CONTENTS:
1)ABSTRACT
2)INTRODUCTION
3)HISTORY
4)MECHANISMS
5)RESEARCH CHALLENGES
6)APPLICATIONS
6)CONCLUSION
ABSTRACT:
Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore 1956, at the Dartmouth conference,
can be traced back to ancient and since then Artificial Intelligence has
Egypt, but with the development of the expanded because of the theories
electronic computer in 1941, the and principles developed by its dedicated
technology finally became available to researchers.
create machine intelligence. The term Artificial Intelligence, or AI for short, is a
artificial intelligence was first coined in combination of computer science,
physiology, and philosophy. AI is a broad human brain, made up of billions of
topic, consisting of different neurons, and arguably the most complex
fields, from machine vision to expert matter in the univers. Artificial Intelligence
systems.One of the most challenging has come a long way from its
approaches facing experts is building early roots, driven by dedicated
systems that mimic the behavior of the researchers.
National Conference on Soft Computing and
Its Applications (NCSCA07) Dec 2007
INTRODUCTION:
The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) mean "the
science and engineering of making
intelligent machines”. It can also refer to
intelligence as exhibited by an artificial (man
made, nonnatural, manufactured) entity.
Concern: HISTORY:
Research in AI is concerned with producing
machines to automate tasks requiring Timeline of major AI events
intelligent behavior. Examples include control, Development:
planning and scheduling, the ability to
answer diagnostic and consumer questions.
The study of AI has also become an
engineering discipline, focused on providing
solutions to real life problems, knowledge
mining, software applications, and strategy
games like computer chess and other video
games
The field of artificial intelligence dawned in Generally speaking AI systems are built
the 1950s. Up to 1980s AI development around automated inference engines including
experienced an AI winter due to failure to forward reasoning and backwards reasoning.
achieve expectations and lack of governmental Based on certain conditions ("if") the
funding. During the 1990s and 2000s AI has system infers certain consequences ("then").
become very influenced by probability In terms of consequences AI comes under two
theory and statistics. After the September 11, categories:
2001 attacks, there has been much renewed 1. Conventional AI
interest and funding for threatdetection AI 2. Computational intelligence
systems. some of the more notable moments Conventional AI:
include: Conventional AI research focuses on attempts
1956 John McCarthy coined the term to mimic human intelligence through
"artificial intelligence". symbol manipulation and symbolically
1997 The Deep Blue chess machine (IBM) structured knowledge bases.
beats the world chess champion, Garry Methods include in conventional AI are:
Kasparov. • Expert systems: apply reasoning
2005 Honda's ASIMO robot, an capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert
artificially intelligent humanoid robot, is able system can process large amounts of
to known information and provide conclusions
walk as fast as a human, delivering trays to based on them.
customers in restaurant settings. • Case based reasoning: stores a set of
problems and answers in an organized data
structure called cases. A case based
reasoning system upon being presented with a
problem finds a case in its knowledge base
that is most closely related to the new
problem and presents its solutions as an
output with suitable modifications
Computational intelligence:
Subject involved in Computational intelligence
is Neural network.
MECHANISMS:
Neural networks: systems with very strong challenges aimed at a congressional mandate
pattern recognition capabilities. stating that by 2015 onethird of the
Pattern recognition: operational ground combat vehicles of the US
A complete pattern recognition system consists Armed Forces should be unmanned.
of a sensor that gathers the observations RoboCup:
to be classified or described; a feature
extraction mechanism that computes numeric
or
symbolic information from the observations;
and a classification or description scheme
using statistical (or decision theoretic) analysis
that does the actual job of classifying or
• A popular challenge amongst AI research
describing observations, relying on the
groups is the RoboCup
extracted features.
APPLICATIONS:
National Conference on Soft Computing and
Artificial intelligence found in many
Its Applications (NCSCA07) Dec 2007
applications like:
RESEARCH CHALLENGES:
Cybernetics
DARPA Grand Challenge:
Business
Robotics
The DARPA Grand Challenge was a race
for a $2 million prize where cars had to
drive themselves over a hundred miles of
challenging desert terrain without any
communication with humans, using GPS,
computers and a sophisticated array of
sensors. This was the first in a series of
Cybernetics: • Can sense its environment.
Cybernetics means "the art of ensuring the • Can manipulate things in its environment.
efficacy of action". It is the study of Has some degree of intelligence or ability
communication and control in living to make choices based on the
organisms, machines and organizations. Its • environment or automatic control /
focus is preprogrammed sequence.
how anything (digital, mechanical or • Is programmable.
biological) processes information, reacts to • Can move with one or more axes of rotation
information and changes or can be changed to or translation.
better accomplish the first two tasks. • Can make dexterous coordinated
Business: movements.
• Banks: Appears to have intent or agency (reification,
Banks use artificial intelligence systems to anthropomorphisation or Pathetic
organize operations, invest in stocks, and fallacy)
manage properties. Robots have become common in many
• Medical clinic: industries. They are often given jobs that are
A medical clinic can use artificial considered dangerous to humans. Robots
intelligence systems to organize bed schedules, have proven effective in jobs that are very
make a staff rotation, and provide medical repetitive which may lead to mistakes or
information. accidents due to a lapse in concentration and
Robotics: other jobs which humans may find
Robotics is the science and technology of degrading.
robots, their design, manufacture, Japan is the leader in using and producing
and application. robots in the world.
A robot is a mechanical or virtual, artificial Increased productivity, accuracy, and
agent. endurance:
A typical robot will have several, though not
necessarily all of the following Industrial robots doing vehicle
properties: under body assembly
• Is not 'natural' / has been artificially Jobs which require speed, accuracy,
created. reliability or endurance can be performed far
better by a robot than a human. Hence many
jobs in factories which were traditionally
performed by people are now robotized. This
has lead to cheaper massproduced
goods, including automobiles and electronics.
Robots have now been working in
factories for more than fifty years, ever since
the Unimate robot was installed to
automatically remove hot metal from a die
casting machine. Since then, factory
automation in the form of large stationary
manipulators has become the largest
market for robots. The number of installed
robots has grown faster and faster.
CONCLUSION:
Over the next four decades, despite many
stumbling blocks, AI has grown from a
dozen researchers, to thousands of engineers
and specialists; and from programs
capable of playing checkers, to systems
designed to diagnose disease. As we progress
in the development of artificial
intelligence,other theories are available,in
addition to
building on what we can do with AI.