, the heel of one hand will generally be strong
enough for your compressions.
6. For larger casualties such as adults, support from the second hand will generally by
required.

7. Push down about one third of the depth of their chest (approximately 5cm on the
average adult).
8. Release your pressure to finish your compression.
9. Continue compressions at the preferred speed of 2 compressions per second.

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Question 9: Compressions should (choose from 2 correct answers):


Choose one answer.
a) Be positioned on the lower half of the sternum.
b) Total 15 for every 3 breaths.
c) Be 1 third of the depth of the chest.
d) Not be too fast.
e) Total 30 for every 5 breaths.

Compressions (for women in late stages of pregnancy): How To


1. Place padding under the casualtys right hip (pelvis) so she is tilted to her left.

2. Position yourself beside the unconscious, non-breathing casualty.


3. Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the sternum (breastbone).
4. Straighten your elbows and angle yourself directly over the casualty so you can push
straight down.
5. Pull your knees back a little (so you are not too close to the casualtys arm).
6. Push down about one third of the depth of their chest (approximately 5cm on the
average adult).
7. Release your pressure to finish your compression.
8. Continue compressions at the preferred speed of 2 compressions per second.

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Compressions (continued...)
Compressions (for babies under 1 year of age): How To
1.
2.
3.
4.

Place the baby on a flat and firm surface such as a baby change table.
Position yourself beside the unconscious, non-breathing baby.
Place two fingers from one hand on the lower half of the sternum (breastbone).
Rest your wrist comfortably to avoid strain injury to your arm.

5. Push down about one third of the depth of their chest.


6. Release your pressure to finish the compression.
7. Continue compressions at the preferred speed of 2 compressions per second.
Statistically, resuscitation is much more effective as CPR.
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) includes both rescue breaths and compressions. The
current rates for CPR for all ages is 30 compressions to 2 breaths per set, and 5 sets in a 2
minute duration.

Question 10: CPR on a baby involves:


Choose one answer.

a) 4 fingers.
b) 2 fingers for compressions.
c) 2 hands - as it is for all ages.

d)

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(DRS ABCD)
D is for Defibrillation
Defibrillation is the action of using a semi-automatic defibrillator to shock and restart a
casualtys heart rhythm.
Defibrillator units are found in many public places, such as airports, shopping centres, office
buildings and train stations.
Using a defibrillator within the first 10 minutes of the casualty needing resuscitation gives the
casualty 70% chance of survival!
If all four links of the Chain Of Survival (pictured below) are actioned early, your casualty may
recover with 100% brain capacity!

To use the device, just turn it on and follow the voice prompts.
The casualty will need a bare and dry chest for the pads to adhere directly to their skin.

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Question 11: Compressions (CPR) alone has a success rate of only 5% and is specifically
designed to buy the victim time until advanced life support (such as a defibrillator) is used to
restart the heart motor.
Stastically, the current survival rate when using a defibrillator within the first 10 minutes of the
victim requiring resuscitation is:
Choose one answer.
a) 65%
b) 10%
c) 70%
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MODULE 4: THE HUMAN BODY


This module contains the following topics:

The Human Body


Hypothermia
Frostbite
Shock
Hyperthermia
Burns

This module takes an average completion time of 30 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS IMAGES OF THE HUMAN BODY AND BURNS

The Nervous System:


The nervous system contains the brain, spinal
cord and nerves.
The human body relies mostly on messages that
are transmitted from the brain and via the spinal
cord and the nerves in order to function.
Note: Some people may suffer from diseases and
conditions where the messages from the brain can
become interrupted (e.g. epilepsy).

The Respiratory System:


The respiratory system contains the airway and lungs. When a person breathes in (inhales)
air, the air travels through the airway and into the lungs. The lungs transfer the oxygen supply
to the heart for blood circulation. Toxic gases (carbon dioxide) are then exhaled when the
person breathes out.
The human breathing (respiration) rate is usually measured when a person is at rest and
simply involves counting the number of breaths for one minute (by counting how many times
the chest rises). Respiration rates may increase with fever, illness, OR other medical
conditions. When checking respiration, it is important to also note whether a person has any
difficulty breathing.
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The average breathing rate for a casualty is:

Newborns: Average 44 breaths per minute


Infants: 2040 breaths per minute
Preschool children: 2030 breaths per minute
Older children: 1625 breaths per minute
Adults: 1220 breaths per minute
Adults during strenuous exercise 3545 breaths per minute
Athletes' peak 6070 breaths per minute

Note: A common condition that effects the normal functions of the respiratory system is
Asthma. Asthma can narrow the passages to the inside of the lungs and produce swelling and
excess mucous - making it very difficult to breathe normally.

Question 1: The average breathing rate for a baby is:


Choose one answer.
a) 28 - 40 breaths per minute.
b) 25 breaths per minute.
c) 90 breaths per minute.

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The Circulatory System:


The circulatory system (also known as the cardiovascular system) is mostly responsible for
the circulation of blood flow around the body and to the major organs. The body requires
oxygen to maintain life. Therefore, the heart receives oxygen from the lungs and pumps it out
through blood vessels (arteries) to all cells inside the body. Different blood vessels (veins)
take the now-used blood back to the heart for re-oxygenation.
The beating of the heart can be felt all over the body.
The common places used to locate this feeling are the neck
and arms. The feeling of the pulsating beats is called the pulse.
If a person was to feel for the pulse and then count the beats
for a minute, the total beats that they count in that minute is
their heart/pulse rate.
For resting heart rate, the averages are:

Newborn infants: 100 - 160 beats per minute


Children 1 to 10 years: 70 - 120 beats per minute
Children over 10 and adults
(including seniors): 60 - 100 beats
per minute
Well-trained athletes: 40 - 60 beats
per minute
Note: the circulatory system can often be
compromised by heart complications
(e.g. angina) or problems with enriched
blood volume (e.g. low blood sugar).

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The musculoskeletal system:


The musculoskeletal system is a combination of the system of the working muscles and joints
and the skeleton. This combined system obviously protects the internal functions of the
human body, but also allows mobility and stability of the human framework.

The Skin:
The skin is the largest organ of the human body. Amongst other things, the skin helps to
regulate body temperature and protects the body from infection. If damaged in any way the
skin may not be able to aid in temperature control or any other task it would usually carry out.

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Question 2: The skin is partially responsible for regulating body temperature.


Answer:
o

True

False

Hypothermia
The core body temperature for a human being is maintained at a constant 36 -37C. At this
temperature the body functions (including the heart and brain cells) are safely working at their
best.
Hypothermia is a condition in which core body temperature drops below 35C. This is a very
unstable condition to be in for any human being as at 35C, we risk the damage and death of
our cells, and obviously our survival.
Hypothermia is the opposite of hyperthermia which is present once the core body temperature
reaches over 38C and increases.
Recognising Hypothermia: How To
Signs and symptoms can include:

Feeling cold
Looking pale to grey/blue in the skin
Shivering
Confusion
Disorientation
Lethargy (feeling very tired and weak)
Irritability
Clammy (profuse cold sweat)
Unconsciousness.

Management Of Hypothermia: How To


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Follow DRS ABCD


Move the casualty to a dry, warm and safe place
Remove all cold and damp clothing from the casualty
Dress the casualty in dry clothing and or blankets
AVOID!!:
Rubbing the casualty (this can damage skin cells and confuse the brain)
Direct or rapid heat such as a heater (this can confuse the brain)
Alcohol consumption (this will cause dehydration, altered mental state,
regurgitation followed by choking, damage to cells, and brain confusion).

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Unnecessary movement of the casualty and their limbs (this can damage the cells
in their limbs and cause confusion to their brain).

6. If the casualty is able to stomach fluids, encourage small sips of lukewarm water.
7. Call an ambulance immediately.

Question 3: Casualties of hypothermia should avoid warming with heaters, rubbing, alcoholic
drinks, or exercise.
Answer:
o

True

False

Question 4: A person suffering hypothermia from extreme cold can be shivering.


Answer:
o

True

False

Frostbite
Frostbite occurs when parts of the body become frozen.
This is extremely dangerous and can lead to the loss of limbs, or worse, death due to
hypothermia.
Management Of Frostbite: How To:
1. Follow DRS ABCD - Move casualty to a warm and dry place and remove damp
clothing.
2. Gently re-warm the frostbitten parts in lukewarm water. Please note: as the circulation
returns to the frostbitten parts, your casualty will probably be in extreme pain.
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3. Lay casualty down flat and raise their feet (this will encourage any warm blood
remaining in the legs to return to the core).
4. Rewarm the casualty slowly with blankets and warm clothing. AVOID warming your
casualty quickly by rubbing, or with alcohol or heating devices (this will be damaging
to cells in the skin and can lead to hypothermia by confusing the brain).
5. Ensure an ambulance is called and the casualty is taken to hospital for medical care
of the frostbite.

Shock
What is Shock?
In order to survive stressful or traumatic events, the human body is designed to shutdown
and preserve the most important of the vital organs until it is safe to resume normal blood
pressure and functions. Therefore, Shock is system shutdown.
Common triggers of Shock include:

Fright, Fear, Pain


Fluid Loss (e.g. dehydration, vomiting, blood loss)
Burns
Low blood sugar
Cold/Heat illness
Medical illness and poisoning

How can people die from shock?


