This document attempts to describe the features separating Harbour from

CA-Cl*pper.
/* TODO: @FunPointer(), and all other Harbour extensions. */
Harbour Macro Compiler
---------------------The Harbour Macro Compiler offers 2 additional layers of functionality
controlled by means of hb_SetMacro()* function, not available in CA-Cl*pper.
hb_SetMacro( HB_SM_HARBOUR, .T. ) will enable macro compilation and
evaluation of complex expressions not supported by CA-Cl*pper like:
- exp++, exp--, var += exp, (exp), etc..
- Nested codeblocks.
- Expressions longer then 254 characters.
hb_SetMacro( HB_SM_XBASE, .T. ) will enable macro compilation and
evaluation of comma separated lists in all contexts where lists are
acceptable by CA-Cl*pper*, including:
-

{ &cMacro } // Literal array elements list.

SomeArray[ &cMacro ] // Array index list.
SomeFun( &cMacro ) // Arguments list.
( &cMacro ) // parenthesized list expression.

*CA-Cl*pper only supports list macros within codeblocks context.

Both these extra layers are activated by default.
* See also -k Compiler switch.
INIT/EXIT and startup procedures
-------------------------------In CA-Cl*pper the startup procedure is always the first procedure/function
of the main module, even if such symbol is an INIT or EXIT symbol. In
such case the program will never execute the "main" symbol. In Harbour
the first *non* INIT/EXIT symbol, will be executed as the main symbol
after all INIT procedures have been executed.
FOR EACH statement
-----------------Harbour has support enumeration loop with the following syntax:
FOR EACH var1 [,var255] IN expr1 [,expr255] [DESCEND]
[EXIT]
[LOOP]
...
NEXT
Note:
- expr can be a string, an array, an hash array or an object with
custom FOR EACH action
- enumerator variable 'var<n>' stores a reference to the element of
an hash, array or a string specified by 'expr<n>' thus assignments
to the enumerator changes the value of given element of iterated
item. If FOR EACH is used to iterate string items them assignment
to enumerator item changes the original string only if it was passed
to FOR EACH statement by reference, i.e.:

FOR EACH c IN @string

IF ! isAlpha( c )
c := "*"
ELSE
c := upper( c )
ENDIF
NEXT
- after the loop the controlling variable(s) restore the value which
they had before entering the loop
- the enumerator variable supports the following properties
:__enumIndex - the loop counter for variable
:__enumKey
- the hash key value of traversed hash item pair
:__enumBase
- the value that is being traversed
:__enumValue - the value of variable
:__enumIsFirst - is it the first enumerated item?
:__enumIsLast - is it the last enumerated item?
- defining new class or overloading existing one user can define
his own behavior of FOR EACH iterating overloading chosen of above
methods and/or the following ones:
:__enumStart
:__enumSkip
:__enumStop
By default FOR EACH iterate all object instance variables
for example:
a := 'A'
b := 'B'
FOR EACH a, b IN { 1, 2, 3, 4 }, "abcd"
? a, b //prints: 1 a
//
2 b
//
3 c
//
4 d
NEXT
? a, b //prints: A B
// you can use EXIT statement inside the loop
FOR EACH a IN { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
IF a:__enumindex == 3
? a
EXIT
ENDIF
NEXT
arr := { 1, 2, 3 }
str := "abc"
FOR EACH a, b IN arr, str
a *= 2
str := Upper( str )
NEXT
// now 'arr' stores { 2, 4, 6 }
// howerer 'str' still stores "abc"
Notice the difference:
FOR EACH a IN someValue
? a:__enumindex //prints current value of the index
? (a):__enumindex //sends '__enumindex' message to the current value
NEXT
WITH OBJECT

----------Harbour supports the following statement:

WITH OBJECT expression
...
ENDWITH
Inside this WITH OBJECT/END enclosure you can use the simplified
form of sending messages to the object. You can use the syntax
:message( [params] )
:property
to send messages to the object specified by 'expression'
for example:
WITH OBJECT myobj:a[ 1 ]:myitem
:message( 1 )
:value := 9
ENDWITH
The above code is equivalent to:
myobj:a[ 1 ]:myitem:message( 1 )
myobj:a[ 1 ]:myitem:value := 9
Inside WITH OBJECT/END you can access (or even assign a new object)
using a special reserved property :__withobject
The runtime error will be generated at the time of message
sending (or property access/assign) if <objexpression>
is not a value of type object.
for example:
CREATE CLASS foo
VAR name INIT 'FOO'
ENDCLASS
CREATE CLASS bar
VAR name INIT 'BAR'
ENDCLASS
WITH OBJECT foo():new()
? :name
//prints 'FOO'
? :__withobject:name
//also prints 'FOO'
? :__withobject := bar():new()
? :name
//prints 'BAR'
ENDWITH