1

ABSTRACT

The main aim of this project is to design a Automated Surveillance

radio controlled vehicle for battle field, etc which would monitor and
controlled by trained personal. With growing economy of country the threat
of criminal offenses are also at peak at battle grounds as well as in civilian
court ward which is demanding for safety of military or skilled personals of
this field. Hence it necessary to design systems which are unmanned.

The project is concentrated on radio control and monitoring of robo

that can be used to save precious human lives. This prototype describes an
embedded

system

architecture

to

implement

an

interactive

smart

environment. The interactive smart environment comprises a variety of

technologies to assist military.

Table of content
Abstract1
Table Of Content2
1. Introduction .4
1.1General Introduction 5
1.2Spark6
1.3Objective .7
1.4Application..8
2. Literature Survey....9
2.1DRDO Project .10
2.2 Unmanned Ground Vehicle By USSR.12
3. Project Design And Description..15
3.1 Project Design Strategy .18
3.2 Body Specification19
3.3 Fabrication Material.21
4. Performance Specification.....25
5. Block Diagram Description26
5.1 The Core-Microcontroller28
5.2 I/O Devices..29
6. Schematic Diagram Description..30
6.1 Tool Used : Proteus ISS Schematic Capture32
6.2 Schematic Description .34
6.3 Atmega128 Port And Interfaces36
6.4 Atmega8 Port And Interface..37
7. Microcontroller And Description..38
8. I/O Interfaces.39
8.1 Liquid Crystal Displa..42
8.2 Comparison Of Wireless Technologies ....46
8.3 Metal Detector47
8.4 Temperature Sensor ( LM35).48
8.5 MQ-5 Gas Sensor..49
8.6 DC Geared Motor..50
8.7 Power Supply .50
8.8 GPS: Sky Lab SGK1351

9. Application 52
10. Advantages/Disadvantages52
11. Conclusion .53
12. Bibliography ..55

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

The radio frequency and gps embedded system used in the field of
military and special departments for rescue.
The main area of application of system is in rescue operation to locate
hazardous life threatening materials intended to damage precious human
lives. Radio control and information gathering system makes it easy to
operate. The criminals are growing smart now a days hence the idea behind
our project to safeguard human lives. In most cases, a lot of factors have to
be considered (e.g., temperature, harmful gases, location of threat etc)
before the commencement of a task. Embedded system can be used for
monitoring these in convenient way without large computers.
Key elements of the embedded system is that it should be more
economical and highly efficient. The important part of the military application
is real-time monitoring. The prototype details the design of a micro-controller
and mechanics based system for our application which can be used by
trained personal using radio commands to monitoring and control. In this
work, a system is designed with a Micro controller and zigbee remote control
using which not only vehicle is controlled but also parameters are read on lcd
screen in hand. The objective of the research is to develop a system using
multiple sensing Robot at same time. In recent years, advances in wireless

6
communication technologies, Mechanics and electronic systems have
contributed to the implementation of wireless sensing.

1.2

SPARK
In the view of big threat to human life with increase in
study of criminal psychology forces are at high alert and facing
difficulties to battle with enormous situations. Where there need of
speedy, light, multitasking system to perform tasks.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
Our vision is to create an radio controlled, monitoring
system and task performing system which is even capable of sensing
parameters and sends required data to user wirelessly. This system is
controlled with the help of microcontroller ATmega128 & Atmega8
which generates various control signals. These control signals also
control various input and output modules (LCD, Keypad, GPS, ADC,
sensors, zeebee etc.).

1.4

APPLICATION
The

System

finds

its

application

in

military,

firefighting, large small, medium & large industries, ware houses etc.
for detection of harmful explosive weapons and other materials.