Shock can be a very serious condition because some functions of the body (e.g. kidneys)
are off for too long, the damage may be difficult to repair. This is where people can die from
suffering shock.
How do we recognise shock on a casualty or bystander?
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Signs and symptoms of shock may include:

Rapid (fast) breathing


Weak and rapid (fast) pulse
Fainting
Pale, cool and clammy skin
Nausea or vomiting
Altered state of consciousness
Deteriorating level of consciousness

Management of Shock: How To


Shock should be managed with consideration to:

Casualtys blood pressure


Casualtys body temperature
Dehydration of the casualty
Casualtys confidence in their own recovery

Therefore, the following steps should be taken by the first aider:

Follow DRS ABCD and ensure the casualty is positioned low to the ground to reduce
the risk of collapse.
Lay the casualty on their back and raise their feet. This will help to control the blood
pressure and take stress off the casualty's heart.
Place a blanket over the casualty (and under if possible). This will help the casualty to
safely maintain their body warmth.

Shock (continued...)

Manage all wounds (e.g. blood loss, burns, poisoning, and bones protruding through
the skin).

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Call for medical attention immediately.


Reassure the casualty to encourage recovery.
If the casualty falls unconscious, roll them to the recovery position and manage their
airway and breathing.

AVOID!!:

Giving large amounts of food or drink as they may not be capable of stomaching
anything by mouth or may require surgery.
Cigarettes. Cigarettes will lower the oxygen availability to your casualty.
Alcohol. Alcohol will dehydrate your casualty to further and warm them too quickly.
Massage, rubbing or direct heat. These heating techniques will be more dangerous to
the casualtys body.

Question 5: When the human body recognizes a threat to the normal functioning systems, it
may start initiating survival mode to deal with the problem. This means most functioning
systems will be slowed down or even shut down in order to focus on keeping the vital organs
as sufficient as possible. This is a dangerous time for a victim in shock as many organs and
tissues will not survive for long if shut down.
Common symptoms and signs of a victim in Shock include:
Choose one answer.
a) A red face, because they are panicking.
b) Pale, cool and clammy skin.
c) Pale, warm skin.
Question 6: The most appropriate position for a conscious victim in Shock is:
Choose one answer.
a) Sitting on a chair with their head between their legs.
b) In the recovery position with a warm drink.
c) Lying on their back with feet elevated off the ground.
Question 7: Avoid giving anything by mouth to your shock victim if:
Choose one answer.
a) At all times.
b) They may need surgery, are losing consciousness, or if they are unable to stomach it.
c) If the shock has been triggered by an emotional disturbance.

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Hyperthermia
Hyperthermia is when the core body temperature increases above 38 degrees.
Recognising Hyperthermia: How To
1. At 38C: Stage 1 - This is referred to as heat exhaustion.

the casualty may experience feelings of light headedness


sweating
thirst
nausea and fainting.

2. At 40C: Stage 2 - This is referred to as heat stroke.

the casualty stops sweating and dries out in the skin


the casualty may experience convulsions or unconsciousness.

Management Of Hyperthermia: How To

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Follow DRS ABCD


Remove casualty from the hot or humid environment
Loosen or remove all tight clothing
Gradually cool the casualty down with fans and cool compresses
AVOID!!: Cold baths and cooler rooms (as they are too quick and can cause further
complications!)
6. Encourage sips of cool water if the casualty can stomach it easily.
7. Call for medical assistance if the casualty does not display signs of improvement
within minutes.

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Question 8: The most appropriate management of a victim of heat stroke is:


Choose one answer.
a) Immediately place the victim into a cold shower or bath and call the doctor for advice.
b) Assist the victim to eat an icy pole and let them sleep in the shade.
c) Cool and fan the victim using wet towels or a wet sheet. Give frequent small drinks of
cool water, if possible. Call for emergency assistance.

Burns
Management of Burns: How To
Burns are considered serious because they damage the protective layer or skin causing
infection. A superficial burn damages the top layer of skin: it used to be called a 1st degree
burn. A partial thickness burn (previously called a 2nd degree burn) damages deeper layers
of skin, while a full thickness burn (previously called a 3rd degree burn can damage deeper
tissues such as muscle.
Burns dehydrate the casualty and may trigger the onset of shock and they may continue to
cook the area until there is nothing left to cook!
1. Stop the burn immediately by applying cool running water for a minimum of 20
minutes. Be sure not to overcool the casualty.

2. ONLY USE BURNAID IF THERE IS


ABSOLUTELY NO COOL WATER
AVAILABLE!
3. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO BREAK BLISTERS
OR USE FOOD, CREAMS OR SPRAYS TO
COVER THE BURN. They may cause
infection or complications later.
4. Cover the burn with a light non adherent
dressing and seek medical attention if in doubt
of the severity.
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Burns (continued...)
The images below are of real burns.

5. Manage for shock.


6. Seek medical attention when a burn:
o

o
o
o
o

Is located on a sensitive area


on the casualtys body such
as feet, hands, face, or
genitals.
Is larger than a 20 cent coin.
Is on a casualty who is very
young or very old or ill.
Is displaying signs and
symptoms of shock.
Is accompanied by
complications such as
poisoning from a chemical
burn or electrocution from
electrical burns.

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Question 9: What is a superficial burn?


Choose one answer.
a) A burn that damages the skin, deeper tissues, nerves and muscles.
b) A burn that damages the skin and deeper tissues.
c) A burn that damages only the top layer of skin.
Question 10: After cooling under water, why is it is important to cover a burn with a non-stick
dressing?
Choose one answer.
a) It is easier for us to change the dressing in a few hours when the blisters develop.
b) Contrary to other dressings, non-stick dressings are breathable.
c) It protects it from infection and does not stick to the burn when it is later removed in
hospital.
Question 11: Creams or lotions should not be used on burns during first aid because:
Choose one answer.
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a) They may cause infection and other complications, and may also have to be
removed from hospital staff.
b) They are illegal to use on other people other than yourself.
c) They will always cause allergic reactions.
Question 12: Electrical burns have a small entry burn and a large exit burn where the
electricity goes to "earth". They can also cause internal injuries, such as stopping the heart.
True or false: an unconscious, non-breathing electrical burn casualty needs CPR before
treatment of the burns.
Answer:
o

True

False

MODULE 5: CARE OF BLEEDING


This module contains the following topics:

External bleeding
Internal bleeding
Crush Injury Syndrome
Embedded objects
Amputations
Sticky Wounds (such as abrasions)

This module takes an average completion time of 20 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS IMAGES OF FAKE BLOOD AND FAKE
AMPUTATIONS!
Wound Care
Most wounds cause serious threat to infection as the protective layer of skin has been damaged.
Bleeding wounds that cannot be controlled easily cause shock due to blood loss.
Management of External Blood Loss: How to
1. Control the bleed by applying direct pressure and raising the bleeding limb above the
heart.
2. Preferably pad the top of the open wound with a thick and absorbent material.
3. Manage the casualty for shock.
4. If bleeding persists, call 000 and apply a new pad over the top and continue to raise the
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limb up high.
5. If bleeding is still uncontrolled, apply direct pressure to the arterial area of the bleeding
limb for up to 15 minutes.
If bleeding still continues... (Image below is fake make up).

Apply a tourniquet to the upper area of the bleeding limb. Ensure the tourniquet is 5cms or more
in width and is only applied to the casualty for a maximum of 30 minutes.
Seek medical attention if shock is being displayed by the casualty or the bleed cannot be
controlled.

Question 1: The best thing to do stop a heavy bleed from a hand is to:
Choose one answer.
a) Apply direct pressure and elevate the bleeding hand. Use an absorbent material
wherever possible.
b) Use a tourniquet and cut off blood supply from the artery.
c) Use a needle and thread to help close off the wound.

Management of Internal Blood Loss


If casualty is conscious:
1. Position casualty into a comfortable position. Lying on their back with knees raised (and
support under knees) generally is preferred as it alleviates pressure of the abdominal
muscles.
2. Maintain the casualtys body temperature with blankets.
3. If the casualty is nauseous or is vomiting, place the casualty onto the recovery position.

Crush injury Syndrome


When a casualty becomes subjected to a part of their body being trapped and crushed by a high
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pressure object, they are at risk of developing Crush Injury Syndrome.


Crush Injury Syndrome is a life threatening condition where the body begins to produce
excessive amounts of toxic chemicals.

In turn, these chemicals can be released through the body once the crushing object is removed
from the casualty.
Other complications that may accompany the crush injury could be: fractures, bleeding, and
bruising.

Crush injuries (continued...)


Managing a potential crush injury
1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Remove the crushing object immediately as the toxic chemicals will have more chance
to develop the longer the crush occurs.
3. Call for an ambulance immediately
4. Treat other injuries and reassure the casualty until help arrives to take over.

Question 2: If a casualty is coughing up blood it is an indication that the casualty is suffering


from damage to the lungs.
Answer:
o

True

False

Question 3: Victims involved in crush incidents must remain crushed until emergency services
arrive.
Answer:
o

True

False

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Embedded Object
(The image on the left is of a fake stab wound and is
not a real injury.)
Management of Embedded Object: How To
If an object is embedded in the casualty, leave it
where it is and be careful not to move it in any way.
Moving the object may cause severe blood loss
and further damage to the casualty.
1. Pad around the object in order to absorb
and control any blood that is escaping.
2. Manage for Shock and seek medical
attention immediately.

