REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING

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ABSTRACT:
Refrigeration is very essential for humans and industrial utilities so it has wast
applications and demand in existence In commerce and manufacturing, there are many
uses for refrigeration. Refrigeration is used to liquefy gases like oxygen, nitrogen,
propane and methane for example. In compressed air purification, it is used to condense
water vapor from compressed air to reduce its moisture content.

In oil refineries, chemical plants, and petrochemical plants, refrigeration is

used to maintain certain processes at their required low temperatures (for example, in the
alkylation of butanes and butane to produce a high octane gasoline component). Metal
workers use refrigeration to temper steel and cutlery. In transporting temperature-
sensitive foodstuffs and other materials by trucks, trains, airplanes and sea-going vessels,
refrigeration is a necessity.
`

Refrigeration air conditioning equipment usually reduces the humidity of the

air processed by the system. The relatively cold (below the dewpoint) evaporator coil
condenses water vapor from the processed air, (much like an ice-cold drink will condense
water on the outside of a glass), sending the water to a drain and removing water vapor
from the cooled space and lowering the relative humidity.

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Main overview
Here in the refrigeration system heat is to be extracted from the body which has to be
cooled. The rejection of heat from low level to high level can only performed by the law
of thermo dynamics

Refrigeration air conditioning equipment usually reduces the humidity of the air
processed by the system. The relatively cold (below the dew point) evaporator coil
condenses water vapor from the processed air, (much like an ice-cold drink will condense
water on the outside of a glass), sending the water to a drain and removing water vapor
from the cooled space and lowering the relative humidity. Since humans perspire to
provide natural cooling by the evaporation of perspiration from the skin, drier air (up to a
point) improves the comfort provided. The comfort air conditioner is designed to create a
40% to 60% relative humidity in the occupied space.

Types of refrigeration:
 Vapor compression refrigeration (vcr)

 Vapor absorption refrigeration (var)

 Vapor compression refrigeration (vcr):

The working fluid in this is Freon 12, it readily evaporates and

condenses. it boils at a temperature of -20c,1.54kg/cm2 .when the volatile vapor
evaporates ,it absorbs the latent heat for the purpose from its surroundings. Vapor
compression refrigeration system works on the principle of abstracting latent heat of
vapor required by the refrigerant from the surrounding which are required to be cooled.

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The vapor-compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators as well

as in many large commercial and industrial refrigeration systems. Figure 1 provides a
schematic diagram of the components of a typical vapor-compression refrigeration
system.

Figure 1: Vapor compression refrigeration

The thermodynamics of the cycle can be analyzed on a diagram[10][11] as shown in Figure

2. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as Freon enters the compressor as a vapor.
From point 1 to point 2, the vapor is compressed at constant entropy and exits the
compressor superheated. From point 2 to point 3 and on to point 4, the superheated vapor
travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then
condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and
temperature. Between points 4 and 5, the liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion
valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash
evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid.

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There are four main components in a refrigeration

system:

• The Compressor
• The Condensing Coil
• The Evaporator
• The Metering Device

The refrigeration cycle commences from the evaporator. The refrigerant in

evaporator absorbs heat from cold body and converts low pressure liquid to low pressure
vapor as soon as the vapor formed the compressor sucks this vapor from evaporator and
increases its pressure.

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The Compressor:

• The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor does just what it’s
name is. It compresses the low pressure refrigerant vapor from the evaporator and
compresses it into a high pressure vapor.

• The inlet to the compressor is called the “Suction Line”. It brings the low
pressure vapor into the compressor.

• After the compressor compresses the refrigerant into a high pressure Vapor, it
removes it to the outlet called the “Discharge Line”.

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Compressor motor:
The compressor motor is an induction motor which is a capacitor start and capacitor
run. This is used for compressing the refrigeration

On compression vapor gets heated up so that its temperature is higher than

surroundings the compressor discharges liquid vapor to the condenser. The cooling
medium in the condenser extracts heat from the heated vapor refrigerant and converts it
to liquid refrigerant. Now the liquid moves to throttle valve.