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE
SURVEY

CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY:

2.1 DRDO Project

In 2009 Defense Research and Development Organisation developed an unmmaned
survelleience vehicle and named it as daksh which was controlled wirelessly it was basically
built to safe guard human life Daksh is an electrically powered and remotely controlled robot
used for locating, handling and destroying hazardous objects safely

Fig.1

DRDO Daksh ROV

Daksh is a battery-operated remote-controlled robot on wheels and its primary role is to recover
bombs. Developed by Defence Research and Development Organisation, it is fully automated. It
can climb staircases, negotiate steep slopes, navigate narrow corridors and tow vehicles to reach
hazardous materials. Using its robotized arm, it can lift a suspect object and scan it using its
portable X-Ray device. If the object is a bomb, Daksh can defuse it with its water jet disrupter.
It has a shotgun, which can break open locked doors, and it can scan cars for explosives.] With a
master control station (MCS), it can be remotely controlled over a range of 500 m in line of sight
or within buildings. Ninety per cent of the robots components are indigenous. The Army has
also placed limited series production orders for 20 Dakshs.[4] The first batch of five units was
handed over to General Combat Engineers, on 19 December 2011. The technology has been
transferred for production to three firms, Dynalog, Theta Controls and
Bharat Electronics Ltd.

2.2 Unmanned ground vehicle by USSR

10

An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) is a vehicle that operates while in contact

with the ground and without an onboard human presence. UGVs can be used for
many applications where it may be inconvenient, dangerous, or impossible to
have a human operator present. Generally, the vehicle will have a set
of sensors to observe the environment, and will either autonomously make
decisions about its behavior or pass the information to a human operator at a
different location who will control the vehicle through teleoperation.
The UGV is the land-based counterpart to unmanned aerial
vehicles and remotely operated underwater vehicles. Unmanned robotics are
being actively developed for both civilian and military use to perform a variety of
dull, dirty, and dangerous activities

Fig.2
In their 1930s, the USSR developed Teletanks, a machine gun-armed tank remotely controlled by
radio from another tank. These were used in the Winter War(1939-1940 ) against Finland and at
the start of the Eastern Front after Germany invaded the USSR in 1941. During World War II, the

11
British developed a radio control version of their Matilda II infantry tank in 1941. Known as
"Black Prince", it would have been used for drawing the fire of concealed anti-tank guns, or for
demolition missions
From 1942, the Germans used the Goliath tracked mine for remote demolition work. The Goliath
was a small tracked vehicle carrying 60 kg of explosive charge directed through a control cable.
Their inspiration was a miniature French tracked vehicle found after France was defeated in
1940. The combination of cost, low speed, reliance on a cable for control, and poor protection
against weapons meant it was not considered a success.
The first major mobile robot development effort named Shakey was created during the 1960s as
a research study for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency for Artificial Intelligence
(DARPA-AI) to test its obedience with commands, which is different from advanced robots that
are autonomous or semi-autonomous. Shakey was a wheeled platform that had a TV camera,
sensors, and a computer to help guide its navigational tasks of picking up wooden blocks and
placing them in certain areas based on commands.
So THE SENA MITRA is inspired from all these work and we tried to
include maximum features of these in as economical way as possible

12

Chapter 3
Project Design and
Description

13

Fig.3

14

Fig.4

15

3.1 Project Design Strategy

Main Objective
To design a mobile robotic vehicle controlled wirelessly through GPS. The
Lightweight vehicle will transmit images back to the base-station and receive directions. The
directions can be made specific to a task that it is currently performing

3.2 Body Specification

Total Length 360 mm

Total Height 120 mm
Total width 24 mm
Number of wheels - 8 ( 4 driving , 4 pinion)
Wheel diameter Track length - 732 mm
Width Of Track 20 mm

3.3 Fabricating Material

The main body of the vehicle is made using acrylic sheet and is joined using Araldite
epoxy adhesive for modeling purpose only. However the real vehicle body can be constructed
using carbon fiber for better strength and light weight purpose.