Amputation
(The images below are fake wounds created with make-up. It is not a real amputation!

Management of Amputations: How To


1. If a body part has been removed from the body it is important to manage the casualty for
shock and bleeding as your first step.
2. Carefully pick up the part and place it directly into a clean container or plastic bag.

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3. DO NOT WET THE AMPUTATED PART OR


ATTEMPT TO CLEAN IT.
4. DO NOT FREEZE THE PART OR PLACE
IT DIRECTLT ON ICE.
5. Place the sealed container or plastic bag containing
the amputated part in cool water to keep it from getting damaged.
6. Ensure an ambulance is on its way to assisting the casualty and their amputation.

Question 4: A conscious victim has been attacked with a knife. The knife is still embedded deep
into the wound. The first aider assisting this victim should:
Choose one answer.
a) Follow DRS ABCD, remove the knife, manage the bleed with pressure and
elevation, manage the victim for Shock and call an ambulance.
b) Follow DRS ABCD, slightly adjust the knife so its not moving
c) Follow DRS ABCD, apply pressure around the knife, manage the victim for
Shock and call an ambulance.
Question 5: A neighbour has amputated his toe using the lawnmower in bare feet. What could
you do to help?
Choose one answer.
a) Place the toe directly on ice immediately and seek an ambulance for advice.
b) Give him a beer and tell him to stop crying.
c) Apply direct pressure and elevate the limb, treat for shock, call 000, and ensure
the toe stays dry and cool (but not too cold)

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Sticky Wounds
Management of Sticky Wounds: How To
Abrasions and other sticky wounds can lose moisture
and cause dehydration as well as infection.
1.
2.

Immediately irrigate the wound with clean water or saline solution.


If dirt does not come off easily, the first aider may use clean wet
non fibrous gauze to gently wipe the away the dirt
(1 swift wipe per gauze).
DO NOT USE ANTISEPTICS, WIPES OR SWABS ON THESE
WOUNDS.

3.

It is important that a first aider does not attempt to remove dirt manually from the wound if
they are unsure of how successful their attempt will be.
4. Cover the wound with a non-adherent dressing or piece of plastic to reduce the chances
of infection to the area.
5. DO NOT USE ABSORBANT MATERIAL ON STICKY WOUNDS.
6. Seek medical attention if the wound is:
Not healing at a reasonable pace.
Appearing more infected than before.
If the casualty is displaying signs of shock.
Large enough or ugly enough to cause concern.
Located in a sensitive area on the casualtys body, such as the palm of the hands.
PLEASE NOTE: Sticky wounds also refer to internal organs that are exposed and outside of
the body (e.g. intestines). Use the same methods to manage these organs, apply little to no
pressure at all, but cover with plastic or non adherent dressing. Always ensure the casualty is
as comfortable as possible.
Bruising

A bruise is when a forceful blow to a casualty causes damage to the capillary (small blood
vessels) and the skin changes colour, becomes sensitive to pain and is often associated with
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swelling.
Management of Bruising: How To
If the location of your casualtys bruising is below their shoulders, an ice pack can generally be
used to reduce pain and swelling. Be sure that the ice pack is wrapped in a towel to avoid
damage to the skin cells.
If the location of your casualtys bruising is above their shoulders, such as a black eye or head
wound, seek medical attention and avoid using anything too cold on these areas. A wet towel
should be cool enough without causing problems.

Question 6: The correct wound care procedure for an abrasion free from specs of dirt is:
Choose one answer.
a) Gently clean the wound with clean water or saline solution, and apply a non stick
dressing.
b) Gently clean with running water, apply antiseptic and leave wound to air dry.
c) Gently irrigate the wound with antiseptic solution and apply a clean gauze dressing.

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Facial injuries
Management of Facial Injuries: How To

Burns to the eye: cool with clean gentle


running water for 20 minutes or so.
Cover damaged skin with non adherent
material and seek medical attention.
Blindness to eyes (e.g. welders flash, snow
blindness): turn off all lights, cover both eyes
and seek medical attention.
Embedded object in eye: keep eye moist
with clean water or saline solution. Try to
prevent it from drying out or becoming
infected by covering (around the embedded
object) with non adherent material (not
absorbent material). Tilt casualtys head back
to alleviate pressure off the eye sockets. Seek medical attention. Avoid bandaging
under the jaw as it interferes with airway
management.
Nose bleed: Lean casualty forward and apply
pressure to the bridge of the nose (below the
bone), ask casualty not to talk or blow their nose,
apply a cold compress to forehead and back of
neck where possible.
Fracture or dislocation on the face: ask casualty
to support the fractured area. Seek medical
attention.
Broken teeth: clean the broken teeth the casualtys own
saliva or milk and if possible, place tooth back in the
grooves of the gum and ask the casualty to bite down.
This will encourage the tooth to reattach to the roots and
survive once again in the casualtys mouth. Seek dental
attention.
DO NOT PLACE THE TOOTH IN WATER OR HANDLE IT
BY THE ROOTS - DOING SO COULD DAMAGE THE
ROOTS AND MAY REDUCE THE CHANCE OF
RECONNECTING THE TOOTH!

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Question 7: The most appropriate position for a victim with a major eye injury is:
Choose one answer.
a) A position of greatest comfort with consideration to relieving pressure from the eye
sockets.
b) On their recovery position with a blanket.
c) Sitting in a chair with head in a neutral position.
Question 8: The correct management of a conscious victim with a nose bleed is:
Choose one answer.
a) Ask the victim to tilt their head back and pinch the soft part of the nostrils, under the
bridge of their nose.
b) Apply a cold pack to the nose.
c) Lean the victim's head forward, and advise them to pinch the soft lower part of the
nostrils, under the bridge of their nose.
Question 9: The most appropriate management of a dislodged (whole) adult tooth is:
Choose one answer.
a) Have the victim clean the tooth with their saliva and attempt to place it back
into the grooves of the gum, and send them to a dentist.
b) Wash the tooth in ice cold, clean, water and send the victim to the dentist.
c) Throw it in the bin as its dirty.
Question 10: Placing a dislodged tooth in water may damage it and create difficulties later in
hospital.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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MODULE 6: CARE OF FRACTURES


This module contains the following topics:

Sprains and Strains


Dislocations
Fractures
Trauma to the Torso (Chest, Abdominal and Pelvic)

This module takes an average completion time of 25 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS IMAGES OF REAL BRUISING AND REAL BONE
INJURIES!

Sprains and Strains

Sprain= damage to ligament (soft tissue).


Strain= damage to muscle (soft tissue).

How to Recognise a Sprain or Strain


Signs and symptoms of soft tissue injuries include:

Swelling
Bruising
Pain
Decreased ability to move the joint
If the ligament is ruptured, one may hear a popping sound
Difficulty using the affected extremity

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Management of Sprains and Strains


'R.I.C.E' reduces swelling and pain...
REST Rest the casualty and their injured part.
ICE Apply a cold compress (first 24 hours: for 20 minutes, every 2 hours. Second 24 hours:
20 minutes every 4 hours)
COMPRESSION Support the injured part with a firm bandage.
ELEVATION Raise or elevate the injured part.

REFERRAL Consider what sort of medical attention (if any) is required and action it.
DO NOT 'H.A.R.M':
HARM increases swelling and pain and interferes with the healing process.
HEAT No heat, no heat creams, no heat packs.
ALCOHOL No alcohol.
RUNNING No Running or brisk movement.
MASSAGE No massage to the injured part.

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Question 1: The correct management of a Sprain is to:


Choose one answer.
a) Rest the injured part, apply a support bandage and cold compress, and elevate the
injured part above the ground.
b) Immobolise and support with a bandage
c) Apply a heat pack or heat cream to the swollen area.

Dislocations
Warning: the images below are of real injuries.
Dislocation: occurs when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned.

Management of a Dislocation: How To


Pain associated with dislocation is generally very high, as the dislocated part may be
sitting on nerves or other sensitive areas.
Relocating the part correctly (without causing further damage) is a complicated
procedure and should only be carried out by those who are qualified.
Call for an ambulance for your casualty in this circumstance as a first aider is not
qualified to relocate the part correctly. Popping a dislocation back into place may be
done incorrectly and to rectify the mistake, medical assistance will need to re-dislocate
the joint in order to relocate it correctly.
DO NOT POP IT BACK IN!

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Question 2: A dislocated finger should be replaced by the first aider as soon possible.
Answer:

o True
o False

Question: what do I do if I cant determine whether my casualty has a soft tissue or hard
tissue injury?
Answer: Treat for the worst. Treat as a fracture!

Question 3: When there is doubt to whether an ankle is fractured or sprained, the first aider
should:
Choose one answer.
a) Manage the injury as a fracture
b) Manage the injury as a sprain. Sprains are more serious as they can involve
tendons.
c) Apply both managements in order to narrow down what it is.
Question 4: Common symptoms and signs of fractures include:
Choose one answer.
a) Loss of normal function and discolouration in the area.
b) Pins and needles in the opposite hand.
c) Hysterical laughter from the victim.

