Anda di halaman 1dari 35

INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY

By
HOANG ANH HOANG, Ph.D.
Department of Biotechnology,
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMUT

How the subject evaluated?


2 credits (10 weeks)
Score:
- 30% mid-term exam (constructed-response test)
- 20% seminar
- 50% final exam (multiple-choice test)
Seminar:
- One group: 3-4 persons (6-7 groups)
- Topics: to be given at week 5

References
1. Carol Leth Stone (2004) The Basics of Biology,
Greenwood Press, USA
2. Harvey Lodish (2008) Molecular Cell Biology, 6th
edition, W. H. Freeman Publisher (2008)
3. Gerard J. Tortora et al. (2013) MICROBIOLOGY - An
Introduction, 11th edition, Pearson Publisher, USA.
4. Other sources.

Outline of the subject


Part 1: The Biosphere and The Evolution of Life
Part 2: Cell biology
Part 3: Microbiology
Part 4: Genetics and Molecular biology
Part 5: Applications of biotechnology

Chapter 1:
The Biosphere and The Evolution of Life

I. The Biosphere
Nonliving part v.s. Living part?
The nonliving parts of Earth: the hydrosphere (water),
the atmosphere (air), and the lithosphere (rock).
The living part is the biosphere (3 domains)

Phylogenetic tree

- Bacteria, Archaea (Prokaryota): not


true nucleus
- Eukaryota: true nucleus

Bacteria
- Negative gram bacteria (Ex: E. coli)
- Positive gram bacteria (Ex: L. monocytogenes)

Bacteria:
- Shapes and arrangements

Bacterial distributions
- soil
- water
- waste
- acid or base condition
- hot or cold temperature
- .

Archaea
- are prokaryote but they can survive at very
adverse conditions: very hot, very acidic, very high
salty,
- genome structure different from that of bacteria

Phylogenetic tree

The hot springs, Yellowstone


National Park, USA

Halophiles

Sulfolobus

Methanobacterium

Eukaryota
- Fungi
- Some microalgae
- Animals
- Plants

Fungi:
- unicellular microorganisms: yeasts and molds

Penicillium chrysogenum
Bread yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Orange infected by molds

Fungi:
- multicellular fungi: mushrooms

Some microalgae

Animals & Plants

Virus?
Nonliving or living parts of the Earth??!!

HIV virus

Ebola virus

A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates


only inside the living cells of other organisms

Virus shapes

Virus types
- Animal virus
- Plant virus
- Bacterial virus
- Archaea virus

DNA or RNA genome (DNA or RNA virus)


All virus are harmful ?

Bacterial virus (bacteriophage)

Infection cycle

II. Links within the Living World


The Chemistry of Organisms
- Like all matter in the universe, organisms are made
up of chemicals.
Ex.: Saccharomyces cerevisiae has formula:
C3921H6365O2070N597P40S6

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Atomic component
Macromolecules
- Proteins 50%
- Nucleic acids 15%
- Carbohydrates 15%
- Lipids 10%

Chemical bonds

Elements of Life

Food chain
In terms of food, organisms
fall into three main
categoriesproducers,
consumers, and
decomposers.
Producers: plants and
micro-organisms
Consumer: animals
Decomposer: Microorganisms
No organism is a link in just
one food chain.

Biological control
PredatorPrey interaction

- Natural
- Selective
- Safe

Cycles of Matter and Energy


When organisms die, decomposers, such as
bacteria and molds, use the chemical matter and
energy they contain for food.
The energy used at each step in a food chain is not
recycled.

Cycle of matters
Carbon Cycle

Cycle of matters
Nitrogen Cycle

Energy Pyramid
The energy transferred
at each level is
considerably less than at
the previous level

Changing population
Four things determine population size: birth rate,
death rate, immigration rate, and emigration rate

Competition, Commensalism, PredatorPrey


Interactions,

III. EVOLUTION OF LIFE

Charles Darwin

A Summary of Darwins Theory


All life evolved from one simple kind of organism.
Each species arose from another species that preceded it in
time.
Evolutionary changes were gradual and of long duration.
Each species originated in a single geographic location.
The greater the similarity between two groups of organisms,
the closer their relationship
Extinction of old forms (species, etc.) is a consequence of
the production of new forms or of environmental change.
Once a species or other group has become extinct, it never
reappears.
Evolution continues today in generally the same manner as
during preceding geologic eras.

Evolution by natural selection


Every species has a potential
to increase in number by the
production of offspring.
The offspring are genetically
variable, so they have variable
abilities to use resources.
The resources needed for
survival in each environment
are finite.
Each environment selects
offspring that are best able to
survive.

ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA

Nearly 100% of bacterial infections caused by


Staphylococcus were susceptible to penicillin in
1952. By 1982, less than 10% were susceptible.

Artificial (directed) evolution

Anda mungkin juga menyukai