16

Chapter -4
Performance
specification

17

4.1 Performance specification

MOTOR

Speed of motor 60 rpm

Number of motor 4
Torque produced by each motor 38 kgcm/3.7265N.m
Linear velocity of vehicle 1.078 km/hr
Unloaded weight of vehicle 763 gm
Climbing capacity 30 degree
Turning radius- 360 degree
Power produced- 23.414 watt

CHAPTER-5

18

BLOCK DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION

19

XBEE

RESET

ATMEGA
128

REGULA
TOR

BATTER
Y
Fig. 5. ROBOT UNIT

XBEE

DRIVER

LCD

MOTOR
DRIVER

MOTOR
S

GPS
MODUL
E
ADC

GPS
ANT
SENSO
RS

20

RESET

ATMEGA

DRIV
ER

LCD

8
CONTROL
SWITCHES

REGULA
TOR

BATTER
Y

Fig.6. CONTROL UNIT

5.1

The Core Microcontroller

Microcontroller ATmega 128 & ATmega 8 are the Brain of our project

which are responsible for control and co-ordination of various modules

interfaced with it. They can be programmed according to the given

21
environment. With the help of various ports and I/O devices it can
communicate with the users.

5.2

I/O DEVICES

5.2.1 Skylab GPS

It receives signals from at least three Geostationary satallites to locate
its position on earth surface in the form of latitude and longitude and sends it
for interface serially.

5.2.2 LCD DISPLAY

Liquid Crystal Display is an output device. LCD used here is a 20X4
matrix which displays various results according to the user command given
through Voice.

5.2.3 Zigbee
Zigbee enables broad-based deployment of wireless networks with lowcost, low-power solutions. It provides the ability to run for years on
inexpensive batteries for a host of monitoring and control applications.

5.2.4 LM35
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,
whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature.

5.2.5 MQ6
This is a simple-to-use liquified petroleum gas (LPG) sensor, suitable
for sensing LPG (composed of mostly propane and butane) concentrations in

22
the air. The MQ-6 can detect gas concentrations anywhere from 200 to
10000ppm.
This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast response time.

5.2.6 Metal Detector

Metal detectors work by transmitting an electromagnetic field from the
search coil into the ground. Any metal objects (targets) within the
electromagnetic

field

will

become

energised

and

retransmit

an

electromagnetic field of their own. The detectors search coil receives the
retransmitted field and alerts the user by producing a target response.

5.2.7 Tank Tread

Tank tread or caterpillar track, is a system of vehicle propulsion in which a
continuous band of treads is driven by two or more wheels. This band is
typically made of modular steel plates in the case of military vehicles, or of
rubber / plastic in the case of lighter robots.

5.2.8 Wireless Camera

2.45ghz wireless cctv camera is used for getting live real time video from the
operational area which sends video signal through the medium of
radio waves to the operators console.
WORKING
The working of our project mainly consists of

Robot unit

Control unit

23
Robot unit :
GPS receiver : to receive GPS data
Sensors : to detect metal, temperature, Gas
Motors : to provide motions by means of rotating torque
Battery : power source

Microcontroller is meant to control above parameters like LCD, zigbee

and Motors.
Control unit :
Joystick : to control the moving robot
LCD : to display the received data
Xbee : to transmit and receive data
Battery : power source

It is at the user end. After initialization LCD displays Latitude

and Longitude it indicates that the robot is ready to accept the
command and start operation. The physical conditions will be updated
automatically to user. Joystick is provided on remote unit to control
movement of vehicle through. Once the user starts giving commands,
module

accepts

the

command

and

sends

to

xbeefor

further

transmission.
Video streaming is contentious in nature. The movement robot is
defined to for operation video and audio data is received in user end.

24
As signals are received from remote side the controller sends signals to
L293D to operate motors in clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

CHAPTER-6

25

Schematic
diagram and
description

Schematic Diagram and Description

6.1 Tool used: Proteus ISS schematic capture.
This is a tool from Labcenter Electronics, a very powerful tool for schematic
design simulation and even debugging. This was chosen as it had all the
components available including ATmega8 & ATmega 128 in its rich library.

26

6.2 Schematic description

This chapter describes the interconnection of various sections to the
atmega128 & Atmega8 microcontrollers. In fact this chapter gives an
overview of port utilization of the controllers.
6.2.1 CLOCKING CIRCUITARY:
As shown in the schematic clocking circuitry comprises of a 11.0592Mhz
crystal with 10pF capacitors. Clocking source specifies speed of operation. As
the processor has a RISC architecture most instructions are carried out in
maximum of two machine cycles.