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Trauma To The Torso (Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis)


The chest, abdominal and pelvic areas contain most of our internal organs. Damage to this
part of our body can obviously be extremely life threatening and should be seen by medical
professionals without delay.
The chest cavity (space) contains the ribcage.
The ribcage acts as protection to the heart and lungs. Damage to this cavity could include:

broken ribs or flail chest (piece of broken rib floating in the cavity)
punctured, collapsed or bruised lungs
Sucking chest wound (cannot expand to breathe)

How to Recognise a Chest Injury


Signs and symptoms include:

Difficulty Breathing
The casualty, if conscious, will usually be half
sitting and leaning to the injured side
Bruising, swelling and tenderness on the skin.

Management of a Chest Injury: How To


1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Help the casualty into a comfortable and safe
position (half sitting and leaning to the effected
side helps with breathing and takes pressure
off the good lung)
3. Call an ambulance immediately
4. If there is a hole (sucking chest wound) on the
chest, cover the wound with an airtight material
on three sides (leaving the bottom open to
drain).
5. Assist the casualty with supporting their injury
by perhaps using their arm as a splint.
6. If your casualty loses consciousness but is
breathing properly, place them into the
recovery position with the affected side down
to help the unaffected side to breathe easier.

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Trauma To The Torso (continued...)


How to Recognise Abdominal Injuries
Signs and symptoms of abdominal injuries include:

Bruising on the skin


Tenderness
Swelling and hardness
Vomiting (including vomiting of blood)
Signs and symptoms of Shock

How to Manage of Abdominal Injuries


1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Help your casualty into a comfortable and safe position (usually laying flat with knees
elevated)
3. Manage Shock
4. Call an ambulance immediately.
Without the pelvis, we would not be able to stand or balance.
Not only is the pelvis connected to our spinal, but it also protects
organs such as the bladder and is a very important part of the
human body.
How to Recognise Pelvic Injuries
Signs and symptoms include:

Difficulty walking or standing


Feeling the need to urinate (caused by pressure on the bladder)
The hip may appear to be uneven
Tenderness and pain
Bruising around the genital area

How to Manage a Pelvic Injury


1.
2.
3.
4.

Follow DRS ABCD


Immobilise casualty
Manage Shock
Help your conscious casualty into a
comfortable and safe position (usually laying flat with knees elevated)
5. If your casualty is complaining that they need to use the toilet, encourage them to
hold on and not to move. If they lose control in their pants, reassure them that it is
okay and cover them up to protect their dignity. Helping them to the toilet can be
damaging to their spine and pelvis. If they do empty their bladder, they are risking
their bladder getting caught on the broken pelvis and tearing.
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Question 5: Conscious victims with potential chest injuries are best positioned in a half
sitting position, and leaning towards the injured side.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 6: CPR cannot be performed on a victim with a chest injury.


Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 7: The abdominal cavity is located:


Choose one answer.
a) Under the heart, behind the rib cage.
b) Below the ribcage and above the pelvic cavity.
c) Under the liver on the lower half of the torso.
Question 8: The preferred position of comfort by many victims suffering from abdominal
injuries is with knees raised/bent because:
Choose one answer.
a) It helps to re-align the pelvic bone and eliminates further damage.
b) It helps relieve pain and spasm that can occur with an abdominal injury.
c) It helps the blood flow in the abdomen travel to the liver.

Question 9: Symptoms and signs of an abdominal injury may include:


Choose one answer.
a) The victim may be vomiting and could have bruising developing around the
abdomen.
b) The victim demonstrates mood swings.
c) The victim feels the need to constantly drink water.

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MODULE 7: CARE OF SPINAL INJURIES


This module contains the following topics:

Head injuries
Spinal injuries
Lifting and moving casualties

This module takes an average completion time of 40 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS IMAGES OF PARALISED CASUALTIES.
Head Injuries
Injuries to the head can include:

Swelling and increase of blood pressure to the brain


Fractured (broken) skull
Neck and spinal injury

How to Recognise a Head Injury


When a casualty is affected by a head injury they will generally demonstrate signs and
symptoms such as:

Confusion and disorientation


Tiredness and weakness
Nausea or vomiting
Mood swings or sudden behavioural changes
Blurred or double vision
Headache
Loss of memory
Loss of balance
Loss of concentration
Loss of consciousness in some casualties

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Head injuries (continued...)


How to Manage a Head Injury
If a casualty is demonstrating these symptoms and has experienced a recent event where a
head injury may be possible, such as a violent jolt or blow to their head, a first aider should
treat the injury as serious and seek medical aid immediately.
In order to help the casualty with their head injury you could:
1. Minimise movement of the casualty to reduce the chance of neck or spinal damage.
2. Position the casualty in an upright and safe position, to help the blood pressure to
travel down and away from the brain.
3. Check for and manage any head wounds (be careful to not put too much pressure on
a fractured skull and try not to use absorbent
material directly on brain tissue).
4. Check the eyes, ears, nose and mouth for
bleeding or clear fluid. The clear fluid may be
the fluid from around the brain.
5. Where there is blood or fluid escaping from
these areas, use an absorbent material to
help catch the fluid for examination later in
hospital, and position the casualty so that the
blood/fluid can drain out and down.
6. Avoid upsetting the casualty as this will
increase their blood pressure.
7. Do not allow pain killers as they tend to mask
the symptoms from people trying to help them.
8. Seek an ambulance immediately and do not attempt to transport them to hospital.

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Question 1: Symptoms and signs of concussion include:


Choose one answer.
a) Vision difficulties, nausea and unequal sized pupils.

b) A rapid increase in appetite to consume food.

c) A heightened sense of awareness within the victim.

Question 2: The most appropriate management of a suspected head injury includes:


Choose one answer.
a) Keeping the victim still, capture any discharge that may be leaking from the ear
onto a clean pad, and lightly dress any fleshy wounds on the head of the victim.
b) Assisting the victim to self administer some paracetamol and call an
ambulance.
c) Forcing the victim to stay awake so there is little risk of them falling into a coma.
This means even encouraging them to walk around.

Spinal injuries
The spinal cord carries messages from the brain and delivers them to all areas of the body.
It therefore plays a huge part in keeping you alive and well.
The spinal cord is protected by a group of bones that are structured around the cord.
Spinal cord injuries are commonly caused by motor vehicle accidents, diving, falls and acts
of violence.
Sports-related spinal cord injuries occur more commonly in children and teenagers, while
work-related injuries (especially from
construction work) predominate in adults.

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Spinal injuries (continued...)


How to Recognise Spinal Injuries
Signs and symptoms of spinal injuries include:

Signs and symptoms of a head or neck injury (because all injuries of this nature are
closely related)
Pins and needles or numbness in the body
Recent event or incident could be cause for a spinal injury

How to Manage a Spinal Injury...If the casualty is conscious (responding):


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Follow DRS ABCD


Call 000/112
Keep the casualty still and minimise movement of the head neck and spinal column.
Monitor casualtys vital signs.
Maintain casualtys body temperature and treat injuries where possible.

If the casualty requires padding or splinting for support to their limbs, it is important to ask
the casualty to move them when required instead of moving the limbs on your own.

Question 3: True or false: Injuries to the spine are often associated with head injuries, which
is why the symptoms and signs of a spinal injury are similar to one of a head injury.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 4: True or false: In the event that a conscious victim of a spinal injury requires
padding for support to their limbs, it is best that the first aider makes the necessary
movements of the victim instead of the victim moving their limbs themselves.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

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Spinal injuries- Unconsciousness


How to Manage a Spinal Injury of an Unconscious Casualty
If the casualty is unconscious (not responding) and breathing...they must be placed on their
side!
THE RECOVERY POSITION - SPINAL INJURY
When possible, use a second person to help to support the head and neck as you roll the
casualty.

If there is no one at the scene accompanying you, just turn the casualty to their side as you
would with any other casualty.
Question: Can we leave casualties in motor vehicles if we suspect a spinal injury?
Answer: Yes! If your casualty is safe in their vehicle and you are able to maintain Airway
and Breathing until help arrives.

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Question: should we remove motorcycle helmets from our casualties?


Answer: we try to leave helmets on our casualties if they have been involved in an incident
that could indicate head, neck or spinal injuries.
If the skull has been shattered on impact, the helmet will act as the skull and support the
brain.
If our casualty is breathing adequately we would leave the helmet on.
If our casualty is not breathing adequately, the helmet will have to be removed from the
head of our casualty.
Always ask a second person to support the head whilst you slip the helmet off. Avoid
removing a helmet on your own where possible. Remember to remove the buckle and strap
before attempting to remove the helmet. Remember to try to ensure that the casualtys nose
does not get caught as you take the helmet off the casualty.

Question 5 The most appropriate management of an unconscious and breathing victim with
a suspected spinal injury is:
Choose one answer.
a) Follow DRS ABCD, roll the victim to their recovery position, but do not tilt the head
back and check their identification for other illnesses
b) Follow DRS ABCD, leave the victim in the position you have found them and call
for an ambulance.
c) Follow DRS ABCD as you would any other time. With as much care as possible to
the head and neck, roll the victim to the recovery position and position the head
as per usual to open their airway.

