Discussion 1.

In todays society I can understand why schools use advertisement as a way to raise money
which is lacking in the schools budget. On the other hand (and most importantly to me) I have
school age children whom I send to school to learn not to be targets for clever ad campaigns. I
admit that I dread when they bring home fund raiser items such as candy bars, and fast food
coupons used to reward them for good grades. I believe that ethically the schools have turned
away from what is important, like education, and focuses on raising money (Gottesdiener, 2012).
They also have visitors from wrestling organizations, which I believe is age inappropriate for my
children, and they are allowed to pass out coupons for the children to take how and get their
parents to take them to their event. I know quite a few teachers and they all have the same
mantra I became a teacher to teach. In todays education system, teachers are not allowed to
voice their opinions, political, beliefs, or religious values to the children, but the school can
endorse fast food, candy, and soda. If children are not supposed to have the maturity to make
decision on right and wrong, then how can they make adult decision on advertisements they are
influenced with in their school. The age in which children should be exposed to these
advertisements should begin when they are considered an adult. Most of the advertisements
even state that they must get a parents permission to participate, but only after they have had the
ability to influence their young minds first.
The benefits to this advertising depend on the type of advertising provided to the children. The
public service ads against bullying, smoking, and civic duty not only benefit the children, but
society as a whole. They provide information to protect the health and well-being of our children
when they need protection the most. Other advertisements like junk food coupons, candy sales,
energy drinks, and soda endorse a totally different message (Gottesdiener, 2012). This message

is of complacency and endorsement of an unhealthy lifestyle which has contributed to things like
medical problems from young bodies drinking energy drinks to obesity. Now understand that I
realize that these negative campaigns can be controlled by good parenting, but this is a battle
which parents should not have to battle throughout the school year. The benefits and drawbacks
of advertising in school are case specific. Because of this I would have to have direct contact
and input with any advertisement which the school wishes to introduce to the children. This
should include, but not be limited to, companies, messages, and financial gains. There are other
avenues which advertisers can get a message out than to try and influence our children when they
are the most influenced. These can include advertising sent out to parents who choose to optin to receive this information. Other options could include sporting event sponsors which the
children already experience when watching sports on television. They should not include
anytime the children are in school for the purpose of learning.

Discussion 2.

affirmative action policy is to ensure that all prospective employees that are members of a
protected-class receive proportionate consideration, the pursuit of fair treatment, and the
reduction of unnecessary conflict between employees. The policy needs to be implemented in

such a way that members of the unprotected class are not discriminated against in the attempt to
obtain equality.
We have to also take into consideration that with the creation of a successful affirmative
action policy we will also have to address issues involving arguments against the policy that will
be issued. The mains argument that will arise is that some will see the policy as another form of
discrimination because it will seem to these individuals that some people will be receiving
preferential treatment more than other individuals.
You will also have to realize that it is not uncommon to hear employees objecting to the
affirmative action programs by insisting that they actually cause prejudice more than fix it which
to them results in more discrimination. Because of this argument, it is assumed that when
affirmative action programs are in place there will always be a label attached to minorities
because they are presumed to have benefited from those programs.
The affirmative action policies have caused division between individuals over the years since
it has been implemented in many companies. The one thing we need to realize when
implementing our own action plan is that the positive always out weighs the negatives. This
policy simply will show that we are against discrimination and it shows that we want to promote
diversity through out the work place giving every individual the chance at advancement.
People for the affirmative action are convinced that affirmative action policies guarantee
equal opportunities to people who are members of protected classes. People against it, however,
argue that affirmative action policies are unfair and discriminate against those who are not
members of a protected class. We will have to decide which side is right and which is wrong that
is why it is very important that we look at all possibilities when going forward with the plan and

make sure that every thin is covered as much as possible. An affirmative action plan must
promote equality while refraining from discriminatory practices. The policy must have specific
goals and timelines in which to utilize the plans objectives.
Compensatory damages awarded in the past to individuals who won lawsuits against
companies for discrimination practices pertaining to his or her job, should serve as an incentive
for this Board of Directors to decide positively on the issue of implementing an affirmative
action policy and making sure that it is strictly adhered to.
In conclusion, an affirmative action policy will ensure that the employees of this company
are treated fairly and afforded the same opportunities for advancement without discrimination.
This plan will also show that we are interested in what they think and by doing this also it will
promote a healthier atmosphere. The thought that the one person is equal to another puts
everyone at the same level with no special treatments and advancements will be made by
performance instead of skin color or sex.