6.2.2 RESET CIRCUITARY:

The reset PIN on microcontroller is active low hence it is tied to Vcc using an
RC combination. Whenever there is a need to reset the microcontroller, the
reset switch is pressed discharging the capacitor and holding the PIN low for
10ms. This time is enough for microcontroller to reset.

6.2.3 POWERSUPPLY:
The power requirement of the project is 5v, ~1A. This is done with the
conventional Step-down transformer, Bridge rectifier, RC filter and an 7805
voltage regulator.

6.3 ATmega128 PORTS and interfaces:

ATmega128 has 7 ports with I/O capability as well as other functions. Here
only I/O capability is used and described. Each port has 8 physical pins which
can be individually or collectively made as input or output.

27

Sl.n

PORT

FUNCTION

o
1
2
3
4

PORTB2 & B3
PORTD2 & D3
PORTG.0 to PORTG.2
PORTC

Zigbee
GPS
Sensors
Motor Driver

6.4 ATmega8 PORTS and interfaces:

ATmega8 has 3 ports with I/O capability as well as other functions. Here only
I/O capability is used and described. Each port has 8 physical pins which can
be individually or collectively made as input or output.

Sl.n

PORT

FUNCTION

o
1
3
4
5

PORTC
PORTD
PORTA.0 to PORTA.2
PORTA

Joystick
Xbee
LCD Control signals
LCD Data Bus

28

CHAPTER-7

MICROCONTROLL
ER and
DESCRIPTION

MICROCONTROLLER ATmega 128

Features:
Memory: It has 128 Kb of Flash program memory, 4 Kb of EEPROM. 4 Kb Internal SRAM

29
I/O Ports: 53 I/o line can be obtained from seven ports; namely Port A, Port B, Port C, Port D,
Port E and Port F.
Timer/Counter: Three Internal Timers are available, two 8 bit, two 16 bit with watchdog timer
and Real time Timer, offering various operating modes and supporting internal or external
clocking.
SPI (Serial Peripheral interface): ATmega128 holds three communication devices integrated.
One of them is Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins are assigned to Atmega128 to implement
this scheme of communication.
USART: One of the most powerful communication solutions is USART and ATmega128 has 2
USART which supports both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer schemes. It has six
pins assigned for that. In many projects, this module is extensively used for PC-Micro controller
communication.
TWI (Two Wire Interface): Another communication device that is present in ATmega128 is
Two Wire Interface. It allows designers to set up a commutation between two devices using just
two wires along with a common ground connection, As the TWI output is made by means of
open collector outputs, thus external pull up resistors are required to make the circuit.
Sleep Modes: Another special feature to save power in stand by condition is sleep mode.
Analog Comparator: A comparator module is integrated in the IC that provides comparison
facility between two voltages connected to the two inputs of the Analog comparator via External
pins attached to the micro controller.
Analog to Digital Converter: Inbuilt analog to digital converter can convert an analog input
signal into digital data of 10bit resolution. For most of the low end application, this much
resolution is enough.