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Question 6 True or false: An unconscious victim trapped in a car may be managed by


applying head tilt and jaw support from behind or alongside of the victim.
Answer:
o

True

False

Question 7 You come across a motor cycle accident, the rider is lying on the side of the
road in a safe location. You have called an ambulance, followed DRS AB and found that the
victim is unconscious, breathing, and still wearing his helmet. Do you:
Choose one answer.
a) Place him onto the recovery position and leave his helmet on, provided he is
breathing properly
b) Quickly remove his helmet and see if his head is ok and if he can smile
c) Keep asking him repeatedly to squeeze your fingers until he wakes up

Lifting and Moving


As a general rule it is important to avoid moving a casualty because of risks of spinal injury.
If an area is too dangerous for a casualty to remain in it, the first aider should always move
the casualty to a safer place.
If a first aider needs to move a casualty from a scene, they should try to avoid lifting the
casualty off the ground where ever possible.
Dragging the casualty by their clothes or feet is generally safer on both the first aider's and
casualty's backs.

It is also preferable to move a casualty with the aid of other people. This helps to reduce the
risk of damage to everyone involved.
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Lifting and moving (continued...)


A good way to move a casualty is to lay the casualty on a blanket and drag the blanket.
If it is unsafe to drag the casualty by the blanket - you could ask 5 other people (making it 6)
to help with the lifting and moving. Ensure that you all communicate well. This will help you
all do the lift at the same time and will ensure that every lifter is moving in the right direction.

MODULE 8: CARE OF POISONING


This module contains the following topics:

Poisoning
Australian bites and stings

This module takes an average completion time of 40 minutes


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS IMAGES OF UNCONSCIOUS CASUALTIES AND
REAL POISONOUS CREATURES SUCH AS SNAKES AND SPIDERS.

Poisoning
Poisons can enter the body through the:
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1.
2.
3.
4.

mouth (ingested)
nose (inhaled)
Injected into the skin (e.g. bite)
Absorbed or breathed in by the skin

Some poisons can burn the casualty inside and do damage to the organs and cells.
Some can lead to brain damage and cardiac arrest (where the heart stops pumping).
How to Recognise Poisoning
Signs and symptoms include:

Signs of contamination on the skin


Bite or injection marks
Odours on breath
Burning pain in stomach and in mouth
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain
Difficulty breathing
Tightness in chest
Headache and blurred vision
Convulsions
Ringing in ears
Tiredness, weakness and drowsiness
Unconsciousness

How to Manage Poisoning


1. Follow DRS ABCD (e.g. remove casualty if it is dangerous, wipe away poisons from
their face)

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2. Call 000 and try to determine the substance

3. Call Poisons Information on 13 11 26 for specific advice and follow that


specific advice for the casualty until medical aid arrives and takes over.
AVOID!!:

inducing vomiting
giving drinks or food to the casualty
giving pain killers to the casualty.

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Question 1: There are four ways that a poison can enter the body. Match the ways with their
titles below:
a) Fumes through the lungs

a) Injection

b) Drug abuse or by substances from venomous creatures

b) Inhalation

c)

c) Ingestion

Chemical or plant extract through the skin

d) Through the mouth and digestive system

d) Absorption

Question 2: Obvious symptoms and signs of poisoning will usually include:


Choose one answer.
a) Obsessive behaviour from the victim
b) Excessive thirst and excessive urinating by the victim involved.
c) Abdominal pain, sweating, vomiting and breathing difficulties.
Question 3: The correct number to dial for poisons information is:
Choose one answer.
a) 121166

b) 911

c) 131126

Blue-ringed Octopus

Found all areas of the Australian


ocean
Turns bright blue when agitated
Signs and symptoms:
o Tingling around mouth
o Weakness
o Paralysis
o Breathing difficulty

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Blue ringed Octopus (continued...)


How to Manage Blue ringed Octopus Poisoning
1. Follow DRS ABCD Do not attempt to collect the octopus
2. Seek medical aid immediately
3. Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage over the bitten limb
4. Commence CPR if the casualty falls unconscious and stops breathing

Question 4: The venom of the Blue-Ringed Octopus is toxic because:


Choose one answer.
a) It can cause muscle paralysis and cause respiratory failure.
b) Harmful to children only as they have different immune cells in their bodies.
c) It causes asthma attacks in people with asthma.

Question 5: The venom from the Cone Shell often causes dizziness, slurred speech and
paralysis in the victim.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Funnel web Spider

Found in all states of Australia (originated from Sydney).


25-30mm in size with a dark shiny back.
Venom can kill children in minutes and kill adults in hours.
Most venomous spider in the world.
Aggressive by nature.
Can live beneath the ground or in water for days at a time.

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Funnel web Spider (continued...)


Signs and symptoms:

Pain at bite area


Profuse sweating
Nausea and abdominal pain
Excessive production of saliva
Disorientation
Muscular spasms
Small arm and leg hairs on casualty stand up on end
Breathing difficulties
Unconsciousness.

Management of a funnel web spider bite and poison: How To


1. Follow DRS ABCD - Do not attempt to kill or collect the spider.
2. Call 000 immediately.
3. Apply the pressure immobilisation technique to the casualty.

Question 6: The Sydney Funnel web Spider is the deadliest spider in the world. Common
symptoms of the bite include:
Choose one answer.
a) Sweating, muscle spasms, abdominal cramps.
b) Excessive thirst and the need to urinate.
c) Nothing obvious - which makes it the more dangerous!

Snakes

Approximately 100 different species


of snakes in Australia.

Only 20 of the 100 species are


dangerous to humans.

Found around grassy and wet areas.

Generally defensive by nature.

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Snakes (continued...)
Of the venomous snakes in Australia, signs and symptoms of the bites include:

Puncture marks or scratches on the bitten area


Bleeding at the bite site
Headache and blurred vision
Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
Voice changes in casualty
Breathing difficulties
Drowsiness and fainting
Problems swallowing
Slurred speech
Pain in chest and abdomen
Dark urine
Paralysis
Unconsciousness.

How to Manage snake bite and poison


1. Follow DRS ABCD - Do not attempt to kill or collect the snake.
2. Call 000 immediately.
3. Apply the pressure immobilisation technique to the casualty.

Pressure Immobilisation Technique


The aim of this bandage is to provide a light and even pressure over the entire bitten limb.
This will assist in slowing down the venom to the casualty's heart.
1. Apply an even pressure over the bite with a roller bandage

2. Bandage to cover the foot or hand of the bitten limb, and then bandage up the groin area
or armpit of the bitten limb.

3. Keep casualty as still as possible.


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4. Seek medical attention immediately.


The pressure immobilisation should not:

Be too tight or cutting off circulation


Be removed prior to hospital care.

Question 7: Once bandages are applied for Pressure Immobilisation, they should only be
removed in hospital unless the bandages are too tight.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Tropical Jellyfish

Found in tropical Australian ocean


water
Box Jellyfish can be up to 5 metres in
length
Irukandji Jellyfish can be up to 11
metres in length
Each tentacle contains millions of
stingers
Signs and symptoms
Back and abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Profuse sweating
Breathing difficulty

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How to Manage tropical jellyfish poisoning


1. Follow DRS ABCD.
2. Immerse (flood) the stung area with vinegar for a minimum of 30 seconds.
3. Carefully remove the tentacles from the casualty - but be careful not to be stung
yourself!
4. Treat casualty for shock and assist them to breathe.
5. Call an ambulance immediately.
6. If the casualty falls unconscious but continues to breathe independently, remember
to place the casualty on their side.
7. If the casualty falls unconscious but is not breathing, commence resuscitation
immediately.
Question 8: For Box Jelly fish stings, dowsing the sting area with vinegar is designed to:
Choose one answer.
a) Burn the tentacles off the area.
b) Neutralise the venom.
c) Relieve the pain and get rid of the ugly red colour.

Cold Water Jellyfish


Cold water jellyfish (bluebottle) are not
lethal but can cause a lot of pain.

How to Manage cold water jellyfish poisoning


1. Follow DRS ABCD.
2. Use extreme temperature on the stung area to aid with pain relief.
3. Some casualties prefer ice whereas some casualties prefer hot fluid (either
preference should not burn your casualty!)
4. Seek medical advice.

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Common Insects

Bee stings are usually left behind in


the casualtys skin with the venom
attached.

Bees amongst other insects can


cause Anaphylaxis in the casualty.

Bee-stings have always been known


to hurt.

European wasps are aggressive by


nature and are always not alone.

Wasps can also sting more than


once!

Ticks will latch on into folded and


warm areas of skin and feed off the
blood. Some ticks can cause paralysis
in their victims.

Ants are dangerous amongst children


especially as they can cause allergic
reactions.

How to Manage insect poisoning


1. Follow DRS ABCD.

Above: Tick sucking blood

2. If bee sting, remove the venom sac by


scraping with the side of your finger
nail or leaf. Putting pressure on the
sac or squeezing it would only push
more venom into the casualty.
3. If the casualty has known allergies to
stings, call 000 immediately and
locate their epipen for self
administration (if they own an epipen),
then apply the pressure
immobilisation technique.
4. Step 2 only applies to anaphylaxis.
5. Apply a cold compress to the stung
area and seek medical advice.

