*

SPE7690
APPROXIMATE
SOLUTIONS
FORFLOWON NON-NEWTONIAN
POWERLAWFLUIDSTHROUGH
POROUSMEDIA

by Alvis
E. McDonald,
Member
Mobil Research
& Development

SPE-AIME,
Corp.

Copyright 1979.AmericanInstituteof Mining, Metsllurglrxl,snd PetrolewmEngineers,Inc.

Thlspaper msprmentti at~e1979Sotiew otPtiroleum Eflginmrs of AIMEfiti Sy 'oosium on Rmewolr 3muiatio,l heldin Denver. Colorado.FeDruaw l.2. 1979. Thematerlalissuoiedto
correctionbythe author. Permissiontocopyis rtitri~ed toanabstm~ ofnotmore tnan300 words. Wri186200N Central ExRy., Dallaa,Tx. 75206.

ABSTRACT
1.
Individual
well
modeling
with
r-z
geometry
is
often
done with
a small
number of radial
cells
(e.g.,
6 or 7).
This
usually
leads
to
small
space
truncation
error
for black
oil
systems.
ior
power
Iaw fluids
a finer
grid
1s required.
An example
problem
Is readily
solved
using
20 radial
cells.
Coarser
deflnl~lon
leads
to unacceptable
truncation
error.
A method
is shcwn to Improve
finite
dlffe-ence
accuracy
by space
differencing
the time derlvative.
An analytical
solution
to the difference equation
is developed,
and used to valldate
approximate
numerical
solutions.
Three

figures,

five

tables

illustrate

results.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A small
number
of radial
cells
(e.g.,
6 or 7)
.1s usually
adequate
for
individual
well
models
using
r-z
geometry.
Our results
indlcate
that
solution
errors
are small
for such
models
when the fluid
is a black
oil.
But
errors
are not small
for power
law fluids.
The problem
discussed
here
requires
20 radial
cells
to reduce
truncation
errors
to accepImproved
accuracy
in the space
table
levels.
dependent
approximation
can be obtaindd
by a
suitable
space
differencing
of dp/dt.
With
such
im~rnvsd
accuracy
it becomes
tenable
to
use a Ieduced
number of radial
cells
to model
power
law behavior.
ii

iNTRODUCTION
.

Recent
papersl2
developed
equation
describing
radial
Newtonian
power
law fluid
References

at

end

Gf

paper.
n

&&+~~=nBr
a r2

1
~g

the following
flow
of a nonin a porous
medium:

(1)

APPROXIMATE
SOLUTIONS
POWER LAW FLUIDS

7690
----

FOR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN

THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

where

Quantities
given
when working
with
units.
Engineering
and figures.
initial

and

Plt=fj

and

Pt

conditions

are

given

by:
(2*1)

-PO

=Q

r #

(2.2)

=0

r.re

= sp/at

Equations
difference
pared
with
erence
1.

in parentheses
are to be used
the international
system
of
units
are used In tables

boundary

%lr=rw

iii.

(4) and (5) will

be solved
by finite
methods.
Results
are to be comthe analytic
solution
given
in Ref-

FiRST
SPACE

METHOD-AN
FORMULATION

/j
~
[

(P2-PI)

+ ~

(PI-P3)

(3@D)Q

can
the
time
incre(i,

1
=

(6.1)

blp~

Q=&

,
~

and
h

= thickness

= permeability

= injection

in

cm (meter)
in

rate

Darcy
in

cm3/sec

hip;

(i

in

cm (meter)

r;

radius

in

cm (meter)

= wellbore
= viscosity

in Equations
transformation

(1)

in

cp

and

(2)

(Pi-~-Pi)

Pi+l

(milli-Pascal-see)
apply

the

P;

P?

2D

Pi-1

2Pi

by

(4)

+ 0(02)

D2

At the end point

i=l
these
Instead
we use
not valid.
correct
approximations:

Py$
rw=Q

pxl~gn

re=

8P2

then
use
p; by Q.

boundary

A Matrix
where
(2
b = b(x)
sp/ax

~pl

(5)

_ nBe

+ +)x

second-

+ Pi-l

expressions
are
the second-order-

= Po

Px]Wgn

the

logarithmic

obtain

p I @o

using

+O(D2)

(3)

px=bpt~

(6.2)

is obtained
approximations

Pi+~

xagnr

px=

(&+~)

= 2,3,...,N)

Equation
(6.2)
order
correct

(m3/see)

radius

np

(Pi+~-Pi)

(micrometer)

rr, = drainage

xx

(~-*)
[

where

EXACT TiME,
DiSCRETE
(METHOD OF LINES)

A set of ordinary
differential
equations
be obtained
by differencing
(4) w.r.t.
space
variable
x, retaining
a continuous
For N nodes with
equal
representation.
ments
D = Xi+l
- xi for each node pair
i+l),
(4) can be difference
as follows:

where

to

= azphiz

P=

B = constant
involving
Injection
rate
formation
injectivity
n = exponent
in the shear
rate-viscosity
relation
p=
pressure
in atm (kilo
Pascal)
r = radius
in cm (meter)
t = time
in sec (see)

176

conditions

P3

- 1
6Dp~

(S)

to

+ 0(02),

r@Plac@

Representation

Equations
(6) comprise
a set of coupled
ordiTo simplify
nary
differential
equations.
later
treatment
multiply
both sides
of these
equations
by 2D2 and use the substitutions

.
.