The Condensing Coil:

• The “Discharge Line” leaves the compressor and runs to the inlet of the
condenser.

• Because the refrigerant was compressed, it is a hot high pressure vapor (as
pressure goes up – temperature goes up).

• The hot vapor enters the condenser and starts to flow through the tubes.

• Cool air is blown across the out side of the finned tubes of the condenser (usually
by a fan or water with a pump).

• Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat jumps from the tubing to the
cooler air (energy goes from hot to cold – “latent heat”).

• As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it reaches it’s “saturated temperature”
and starts to “flash” (change states), into a high pressure liquid.

• The high pressure liquid leaves the condenser through the “liquid line” and travels
to the “metering device”. Sometimes running through a filter dryer first, to remove any

dirt or foreign particles.

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The Evaporator:

• The evaporator is where the heat is removed from your house , business or
refrigeration box.

• Low pressure liquid leaves the metering device and enters the evaporator.

• Usually, a fan will move warm air from the conditioned space across the
evaporator finned coils.

• The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the warm room air. The
change of temperature causes the refrigerant to “flash” or “boil”, and changes from a low
pressure liquid to a low pressure cold vapor.

• The low pressure vapor is pulled into the compressor and the cycle starts over.

• The amount of heat added to the liquid to make it saturated and change states is
called “Super Heat”.

• One way to charge a system with refrigerant is by super heat.

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The Metering Device:

The above shown figure is throttle valve which is used for regulating the
flow of refrigerant. If the load on the evaporator changes, the valve can respond to the
change and increase or decrease the flow accordingly

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 Vapor absorption refrigeration (var):

The absorption cycle is similar to the compression cycle, except for the
method of raising the pressure of the refrigerant vapor. In the absorption system, the
compressor is replaced by an absorber which dissolves the refrigerant in a suitable liquid,
a liquid pump which raises the pressure and a generator which, on heat addition, drives
off the refrigerant vapor from the high-pressure liquid. Some work is required by the
liquid pump but, for a given quantity of refrigerant, it is much smaller than needed by the
compressor in the vapor compression cycle. In an absorption refrigerator, a suitable
combination of refrigerant and absorbent is used. The most common combinations are
ammonia (refrigerant) and water (absorbent), and water (refrigerant) and lithium bromide
(absorbent).

Figure 2: Temperature–Entropy diagram

That results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a lower temperature and pressure as
shown at point 5. The cold liquid-vapor mixture then travels through the evaporator coil
or tubes and is completely vaporized by cooling the warm air (from the space being
refrigerated) being blown by a fan across the evaporator coil or tubes. The resulting

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refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet at point 1 to complete the

thermodynamic cycle.

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INNERVIEW OF AIR CONDITIONER

Figure 2. Minimal air conditioning. The part of the system in the room, on the left, pulls
air first over a cool surface and then over a warming surface. The part of the system on
the right recalculates the cooling fluid. The fluid passes from the reservoir through a
valve into the lower pressure within the cooling unit in the room. There the liquid boils,
removing heat from the air. The boiling point is fixed by the constant pressure set by
valve A. The vapor is then compressed and condensed back into a liquid which collects in
the reservoir ready for another cycle.

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APPLICATIONS:

Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for a process being

carried out, regardless of internal heat and humidity loads and external weather
conditions. Although often in the comfort range, it is the needs of the process that
determine conditions, not human preference. Process applications include these:

 Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for

passengers and cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special
challenge because of the changing density associated with changes in altitude, humidity
and temperature of the outside air[

 Data centers
 Textile factories
 Physical testing facilities
 Plants and farm growing areas
 Nuclear facilities
 Chemical and biological laboratories
 Mines
 Industrial environments
 Food cooking and processing areas

DISADVANTAGES:

The only disadvantage is that it emits colure flora carbons which are atmosphere
pollutants

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CONCLUSION:

Refrigeration & air conditioning is more essential for the humans and future extension
So these are widely used by the world in many household and industrial applications like
Refrigeration air conditioners etc. it is the efficient one in cooling biological samples in
medical applications

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