Fig. 7. ATmega 128 architectural block diagram

30

Fig.8. Pin Diagram of ATmega 128

31

MICROCONTROLLER ATmega 8

32
Features

Memory: It has 8 Kb of Flash program memory (10,000 Write/Erase cycles durability), 512
Bytes of EEPROM (100,000 Write/Erase Cycles). 1Kbyte Internal SRAM
I/O Ports: 23 I/ line can be obtained from three ports; namely Port B, Port C and Port D.
Interrupts: Two External Interrupt source, located at port D. 19 different interrupt vectors
supporting 19 events generated by internal peripherals.
Timer/Counter: Three Internal Timers are available, two 8 bit, one 16 bit, offering various
operating modes and supporting internal or external clocking.
SPI (Serial Peripheral interface): ATmega8 holds three communication devices integrated.
One of them is Serial Peripheral Interface. Four pins are assigned to Atmega8 to implement this
scheme of communication.
USART: One of the most powerful communication solutions is USART and ATmega8 supports
both synchronous and asynchronous data transfer schemes. It has three pins assigned for that. In
many projects, this module is extensively used for PC-Micro controller communication.
TWI (Two Wire Interface): Another communication device that is present in ATmega8 is Two
Wire Interface. It allows designers to set up a commutation between two devices using just two
wires along with a common ground connection, As the TWI output is made by means of open
collector outputs, thus external pull up resistors are required to make the circuit.
Analog Comparator: A comparator module is integrated in the IC that provides comparison
facility between two voltages connected to the two inputs of the Analog comparator via External
pins attached to the micro controller.
Analog to Digital Converter: Inbuilt analog to digital converter can convert an analog input
signal into digital data of 10bit resolution. For most of the low end application, this much
resolution is enough.

Fig.9. ATmega 8 architectural block diagram

33

Fig.10. Pin Diagram of ATmega 8

34

35

CHAPTER-8

I/O INTERFACES

I/O INTERFACE
8.1 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

36
A liquid crystal display (commonly abbreviated

LCD) is a thin flat

display device made up of any number of colour or monochrome pixels

arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. It uses very small amount of
electric power and is suitable for use in battery powered devices.

FIG .11. LCD MODULE

The 2 X16 Parallel LCD is an 8 bit or 4 bit parallel interfaced LCD. This
module is used to display the vehicle types. As soon as the sensor detects
the inbound vehicle, the LCD module displays either small vehicle/medium
vehicle or heavy vehicle.

8.1.1 SPECIFICATIONS OF LCD

Important factors to consider when evaluating an LCD monitor include :

37
Resolution

: Unlike CRT monitors, LCD monitors have a native supported

resolution
Dot pitch

for best display effect.

: The granularity of LCD pixels. The smaller the dot pitch size, the

less granularity is present. Hence, a clearer presentation.

Viewable size : The length of diagonal of a LCD panel.
Response time(sync rate).
Matrix type(passive or active).
Viewing angle.
Colour support : How many types of colours are supported.
Brightness : The amount of light emitted from the display.
Contrast ratio
Aspect ratio : 4 by 3, 16 by 9, 16 by 10 etc.
Input ports (e.g:- DVI,VGA or even SVDA)

Table 8.1.1 - PIN DETAILS OF LCD

38
PIN

I/O

DESCRIPTION

SYMBOL
1

VSS

--

GROUND

VCC

--

+5V POWER SUPPLY

VEE

--

POWER SUPPLY TO CONTROL

CONTRAST

RS

RS=0 TO SELECT COMMAND

REGISTER. RS=1 FOR DATA
REGISTER

R/W

R/W= 0 FOR WRITE

R/W =1 FOR READ

I/O

ENABLE

DB0

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

DB1

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

DB2

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

10

DB3

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

11

DB4

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

12

DB5

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

13

DB6

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

14

DB7

I/O

THE 8-BIT DATA BUS

39

8.2 COMPARISON OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

8.2.1 ZIGBEE:
Was formally adopted in December 2004
Is targeting control applications in industry, which do not require high data
rates, but must have low power demand, low cost and offer ease of use
(remote controls, home automation, etc.)
Offers data rates of 250 Kbits at 2.4 GHz, 40 Kpbs at 915 Mhz, and 20
Kpbs at 868 Mhz with a range of 10-100m
Currently offers three levels of security
Costs around half that of Bluetooth
Can network up to 256 devices
Has as power requirements much less than Bluetooth
uses star, tree or mesh topology.
8.2.3 ULTRA-WIDEBAND (UWB):
transmits digital data over a wide frequency spectrum using very low
power;
can transmit data at very high rates (for wireless local area network
applications) over distances of up to 10m;
has two competing UWB standards currently - one based on direct
sequence spread spectrum techniques, (DS-UWB), the other based on
Multi-band Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM), with
each standard offering data rates around 500 Mbps at a range of 2 metres;

40

has power demands typically twice that of Bluetooth and is typically twice
as expensive as Bluetooth implementations

8.2.4 REASONS FOR CHOOSING ZIGBEE INCLUDE:

Low Cost
High Reliability
Very Long Battery Life
High Security
Self-Healing Properties
Large Number Of Nodes Supported
Ease Of Deployment
Guaranteed Delivery
Route Optimization.