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Question 9: When removing a bee sting the first aider should scrape the sting out sideways.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 10: Australian Ticks can cause disturbance because:


Choose one answer.
a) The ticks are capable of paralysing the victim which may also paralyse the
ability to breath.
b) The tick always has other ticks accompanying it.
c) The tick is unhygienic and can cause a disruption in the victim

Red-back Spider

Image from Google Images

Venom can cause severe illness but


is slow acting and can take up to 48
hours after the bite has occurred for
casualty to display symptoms.
Defensive by nature
Found anywhere private and dark
Can cause Anaphylaxis
Signs and symptoms:
Muscle weakness and spasms
Headache
Patchy sweating
Small arm and leg hairs on
casualty stand up on end
Nausea and abdominal pain.

How to Manage a red-back spider poisoning


1.
2.
3.
4.

Follow DRS ABCD - Do not attempt to kill or collect the spider.


Call medical aid immediately.
Apply a cold compress to the bitten area.
For anaphylaxis, apply the pressure immobilisation technique to the casualty (this
may assist in reducing the allergic response).
5. Treat casualty for shock as they will be feeling unwell when the symptoms kick in.

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White-tail Spider

Found inside the home in linen and


laundry
Found outside in the garden
The While-tail carries bacteria, not
venom
Casualties bitten by the white-tail will
normally experience infection and
ulceration and blistering of the bitten
area (due to the bacteria in the
spider's saliva).
Signs and symptoms include:
Burning pain at the bite site
Swelling and or itching at the
bite site
Infection of the bite site

How to Manage of a white-tail spider poisoning


1.
2.
3.
4.

Follow DRS ABCD - Do not attempt to kill or collect the spider.


Wash the bitten area immediately with warm soapy water (to help reduce infection).
Apply a cold compress to the bitten area (to help reduce swelling).
For anaphylaxis, apply the pressure immobilisation technique to the casualty (this
may assist in reducing the allergic response).
5. Cover the bitten area with a non-stick dressing (to reduce infection).
6. Treat casualty for shock if the pain seems unbearable for them.
7. Seek medical advice as soon as possible.

Summary of treatments for bites and stings poisoning:


COLD PACK

Insects
Household/common spiders
Cold water jellyfish

HEAT (HOT FLUID IMMERSION)


Stinging fish
o e.g. stingray, flathead,
stonefish.

VINEGAR IMMERSION

Tropical jellyfish

PRESSURE IMMOBOLISATION
TECHNIQUE
Snakes
Funnel web spider
Cone shell
Blue-ringed octopus

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Question 11: Match the treatments with the creatures below:


a) Pressure Immobilisation

a) Tropical jellyfish

b) Ice/Cold Packs

b) Snakes, funnel web, blueringed oct. & coneshell

c) Hot Water

c) Insects, house spiders and cold water jellyfish

d) Vinegar

d) Stinging fish e.g. stingray and stonefish

MODULE 9: CARE OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES


This module contains the following topics:

Choking
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Croup
Hyperventilation
Chest Pain
Strokes
Diabetes
Seizures
Medical observations

This module takes an average completion time of 45 minutes.


WARNING: THIS MODULE CONTAINS IMAGES OF ACTORS PRESENTING TO BE IN
MEDICAL DISTRESS SUCH AS ANAPHYLAXIS AND CHEST PAIN.

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Choking
Casualties may experience partial or full blockages in their airway that could obviously lead to
unconsciousness and be life threatening.

If a choking casualty is experiencing a partial blockage, they should still be able to breathe and
cough and work to dislodge the object!
Management of choking: How To
Restrain from hitting the casualty on their back as pain will force them to hold their breath.
If the casualty is coughing, then they are still getting air in (partial blockage).
1. Encourage the casualty to remain calm and take bigger breaths in. Bigger breaths can
encourage bigger coughs. Bigger coughs can dislodge the object from the casualtys
airway.
2. If no improvement in 20 seconds, call an ambulance immediately.
3. Back Blows: Ask the casualty to lean forward and deliver 5 back blows in between the
shoulder blades and forward the head.

4. Chest thrusts: if no improvement, position yourself to the side of the casualty. Place your
hand on the middle of the chest and support the back with your other hand. Push down
onto the chest in order to force air from the lungs out of the mouth. You can do this 5
times per set.
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Choking (continued...)

5. If casualty stops breathing: blow the object with your air, so it is then forced down into a
lung.
6. Is important to ensure that you support the head, neck and spine of a baby.
7. Its also important to remember your strength in comparison to your small casualties.
AVOID!!:

Using the Heimlich seen on television. This procedure is no longer used in real life as it
caused too many internal injuries to the casualties.
Holding your casualty upside down without support to their head, neck or spine.
Shaking your casualty.

Question 1: A partial airway obstruction refers to:


Choose one answer.
a) The victim is still managing to get some air in and may be able to cough up the
obstruction.
b) A blockage that requires immediate ambulance attention.
c) An airway obstruction that will cause cyanosis in the victim.
Question 2: The first thing a first aider should do for a conscious coughing victim who has a
partial obstruction is:
Choose one answer.
a) DRS ABCD, immediately slap the victim on the back 4 -5 times as hard as you can. 2
b) DRS ABCD, encourage the victim to relax, breathe deeply and cough.
c) Squeeze under the victim's ribcage.
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Question 3: The correct management for a victim with a total obstruction is:
Choose one answer.
a) Have a bystander call for an ambulance, give 5 back blows, if unsuccessful, give 5
chest thrusts.
b) Slap the victim 10 times on the back and then call an ambulance.
c) Immediately call for an ambulance, then try squeezing under the victim

Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction to a protein where the immune system overreacts to
fight the substance out of the body.
Recognising Anaphylaxis: How To
Signs and symptoms include:

Tingling around mouth


Hives or rashes on body
Nausea and abdominal pain
Swelling of lips, eyes and face
Swelling of tongue and airway
Breathing difficulty

Management of Anaphylaxis: How To


1. Follow DRS ABCD remove casualty from the
source of their allergy
2. Encourage casualty to remain calm
3. Seek medical aid immediately
4. Locate the casualtys Epipen injection and
5. hand it to your casualty.
6. Unless you have a current Epipen
administration qualification, you are not
Trained to administer this drug.
Prompt the casualty to inject themselves
with their Epipen.
7. Stay with them until the ambulance
arrives and takes over.

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Question 4: Anaphylactic Shock (Anaphylaxis) refers to:


Choose one answer.
a) All allergic reactions.
b) Another name for Asthma.
c) Severe allergic reactions.
Question 5: Common symptoms and signs of Anaphylaxis are:
Choose one answer.
a) Similar symptoms to asthma, as well as rashes, and swelling of the mouth, throat and
eyes.
b) Exactly the same as asthma as it is the same condition
c) Swelling of the eyes only.
Question 6: As a general law, (not in child care or schools as they do another course) an Epipen
must be self administered by the victim and not administered by the first aider.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Asthma
Asthma is a severe reaction to allergens that cause problems with breathing out (exhaling air).
Swelling of the bronchioles in the lungs and the production of excess mucus can cause severe
breathing difficulties.
How to Recognise Asthma
Signs and symptoms include:

Coughing.
Wheezing.
Breathing difficulty.
Pale to bluish skin.
Difficulty speaking.
Tiredness.
The casualty may turn from energetic and loud, to quiet and reserved.

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Asthma (continued...)
How to Manage Asthma
1. Follow DRS ABCD remove casualty from the source of their attack.
2. Encourage casualty to remain calm.
3. Locate a blue reliever puffer (anyone's puffer) and encourage the casualty to take 4 puffs.

Preventer medications come in autumn colours (purples, oranges, browns,


reds...etc) and should be used every day by an asthma sufferer in order to help
prevent an onset of an asthma attack.
Reliever medication (blue) is what is needed to stop an attack once it has
occurred.
It is considered a reasonable act to share reliever puffers in most situations and
is the only prescribed medication that we are allowed to share with another
person.
4. Wait 4 minutes. If no improvement, Seek medical aid immediately.
5. Encourage the casualty to continue to take 4 puffs every 4 minutes medical until help
arrives.

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Question 7: Asthma is:


Choose one answer.
a) A triggered response in the lungs that can cause difficulty for the victim to breathe out.
b) An allergic reaction to pollen or dust that limits the ability to breathe in and run and
exercise.
c) A condition where part of the heart muscle becomes damaged due to stress during a
temporary inability for the victim to breathe out.
Question 8: Casualties should self administer their reliever medication during an asthma attack.
Which colour is the reliever medication packaged in?
Choose one answer.
a) Purple
b) Blue
c) All colours that represent the colour of autumn.
Question 9: A victim with a history of asthma has approached a first aider, and is displaying
obvious breathing difficulty and is making wheezing sounds. The first aider should:
Choose one answer.
a) Follow DRS ABCD, help the victim to sit in an upright position with left legs and arms
raised. Assist the victim to take 4 puffs of their own reliever puffer, Call an ambulance
immediately.
b) Follow DRS ABCD, help the victim to sit in an upright position. Assist the victim to take 4
puffs of a reliever puffer (blue), repeat the dose after 4 minutes. Use a spacer if
available. Call an ambulance if no improvement.
c) Call an ambulance immediately and locate a preventer puffer for the victim to self
administer with some sugar to help with their blood sugars

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Croup
Croup is a term used to describe a form of obstructive breathing in young children.
How to Recognise Croup
Signs and symptoms include:

Wheezing
Coughing
Breathing difficulties

Croup (continued...)
How to Manage Croup
1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Take the child to a steamy area to assist with
the recovery of normal breathing.

