Internal

Frame Element

Internal

Outlines
Review
FE Formulation of Frame Structure Element
Example

Internal

Objectives
Understand what frame element is and its degree of

freedoms
To formulate the stiffness matrix of frame element
To solve a frame problem using the stiffnessdisplacement-load matrices approach

Internal

Beam element - review

1000 lb/ft

10 ft

2.5 ft

2.5 ft

500 lb

Internal

Review
Element Type

DOF

Spring/ bar

U1

Truss

U1, U2

Beam

U1, 1

Frame

U1, U2, 1

K matrix

k
K
k
l2
lm

lm
m2

K
l 2 lm

2
lm m

Remark

k
k
lm

lm m 2
l2
lm

lm
m 2
l2

6 L 12 6 L
12

2
2
EI 6 L 4 L 6 L 2 L
K 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6L 2L 6L 4L

EA
L

l cos
m sin

Internal

Definition:
Sowhat ARE frames??

Internal

Definition:
Structural members that may be rigidly connected

with welded joints or bolted joints

Combination of bar (truss) and beam

Frame Element

3 DOF at each node: lateral and

Internal

i
X

longitudinal displacements, and

rotation
Combination of bar and beam
Superimpose to get the stiffness matrix

Internal

Revisit: Bar and Beam Elements

k
K
k

k
k

6 L 12 6 L
12
6 L 4 L2 6 L 2 L2
EI

K 3
L 12 6 L 12 6 L

2
2
6
L
2
L

6
L
4
L

Internal

Truss Element
Stiffness matrix for members under axial loading
AE
L
0

0
K axial AE
L
0

0 0

AE
L

0 0

0 0

0 0

AE
L

0 0

0 0

0 0 ui1
0 0 ui 2
0 0 ui 3

0 0 u j1
0 0 u j 2

0 0 u j 3

Internal

Beam Element
Stiffness matrix for lateral displacements and rotations

K xy

0
0 0
0 12
6L

2
EI 0 6 L 4 L
3
0
L 0 0
0 12 6 L

2
0
6
L
2
L

0
0
0
0
0
0

0 ui1
12 6 L ui 2
6 L 2 L2 ui 3

0
0 u j1
12 6 L u j 2
2
6 L 4 L u j 3
0

Stiffness matrix for Frame

AE
L
0

0
AE
L
0

Internal

0 0

AE
L

0 0

0 0

0 0

AE
L

0 0

0 0

0 0
0 0
0 0

0 0
0 0

0 0
AE
L
0

0
AE
L
0

0
0 0
0 12
6L

2
EI 0 6 L 4 L
3
0
L 0 0
0 12 6 L

2
0 6 L 2 L

AE
L

12EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6 EI
L2
4 EI
L

0
0

6LEI2

AE
L

12EI
L3
6 EI
L2

6LEI2

2 EI
L

12EI
L3
6 EI
L2

12LEI3

0
0
0
0
0
0

0 ui1
6 EI
u
L2 i 2
2 EI
ui 3
L

0 u j1
6LEI2 u j 2

4 EI
L
u j3

0
12 6 L
6 L 2 L2

0
0
12 6 L
2
6 L 4 L
0

Internal

Transformation Matrix
Local DOF related to
Global DOF through the
transformation matrix

i
X

In Matrix form:

{U}=[T]{u}

Internal

cos
sin
T
0

sin

cos

cos

sin

cos
sin

0
T
0
0

sin

cos

0 cos

sin

0 sin

cos

0
sin

cos
0

In Matrix form:

0
0
0

0
0

{U}=[T]{u}
{F}=[T]{f}

Internal

Stiffness matrix
From strain energy equation, we can show that;

k u f , U Tu and F Tf
k T1 U T1 F
Tk T1 U TT1 F
Tk T1 U F
F Tk T1 U
we conclude that K e TK TT

Internal

Stiffness matrix

AE
L
cos sin 0

0
0
0

- sin cos 0

0
0
0

0
e
K 0
0
1
0
0
0 AE
L

0
0 cos sin 0
0

0
0 - sin cos 0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
1

0
0
0
cos sin 0
sin cos 0

0
0
0

0
0
1
0
0
0

0
0
0
cos

sin
0

0
0
0 sin cos 0

0
0
0
0
1
0
T

AE
L

6EI
L2
4EI
L

12EI
L3

6EI
L2

AE
L

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

6EI
L2

2EI
L

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

0
6EI
L2
2EI
L

6EI
L2

4EI
L

Example 4.5
800 lb/ft

10 ft

E=30 x 106 psi

A=7.65 in2
I=204 in4
Determine the deformation of the frame under the
given distributed load.