8.2.5 Zigbee

41

ZigBee is a specification for high level communication protocols using

small, low-power digital radio based on an IEEE 802.15.4 for personal area
networks. ZigBee is targeted at radio frequency (RF) applications that require
a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking. ZigBee has a
defined rate of 250 kbps best suited for periodic or intermittent data or a
single signal transmission from a sensor or input device.The ZigBee, also
known as XBee technology allows these devices to act as routers or end
devices. Features such as addressing, acknowledgements and retries help
ensure safe delivery of data to the intended node. The input and output of
XBee are UART. It communicates asynchronously through its serial port. It is
easy to extend its network size by changing its composition into ad-hoc, star,
mesh, and hybrid forms.
Interfaced zigbee establishes communication between Central control
unit with various point of operation unit with the help of microcontrollers.
This High Speed Based Wireless module is a plug and play replacement
for the wired Serial Port (UART) supporting baud rates upto 38400. This
zigbee based Wireless module allow to communicate long distance and costeffectively to our product.

42

8.3 Metal Detector

Metal detectors can detect nearly all metallic objects. That means anything that contains
elements like gold, silver, iron, nickel, copper , aluminum, tin and lead or mixtures and
combinations like bronze and brass. Metal detectors cannot detect nonmetal items such as wood,
plastic, stones and bone. Some metal detectors are able to discriminate which means that they
can differentiate between various types of metal.

8.4 Temperature sensor (LM35)

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure
temperature with an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC)

Working of LM35
1.

It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius

temperature.

43
2.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming

and maintains an accuracy of +/-0.4 oC at room temperature
and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to +100 oC.

3.

Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws

only 60 micro amps from its supply and possesses a low selfheating capability. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1
o
C temperature rise in still air

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature

sensors, whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius
(Centigrade) temperature
8.5 MQ-5 Gas Sensor
It can detect : natural gas , liquid gas, kerosene

Description :
Sensitive material of MQ-5 gas sensor is SnO2, which with lower conductivity
in clean air. When the target combustible gas exist, The sensors conductivity
is more higher along with the gas concentration rising. Please use simple

44
electrocircuit, Convert change of conductivity to correspond output signal of
gas concentration.
MQ-5 gas sensor has high sensitity to Methane, Propane and Butane, and
could be used to detect both Methane and Propane. The sensor could be
used to detect different combustible gas especially Methane, it is with low
cost and suitable for different application.
Character :
1. High sensitivity to Combustible gas in wide range.
2. High sensitivity to Methane, Butane and Propane.
3. Fast response.
4. Wide detection range.
5. Stable performancelong lifelow cost.
6. Simple drive circuit.
Application :
1) Domestic gas leakage detector
2) Industrial Combustible gas detector
3) Portable gas detector
They are used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry,
are suitable for detecting of LPG, natural gas , town gas, avoid the noise of
alcohol and cooking fumes and cigarette smoke.

8.6 DC Geared Motors =60RPM

45

60RPM 12V DC geared motors for robotics applications. It gives a massive torque of 38Kgcm.
The motor comes with metal gearbox and off-centered shaft.
Features

60RPM 12V DC motors with Metal Gearbox and Metal Gears

18000 RPM base motor

6mm Dia shaft with M3 thread hole

Gearbox diameter 37 mm.