Question 10: The term Croup refers to:


Choose one answer.
a) A condition caused by a change in season where children develop a disruptive
cough.
b) Asthma for children under 5 years of age.
c) A form of obstructive breathing that can usually be managed by steam.
Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation is where a casualty breaths too much and can lead to unconsciousness.
How to Recognise Hyperventilation

Signs and symptoms include:


Shallow and fast breathing
Fast pulse
Feeling of suffocating
Dizziness
Pins and needles
Spasms of the hands and feet

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How to Manage Hyperventilation


1.
2.
3.
4.

Follow DRS ABCD move casualty to a calm and quiet place


Encourage the casualty to calm down
Encourage slow and regular breaths
Seek medical attention if the casualtys condition or conscious state worsens.

AVOID!!:
Using a paper bag. Breathing in and out of a paper bag will poison you as it will contain too
much carbon dioxide.

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Question 11: If a teenager is suffering from hyperventilation following an emotional crisis, you
may be able to slow down the rapid breathing rate by:
Choose one answer.
a) Giving the victim a cigarette and offer them your shoulder to cry on.
b) Reassuring the victim in a quiet and private, but safe place. Encourage them to
breathe slow breaths as you help count the breaths out loud.
c) Encourage the victim to breath into a paper or plastic bag.

Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition/disease where the organ responsible for the production of insulin
(pancreas) is unable to produce just the right amount of it.
Insulin is the hormone used to control blood sugar levels in the body.
Diabetic emergencies that can occur are:

Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)


High blood sugar (hyperglycaemia)

How to Recognise Diabetic Emergencies


If low blood sugar, signs and symptoms include:

Dizziness
Weakness
Hunger
Pale skin
Profuse sweating
Numbness in fingers and in mouth
Confusion
Aggressive behaviour
Unconsciousness.

If high blood sugar, signs and symptoms include:

Excessive thirst
Frequent need to urinate
Smell of nail polish remover on casualtys breath
Dizziness
Confusion
Unconsciousness.

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How to Manage Diabetic Emergencies


Medical emergencies (continued...)
If low blood sugar:
1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Give sugar, glucose or a sweet drink to
casualty
3. Wait approximately 4 minutes.
4. If the casualty has not recovered, call
medical aid immediately and continue to
give sugar every 15 minutes or so until
medical help arrives to take over.
5. If casualty has recovered, encourage the
casualty to eat a proper meal immediately to avoid a repeat of the emergency.
If high blood sugar:
1. Call 000 for advice about the casualtys insulin medication.
2. If there is absolutely any doubt and you are not 100% sure if the casualty is suffering
from low or high blood sugar, avoid the insulin injection unless otherwise advised by the
ambulance operator. Insulin will drop blood sugar and is dangerous if not taken at
the right time.

Question 12: The term Hyperglycaemia refers to:


Choose one answer.
a) A Type 2 diabetic.
b) Too much sugar travelling through the body.
c) Not enough sugar travelling through the body which may result in
unconsciousness.
Question 13: A victim with a history of diabetes is displaying erratic behaviour and serious loss
of concentration. They have their insulin and a bottle of water in their handbag. The first aider
assisting should:
Choose one answer.
a) Give the victim a sweet drink and then a proper meal.
b) Assist the victim to administer their insulin and call a doctor for further advice
and also book in for a check up for yourself.
c) Assist the victim to administer their insulin and give a sweet drink and ask them
to hurry up as you need to be somewhere.

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Chest Pain
Chest Pain is a term used to describe problems associated with the heart and its functions.
Chest pain can lead to cardiac arrest (heart stopping) and irreversible damage to the heart
muscle.
Recognising Chest Pain
Signs and symptoms include:

Sudden onset chest pain, that usually spreads to the jaw, back and arms.
Shortness of breath and rapid breathing.
Skin may be pale, cold or clammy.
Profuse sweating.
Nausea, vomiting, light headed, dizziness.
Pulse may be rapid, weak or irregular.
Patient may collapse.
Patient may have swollen legs and ankles.

Management of Chest Pain


1. Follow DRS ABCD.
2. Make casualty comfortable and loosen
tight clothing.
3. Reassure casualty.
4. If the casualty suffers from angina (a
condition where the artery narrows,
reducing blood supply to the heart), the
first aider should encourage the casualty
to self administer their angina medication.
Angina can lead to heart attacks if left
untreated. A heart attack is where
permanent damage is placed on the heart
muscle.
5. Call for an ambulance and monitor the casualtys condition until help arrives to take
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over.
Question 14: Common symptoms and signs of a chest pain emergency include:
Choose one answer.
a) A sharp pain that radiates from the middle of the chest to the ankles and a need to
eat.
b) Tense back and shoulders and very dry skin.
c) Uncomfortable pressure in the middle of the chest, nausea, swollen legs or ankles
and clammy skin.
Question 15: Angina, although managed by medication, is capable of leading to a heart attack.
Answer:
o
o

True
False

Question 16: The position of comfort for victims of chest pain is commonly:
Choose one answer.
a) On their backs with their feet elevated.
b) Recovery position.
c) A half-sitting position with support for the back and head.

Strokes
A stroke occurs when an artery taking blood to the brain becomes blocked or bursts. As a
result, brain cells are damaged.
Recognising Strokes
Signs and symptoms include:

Sudden change in consciousness


Weakness or paralysis (usually to
one side of the body)
Difficulty speaking or swallowing
Confusion
Loss of balance
Disturbed vision
Dizziness
Numbness in face, arm or leg.

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Strokes (continued...)
Management of Strokes
1. Follow DRS ABCD
2. Make casualty comfortable (generally in a half sitting position, leaned to the effected
side) and loosen tight clothing

3. Keep airway open for the casualty by tilting the head back
4. Reassure casualty
5. Call for an ambulance and monitor the casualtys condition until help arrives to take
over.

Question 17 The correct position for a conscious victim of a Stroke is:


Choose one answer.
a) In the recovery position.
b) On their tummy.
c) With their head raised.
Question 18: It is important that the Stroke victim is monitored every:
Choose one answer.
a) 1 hour.
b) Few minutes.
c) 10 minutes.
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Seizures
Seizures are the result of a sudden electrical malfunction in the brain.
Seizures can be triggered by stress or high temperature.
Some casualties may suffer from epilepsy, which is a condition that predisposes the sufferer
to dangerous and sometimes frequent seizures.
Recognising Seizures

Signs and symptoms include:


Stiffness of body
Arching of back
Eyes rolling upwards
Starring into space
Crying out
Jerking of body
Unconsciousness
If the seizure is 'petit mal' the casualty may just stop what they are doing and stare
blankly into space (without convulsing)

Management of Seizures
AVOID!!:

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

Holding down or restraining casualty


Placing anything in the casualtys mouth

Follow DRS ABCD Remove dangers from the casualty but do not hold them down.
Protect the casualtys head from serious injury with padding.
Time the seizure and wait for it to end.
Seek medical attention if:
The seizure has lasted for more than 2 minutes.
There has been more than one seizure.
Injury has occurred from the seizure.
If the casualty has no history of seizures.
After seizure has ended, help casualty into the recovery position for them to rest safely.

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Seizures (continued...)

Management of Febrile Convulsions


Febrile (also known as Feverish) convulsions are convulsions that are triggered by
dangerously high body temperature and are mostly common amongst small children with
fever due to infections.
Signs and symptoms are basically the same as any other seizures but the treatment is
slightly different.
To manage a casualty with a convulsion due to infection/fever:
AVOID!!:
Holding down or restraining casualty
Placing anything in the casualtys mouth
Cooling the casualty down to fast - so DO NOT SPONGE THEM OR APPLY COLD
PACKS!!!
1. Follow DRS ABCD Remove dangers from the casualty but do not hold them down.
2. Protect the casualtys head from serious injury with padding.
3. If safe to do so - remove clothing from the casualty but DO NOT SPONGE THEM
DOWN!
4. Time the seizure and wait for it to end.
5. Seek medical advice. Doctor's may advise guardians to administer paracetomol in
order to keep a child's temperature down.

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Question 19: Petit Mal is a form of seizure where:


Choose one answer.
a) The victim rocks back and forth with random body spasms.
b) The victim stops suddenly and stares into space.
c) The victim arches their back and spasms violently.
Question 20: The correct management of a victim experiencing a seizure due to epilepsy is:
Choose one answer.
a) Follow DRS ABCD, Hold the victim down and place a spoon in their mouth so they
don't bite their tongue off.
b) Follow DRS ABCD, remove dangers from the victim and wait for the seizure to finish
before attempting any other care to the victim.
c) Sponge the victim down so it helps cool their body temperature.
Question 21: A feverish convulsion in a small child is caused by:
Choose one answer.
a) An allergic reaction to medications.
b) A high fever due to a severe infection.
c) Similar to Epilepsy as it is a nervous system malfunction.