Discussion 3
Kantian arguments Denis Arnold and Norman Bowie use in Sweatshops and Respect for
Persons to support the claim that MNEs have duties to ensure that their off-shore contract
factories meet minimum safety standards and provide a living wage for employees are ideas are
used as a standard for moral decisions in business and non business organizations. By utilitarian
standards, an organizational policy is good if it provides more welfare than any other
alternatives.

Utilitarian authors studied consequences of actions like watching employees secretly or conduct
a drug testing. One of these consequences cited by utilitarian is the power of information
collected by an employer. These informations can be incomplete or inaccurate and an employer
can use it for making important personnel decisions. Furthermore, generally employees cannot
examine files with informations in them. Many employees lost their job because they were
disrupted by false accusations in their personal record.
Utilitarianism though considerers only the harmful consequences of privacy invasions. Workers
have right to complain that the secret surveillance of their activities violates their right to privacy
and this is morally objectionable.
* Kants ethics:
Many philosophers are critical of utilitarian. Nonconsequentialist theories adopt different
approaches. Kants theory is an example. Kant introduces a humanistic dimension into business
decisions. He thinks that respect dignity of human beings is essential in business.
Some practices, such as observing workers with hidden cameras, are unethical. Employees
cannot be treated as a means to anothers end. Employees are not just a factor of production
along with land, machinery, and capital. In economics books, there is no moral difference
between an employee and a machine. Kant wrote So act that you treat humanity, whether in
your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. Human
beings should be respected. They have dignity because they are autonomous and able of selfgovernance.
Employees have their own goals and they are free to decide the degree of their involvement in
the company. But we can think that work affects employees, especially when vital interests are at

stake. So employees pursue their interests and this is not incompatible with the interests of the
organization.
Ian Maitlands argument that improving health and safety conditions and improving wages will
cause greater harm than good and Business cannot be viewed as a set of economical
relationships. Organizational relationships should integrate moral aspects. A constant theme in
Business Ethics is the unethical treatment of employees and more particularly the theme of
employee privacy. Managers and employers invade the privacy of employees through the control
of their email, drug testing.
But, not all jobs required from the company detailed information about the employees position
on drugs or about employees health. Tests are necessary whether the job involves a danger that
can cause harm. So, if an employer wants to seek information about drug use, he has to use in a
first time less intrusive means such as observation of work performance because drug testing
remains though a contested issue in business ethics.
In conclusion, I agree with the I am Maitland.

Discussion 4.
Human rights are indivisible as one cannot be denied a right because it is less important or
non-essential. Human rights are interdependent: all human rights are part of a complementary
framework. For example, ones ability to participate in his/her government is directly affected by

his/her right to express himself/herself, to get an education, and even to obtain the necessities of
life.
Rule of law: Rights are different in their scope, nature and attributes. It is, therefore, not
impossible for emerging a situation in which one rights will contradict with other(s). Sometimes
two or more people may come to a confrontation in exercise of rights. These kinds of incidents
are but a normal phenomenon in a dynamic society. If such a conflict or contradiction arises, it is
reasonable to expect that the conflict is resolved by the consistent, independent, and impartial
application of just laws in accordance with just procedures. No arbitrary exercise of power or
authority is engaged in order to resolve the conflict. Rule of law is thus an instrument of securing
the smooth enforcement of human rights.

To look into utility of the given object or concept is one of various pragmatic approaches that
helps to avoid unnecessary theorization of the concept. Applying the principle of utility, human
rights, as an instrument of protecting and preserving human dignity as well as a rational
foundation of the governance, cannot be defined as follows:
a. Human rights principles provide inspiration for building a peaceful and just society. In the
meantime, they empower people with a framework for action to achieve that goal. To achieve
this mission, human rights principles set minimum standards for how individuals and institutions
everywhere should treat people (Amnesty International USA, 1997). Respect for, and
preservation of, human dignity through fostering peace, and free and just society is the ultimate
goal of these standards. Human rights in this dimension can be defined as a set of values that
are developed and cherished as crucial instruments to preserve human dignity. As a framework