Internal

9 ft

Internal

Element 1
u12

e
xy

AE
L
0

0
AE
L
0

u23

u11

u13
X

u22
u21

(1)

AE
L

6EI
L2
4EI
L

12EI
L3

6EI
L2

AE
L

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

6EI
L2

2EI
L

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

0
6EI
L2
2EI
L

6EI
L2

4EI
L

E =30 x 106 lb/in2

A= 7.65 in2
I = 204 in4
L = 10 ft

Stiffness matrix with respect to

local C.S
K 1xy

Internal

0
0
1912.5
0
0 u11
1912.5
0
u
42.5
2550
0

42
.
5
2550

12
0
2550 204000
0
2550 102000 u13
3
10

0
0
1912.5
0
0 u21
1912.5
0
42.5 2550
0
42.5
2550 u22

2550 102000
0
2550 204000 u23
0

Since the local and the global C.S are aligned in the same direction,
[K]1 same as global stiffness matrix.

Internal

u23
u22
Y

Element 2

u21

(2)

u33
3

u32
u31

Local stiffness matrix for element 2

K 2xy

Internal

0
0
- 2125
0
0
2125
u21
0
u
58.3
3148.15
0

58
.
3
3148.15

22
0
3148.15 226666
0
3148.15 113333 u23
3
10

2125
0
0
2125
0
0

u31
0
- 58.3 3148.15
0
- 58.3
3148.15 u32

0
3148.15
113333
0
3148.15
226666

u33

Internal

Transformation matrix
[T] when = 270o
cos
sin

0
T
0
0

sin

cos

0 cos

sin

0 sin

cos

0 cos 270 sin 270

0 sin 270 cos 270
0 0
0

0 0
0
0 0
0

1 0
0

0 1
1 0

0 0
T
0 0
0 0

0 0

0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0

0
0 0
0 0

1 0
0 0

0 1
0

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0

0 cos 270 sin 270 0

0 sin 270 cos 270 0

0
0
0
1
0

The stiffness matrix for element 2

becomes,
K 2xy

Internal

0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0

0 0 0 0 0

0
0
0
- 2125
0
0
2125

0
58.3
3148.15
0

58
.
3
3148.15

0 3 0
3148.15 226666
0
3148.15 113333
10

2125
0
0
2125
0
0

0
0
- 58.3 3148.15
0
- 58.3
3148.15

1
3148.15 113333
0
- 3148.15
226666
0
0
0
0

0
0

Perform matrix operation:

K 2xy

Internal

0
3148.15
58.3
0
3148.15 u21
58.3
0
u
2125
0
0

2125
0

22

0
226666 3148.15
0
113333 u23
3 3148.15
10

0
3148.15
58.3
0
3148.15 u31
- 58.3
0
u32
- 2125
0
0
2125
0

0
113333
- 3148.15
0
226666 u33
3148.15

Assemble the elements

K G

Internal

0
0
1912.5
0
0
0
0
0
1912.5

42
.
5
2550
0

42
.
5
2550
0
0
0

2550 204000
0
2550
102000
0
0
0

0
0
1912.5 58.3
0
0 3148.15
58.3
0
3148.15
1912.5

0
42.5 2550
0
42.5 2125
2550
0
2550
0

2550 102000 0 3148.15

2550
204000 226666 3148.15
0
113333
0
0
0
0
58.3
0
3148.15
58.3
0
3148.15

0
0
0
2125
0
0
2125
0
0

0
0
0
3148.15
0
113333
3148.15
0
226666

Internal

Nodal loads

Internal

Solve for unknowns

Internal

Recap
Frame structure element has 3 DOFs
Stiffness matrix for frame element is
[K]=[T]T[k][T]
cos
sin

0
T
0
0

sin

cos

0 cos

sin

0 sin

cos

0
0
0

0
0

e
xy

AE
L
0

0
AE
L
0

AE
L

6EI
L2
4EI
L

12EI
L3

6EI
L2

AE
L

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

6EI
L2

2EI
L

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

12EI
L3
6EI
L2

0
6EI
L2
2EI
L

6EI
L2

4EI
L