Medical Observations
It is possible to find clues on your
casualty that indicate medical conditions
and emergencies.
Finding medication on or near your
casualty could be a clue.
Another common clue is SOS jewellery
that your casualty could be wearing.
An SOS bracelet, for example, contains
written information about the casualty's
allergies and medical history.

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Question 22: A Medic Alert or SOS bracelet contains:


Choose one answer.
a) Information about any known diseases that the victim may be a carrier of.
b) Information about the victim's medical and allergy history.
c) Information about what the victim has chosen in the event of resuscitation.

MODULE 10: REVISION


This module contains revision questions for level 2 first aid.
This module takes an average completion time of 45 minutes.
Question 1: A young child has started to choke on a toy and is coughing in a panic. To
assist the child you could:
Choose one answer.
a) Encourage the child to calm down and take bigger breaths that would allow for
bigger coughs.
b) Immediately slap the child on the back.
c) Hang the child by their feet and slap them on the back.
Question 2: You are at work when you witness a colleague collapse from their desk. After
following DRS AB of the emergency action plan, you find that your colleague is unconscious
and not breathing. The best thing to do on this occasion is to:
Choose one answer.
a) Leave the victim alone as they probably just need to sleep.
b) Wait for your boss.
c) Give 2 rescue breaths to the victim and commence C & D (of DRS ABCD) if there
is still no breathing.
Question 3: You find a family member in the backyard complaining of tightness in the centre
of the chest and they say they are feeling nauseous or sick. You suspect your victim may be
suffering from:
Choose one answer.
a) A Stroke.
b) Chest Pain
c) Asthma.

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Question 4: You think you have been bitten by the Red Back Spider. What should you do?
Choose one answer.
a) Apply an ice pack over the bite area and seek medical assistance.
b) Immediately call an ambulance and apply a Pressure Immobilisation Bandage to
the bitten limb.
c) Take 2 panadol and continue to weed the garden.
Question 5: You are asked by your employer to assess the first aid kit in the office and
ensure it is complying with legislation. You find the following items in the kit. Please tick an
item that you should remove from the kit (choose from 4 correct answers).
Choose one answer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

3 x Pairs of gloves (Latex free)


1 x Tube of burn cream (not burnaid gel).
2 x Opened up gauze dressings
1 x Packet of bandaids
1 x expired Epipen
1 x packet of in date paracetamol

Question 6: You are at the gym with a friend when your friend starts to complain of feeling
dizzy and light headed. You notice that he is also going pale. You immediately stop your
exercises and could help your friend by:
Choose one answer.
a) Giving your friend some soft drink and advising him to sit in the steam room to
clear his lungs.
b) Laying your friend down and elevating his feet and encourage him to rest for a
while.
c) Encouraging them to continue their workout because it's all in their head.

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POLICY & PROCEDURES


Creation Date:

February 2007

Complaints / Appeals
Date Updated:

13th of May 2010

POLICY
Customer complaints are to be taken seriously by all staff of Melbourne First Aid, and are to be actioned within 7 days of receipt.
Melbourne First Aid will act upon the subject of any complaint found to be substantiated. Appeals must be lodged within 7 days
of the assessment decision, and are to be re-validated by the Director.

STEP
1

PROCEDURE - COMPLAINT
Customers are invited to place their complaints in writing by corresponding with MFAT by post, fax, or email.
Complaints received must be signed and dated by the complainant to verify that the claims are true and correct.
In the case of receiving any complaint, all details must be recorded on the by an MFAT representative that is
authorised and capable of resolving complaints.
Complainants will receive written acknowledgment that their complaint has been registered by MFAT and will be
investigated and acted upon if necessary.

MFAT must investigate the issue within 7 days of receiving the complaint.

Once the complaint has been investigated, feedback shall be given back to the originator via email or post (must
be in writing).

If the person is still not satisfied, the Director is to advise the person who lodged the complaint of any other
avenues available including contacting OTTE or NAC Field Assessor (if appropriate). If not appropriate, the
option to take the complaint to the Dispute Settlement Centre (Department of Justice Victoria Ph (03) 9603
8370 or Toll free on 1800 658 528

Melbourne First Aid will cover the cost of taking the complaint to the Dispute Settlement Centre ONLY if the
complaint is deemed to be the fault of Melbourne First Aid.

All details of the complaint and outcome are to be filed under the complaints / appeal register.

STEP

PROCEDURE APPEAL

In the case of an appeal against an assessment decision, the candidate is required to lodge their appeal and
reasons in writing to the Managing Director of Melbourne First Aid within 7 days of the assessment decision.

Once received, the Managing Director is to contact the trainee and allow for the appellant to formally present their
case (if not already done so), review the assessment, and provide written feedback to the candidate to validate or
change the original decision.

If the candidate still disagrees with the assessment decision, the Managing Director is to offer the candidate the
opportunity to be re-assessed or to re-submit work for re-assessment. This is only available once per module
assessment.

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Creation Date:

February 2007

Date Updated:

13th of May 2010

The Managing Director is to re-assess the candidates work, and provide feedback as to the reviewed assessment
decision. (In writing).

If the person is still not satisfied, the Managing Director is to advise the complainant of any other avenues
available including contacting OTTE , the Dispute Settlement Centre, or AAC Field Assessor (if appropriate).

All details of the appeal and outcome are to be filed in the candidates records, the complaints / appeal register,
and updated on VETTRAK.

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FINAL ANSWERS
PARTICIPANT FULL NAME: ______________________________
Mark the correct answers to your workbook modules in the sections below. It is important to be
as accurate as possible as these answers are accepted as your final answers. Your trainer will
keep the answer sheet for CPR First Aid training records.

For multiple choice answers, please circle the correct answers.


For matching answers, please match your pairs with a straight line.
For true or false answers, please circle the correct answers.

MODULE 1: THE FIRST AIDERS APPROACH


1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

4.

TRUE

FALSE

5.

TRUE

FALSE

6.

TRUE

FALSE

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

10.

TRUE

FALSE

11.

(a)

(b)

(c)

12.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

13.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(g)

(Only 1 answer required)


(Only 1 answer required)

(Only 1 answer required)


(h)

(Only 1 answer required)

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MODULE 2: THE FIRST AID KIT


1.

TRUE

FALSE

2.

(a)

(b)

3.

TRUE

FALSE

4.

TRUE

FALSE

5.

(a)

(b)

6.

TRUE

FALSE

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(c)

(d)

(c)

(Match the first aid kit items with


their use with a single line)

MODULE 3: THE DRS ABCD ACTION PLAN


1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.

TRUE

FALSE

3.

(a)

(b)

4.

(a)

(b)

(a)

(b)

5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

11.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(Match the order or priority with


a single line)

(c)
(Match the pairs with a single
line)

(Match the order or priority with


a single line)

(d)

(e)

(Only 1 answer required)

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MODULE 4: THE HUMAN BODY


1.

(a)

(b)

2.

TRUE

3.

(c)

MODULE 5: CARE OF BLEEDING


1.

(a)

(b)

FALSE

2.

TRUE

FALSE

TRUE

FALSE

3.

TRUE

FALSE

4.

TRUE

FALSE

4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

10.

TRUE

FALSE

11.

(a)

(b)

(c)

12.

TRUE

FALSE

MODULE 6: CARE OF FRACTURES


1.

(a)

(b)

2.

TRUE

FALSE

3.

(a)

(b)

4.

(a)

(b)

5.

TRUE

6.

(c)

(c)

MODULE 7: CARE OF SPINAL INJURIES


1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(c)

3.

TRUE

FALSE

(c)

4.

TRUE

FALSE

FALSE

5.

(a)

(b)

TRUE

FALSE

6.

TRUE

FALSE

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.

(a)

(b)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(c)

(c)

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MODULE 8: CARE OF POISONING


(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

5.

TRUE

FALSE

6.

(a)

(b)

7.

TRUE

FALSE

8.

(a)

(b)

9.

TRUE

FALSE

10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

11.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

1.

(Match the entries of poison)

(c)

(c)

(Match the first aid management


for each animal/insect
poisoning)

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MODULE 9: CARE OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES


1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

12.

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

13.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

14.

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

15.

TRUE

FALSE

5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

16.

(a)

(b)

(c)

6.

TRUE

FALSE

17.

(a)

(b)

(c)

7.

(a)

(b)

(c)

18.

(a)

(b)

(c)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c)

19.

(a)

(b)

(c)

9.

(a)

(b)

(c)

20.

(a)

(b)

(c)

10.

(a)

(b)

(c)

21.

(a)

(b)

(c)

11.

(a)

(b)

(c)

22.

(a)

(b)

(c)

MODULE 10: REVISION


1.

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.

(a)

(b)

(c)

4.

(a)

(b)

(c)

5.

(a)

(b)

(c)

6.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(Only 1 answer required)

I hereby declare that I completed this workbook on my own and that it is not the work of another person.
I understand that if this statement is proven to be false I will not be granted my first aid certificate.
Signed (student) _________________________________ Date _____________________________
This final answer document was received by ________________________ Date ________________
Recipient to sign here _____________________________

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