for actions, human rights standards compel individuals and institutions to refrain from arbitrary
exercise of power and engage in actions that deprive human beings of their liberties and
freedoms. In this context, human rights are defined as safeguards against unjust laws and policies
of States, which enable persons to enjoy their human rights everyday when he/she practice
his/her culture, worship in accordance with his/her faith, or choose not to worship at all; when
he/she debate and criticize governmental policies; when he/she join a trade union or the political
organization; when he/she travel to other parts of the country or overseas without unreasonable
restrictions; when he/she participate in voting and government (Amnesty International USA,
1997).
b. Human rights principles provide a standard for measuring the legitimacy of the local or
national legislation and framework of justice system. Although human rights are believed to have
universal application, people in different parts of the country or world or different segments of
the population may not be able to enjoy such rights or liberties equally. Human rights violations
also occur everyday in countries when the government builds a dam without compensating the
displaced persons; when police force torture suspects; when people are forcefully evicted from
their homes and business; when government officials or personnel compel ordinary people to pay
bribe for obtaining nationality credentials, passport and registration of birth and deaths; when
parent abuses a child; when a family is homeless; when a school provides inadequate education;
when women are paid less than men or one person steals wages from other. These types of
violations of human rights phenomenal in society in which the government is not accountable to
the people. Human standards thus provide an important set of instruments for measuring the
legitimacy of the laws of governance system in a given society.

c. Human rights principles provide justification for claims of socio-economic empowerment or

development of deprived people. Traditionally, governments maintained strong control over the
resources, and the system of resource distribution was fully regulated by them. The system of
control and distribution of the resources gave unlimited power to those who enjoyed the States
power. The majority of the population was thus subjected to exploitation and marginalized.
Human rights principles provide ample justifications to end such exploitative and discriminatory
system. The right to eat, work and develop is as fundamental as the right no to be tortured or
jailed without charges. A marginalized community or group has valid claims for equitable
distribution of the resources and access to development opportunity. Every individuals dignity is
dependent on adequate access to development and share in resources.
These utility based descriptions of human rights signify a condition in a society where people are
not unfairly treated or discriminated. What they also signify is that States and governments do
exist for the service of the people but not to rule them. Access to resources, development and
justice, fairness in proceedings of justice, legitimacy of the government, rule of law as a basis of
decision making by the government, freedom of choice of people in matters of holding or
rejecting any religious faith, political ideology, or profession and protection of liberty and life of
people without distinction of any kind are the practical results or achievements of human rights.
These universally accepted practical realities enable us to believe that human rights are not
myths and they are not western and eastern. They inhere in human being in order to constantly
preserve the humanity and provide safeguards against the arbitrary use of powers by the socalled rulers and powerful sect of population in the society.

Discussion 5.
There are many causation factors that lead to the lost time injuries in the workplace. Among
them, lack of correct manual handling skills, poor housekeeping at the work fronts, failure to
analyze potential hazards and put control measures in place, incorrect and incorrectly fitted PPE
are the most significant factors.
The company as an employer has the legal responsibility, as stipulated in the OSH Act 1984 in
the WA jurisdiction, to provide and maintain a safe working environment for its employees. The
workers as employees of this company also have the legal responsibility to cooperate with the
management to keep themselves and others from exposure to hazards and injuries. An OHS
system with consultation and participation by all employees is the key to improve site safety
performance and reduce lost time injuries. Comprehensive strategies and tools on how to achieve
the objective are provided, which involve efforts from both management and frontline
employees.
However, there are various barriers to the implementation of these recommendations, such as
cost considerations, workforce structure and roster arrangement. To overcome these barriers,
management commitment to OHS and efforts by all OHS stakeholders are critical.
Ethical Perspective
Every individual view ethics differently. No matter how one may view ethics at the end
of the day ethics is a determination of an individuals own belief of what is right or wrong.
According to the Ethics Awareness Inventory (EAI) it is a system for self-assessment and
personal reflection. The inventory also increases awareness and encourages self examination and
personal ethical growth.

In the workplace, the ethical choices in the test produced different

results. In the category of evidence of openness, commitment to ethical communication,

individual trust, and empowerment resulted in little evidence of openness and individual trust
(Williams Institute, 2010). The results from the respect for individual judgment, organizational
integration of ethics, and performance integrity showed that there is room for improvement
(Williams Institute, 2010). The results from this exam have shown that the need for ethical
improvements at the individuals current company is needed. These improvements will help
management and employee relationships at the workplace. This means that the person has an
individual duty or obligation to do what is morally right. Throughout the degree program these
ethical perspectives have improved so that the ethical decision can be made. At some point
everyone has had to make some decision whether personal or professional at some time or
another. Making a right choice does not necessarily increase the good for the decision maker.

Conclusion
This paper has discussed at the role of ethics and social responsibilities involved in
developing a strategic plan as well as the strategic plan development that took into consideration
the stakeholders needs. Strategic management, social responsibility and ethics were also
discussed to understand the process of developing a strategic plan. The final subject discussed
was the results of the ethical awareness inventory and the ethical choices in the workplace.

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