Motor Diameter 28.5 mm

Length 63 mm without shaft

Shaft length 30mm

180gm weight

38kgcm torque

No-load current = 800 mA, Load current = upto 7.5 A(Max)

Recommended to be used with DC Motor Driver 20A or Dual DC Motor Driver 20A

8.7 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

46

U 1
V IN

VO U T

7805

R 1

JP1

D 1

330
C 1
470uF

C 1
47uF

C 1
0 .1 u F

D 2
LN 211W P

TX1

W 01G

230V

V1

230/9V

Fig.12

The operation of power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then
voltage regulators. Starting with an AC voltage, a steady DC voltage is
obtained by rectifying the AC voltage, Then filtering to a DC level, and
finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed DC voltage. The regulation is
usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator Unit, which takes a DC
voltage and provides a somewhat lower DC voltage, Which remains the
same even if the input DC voltage varies, or the output Load connected to
the DC voltage changes.

8.8 GPS: Skylab SGK13

2
1

2
1

47

The SkyNav SKM13 Series with embedded GPS antenna enables high
performance navigation in the most stringent applications and solid fix even
in harsh GPS visibility environments. It is based on the high performance
features of the MediaTek 3329 single-chip architecture, Its 165dBm tracking
sensitivity extends positioning coverage into place like urban canyons and
dense foliage environment where the GPS was not possible before. The UART
and USB connector design is the easiest and convenient solution to
communication with other electronic equipment.
Features :

Ultra high sensitivity: -165dBm

22 tracking/66 acquisition-channel receiver
WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS/GAGAN support
NMEA protocols (default speed: 9600bps)
Internal back-up battery
Embedded patch antenna 25 x 25 x 4.0 mm
Operating temperature range: -40 to 85
RoHS compliant (Lead-free)
Tiny form factor 48.5* 37 * 17mm

48

CHAPTER-9

APPLICATION

Application
1. The System finds its application in military, firefighting for detection of harmful
explosive weapons and other materials.

49
2. The system also finds its application in large small, medium & large industries, ware houses
etc.
3. Disaster management situation
4. Patrolling and surveillance of highly sensitive area
5. Mob control situation
6. Railway track inspection

CHAPTER-10

50

ADVANTAGES

51

ADVANTAGES
1.Can

work

in

hazardous

situation

without

risking human life.

2.Economic replacement for high cost defense
equipment.
3.one operator can handle work of four person.
4. low maintenance, easy to operate
5.Can perform in all terrain with the help of
continuous track propulsion method
6.Light weight and easy to transport.
7.Can perform multiple task simultaneously

DISADVANTAGES
1.

Radio signal can be hacked and robot control may be compromised

2. Cannot perform in high temperature due to delicate electronic parts .

3. Can become threat and disturb peace if miss utilized

52

CHAPTER-11

conclusion

53

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

The project was successfully tested for the expected performance.

The control circuitry works with precise accuracy.
Sensor are fairly accurate.
More number of monitoring units can be included to make the project
more sufficient.

The progress in science and technology is a nonstop process.

New things and new technology are being invented .As
the technology grows day by day ,we can imagine about
the future in which thing we may occupy every place.
The proposed system is found to be user
friendly

and

less

complex,

which

implemented as a real time application

can

be

54

CHAPTER-12

bibliography

55

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS
[1] RICHARD BARNETT, LARRY OCULL AND SARAH COX Embedded C Programming
and the Atmel AVR, Delmar Learning, 2002.
[2] Mobile Networks for Special Purposes (Mobilt spesialnett). Study on messaging
for mobile communications carried out at the R&D division of Televerket/Telenor in
mid 80s.
[3] GSM 02.02 Bearer Services (BS) Supported by a GSM Public Land Mobile
Network (PLMN).
[4] Sing Li, Jon Eaves and John T. Bell Beginning JavaServer Page Wiley Publication
2005.
[5] Herbert Schildt The Complete Reference Java TMH Edition 2002.
[6] Jim Keogh The Complete Reference J2EE TMH Edition 2002

WEB SITE
[1] http://www.mediabankers.com/DeSilva+Phillips%20Ad%20

Networks20White

%20Paper%203%2008.pdf
[2] http://www.bienvenu.net
[3] http://javascript.internet.com
[4] http://www.gsmworld.com/index.shtml
[5] http://www.cellular.co.za/gsm-overviewpage.html

No

if
SendReques
requested
Yes
t

if
defined
Parameter
Stop
Operate
s exceedrelay