7690

A.

fi

= 2D2bl

c1

Then

(2n

where

~ and

are

the

vectors

- D)pO

(6)

+8np2

(2n

and

+ D)Q

Equations

-7npl

177

McDonald

-Zo(sn

CN =

E.

+ D)Pl

become:

np~+cl

- knp2

(2n

= f2p;

D)P3

Multiplying

(7)

+t
P

by

F-l

we obtain

(2n

+ D) pN-~

4npN-~

(2n

D)

PN=

f~qP;-l
(2n

+ D)pN.l

In matrix
as:

knpN

notation

=fp

+ cN

these

equations

are

N;

written

F~t=M;+2,

(7)

(8)

=A~+b,

where

A = F-lM

+
b = F-l:

The solution
Appendix
A.

to

Equation

(8)

is

given

In

Dfscusslon
where

F and

M are

the

matrices
Since
the method
is exact
with
respect
the only
errors
arise
from dlscretlzing
Consider
the problem
space
variable
x.
on Page 5 of Reference
1$ namely:

f2
.

N-1
N
d

=2

= 5.228

= 3.2726

().1

368.o2

= 914,4

Cp

cm3/sec

-n

2n+D

-4n

2n-D

Comparison
po,

Pw -

2n+D

-4n
2n+D

at

(inJection)

cm
cm

r e = 15000

8n

10-4

Darcy

rw = 7.62
-7n

to t
the
given

with
r=

cm (Reference
the
rw,

1 uses

= for

re)

exact
pressure
risel,
is shown in Table
1.

The comparison
is excellent
for D = .096,
and
For larger
values
of D,
fair
for
D=
.399.
f~nite
difference
accuracy
decays
rapidly.
The number of nodes
corresponding
to each
value
of D is shown in parenthesis
in the
table.

APPROXIMATE
SOLUTIONS
POWER IAW FLUIDS

7690
----

The 7 node cas~

is of special
of
this
1s a typic~l
number
model
coning
problems.

interest,
nodes
used

FOR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN

TNROUGH POROUS MEDIA
I.e.

since
to

so

SECOND METHOD - A DISCRETE

DISCRETE
SPACE FORMULATION

Discretizatlon
done with
tion

the

in the time
first-order-correct

~
d,
the

that

Itself

error

P(t)

orders

P(t
of

a suitable

small

the

remainder

term

R iS

p(t

the

exceed
cases

+d)

p is

- p(t)

error

smaller

pt

term
than

a
~

Is

several

pt.

In practice
d is not held
constant,
but allowed
to vary
In such away
that
Ip(t+d)
This
p~r~!~~
1s as close
as possible
to c.
time
step
size
to grow,
while
forcing
the
pressure-change
toierance
to be met.
Now return
P\t

by

to

differences

notational

TIME,

Equation

(7)

of

the

convenience

written

as

by Pi.

The

pl,

and

and

replace

form

(9).

pl(t+d)
pi(tl

result

As a

will

will

be

the

be simply
represented

is

P-:2

where

[1N

1s often
approxima-

domain

the

time

increment,

- ~

Ptt

Thus

+ 0(d2)

last

result

we must

solve

If

we

the

F-dM);

F d

by

~ - ~ = F-ld(M$&)

(1
and

and

magnitude

Multiplying
follows:

d Is

with

d),

not

n many

function

(9)
where

does

term

n magnitude.

monotonic

It 1s tempting
to conclude
that
well
modeling
should
never
be done with
fewer
than 20 radial
nodes.
But first
let
us repeat
the above
comparisons
for a single
phase,
sl]ghtlyThe problem
compressible
black
oil
system.
is as given
for Figure
1, except
that
viscosity
is taken
as constant
(i.e.,
n = = in
Equation
(l),
and B becomes
X
10-3.
1.4432
See Reference
1 for computation
of B).
Figure
2 shows no essential
differences
in
computed
solution
among the several
grid
spacings,
and all
are reasonably
accurate.
Iv.

,
R2

Figure
1 compares
the 7, IO, and 20 Rode
solution
for the
solutions
with
the exact
On this
plot
the
entire
drainage
radius.
80 node solution
is Indistinguishable
from
Evidently
20 nodes are satisfacthe exact.
tory
for
the duration
of the well
test.
But
fewer
nodes
lead
to erroneous
analysis,
because
of the magnification
of truncation
The reader
is
error
with
Increasing
time.
reminded
that
~
s ace truncation
error
Is
is exac~the
included,
since
the + so ut~on
time variable,
t.

: 178

there

system
= ~+

F-d&

let
nd

At times
ranted.
truncation

higher-order
approximations
But we will
see presently
errors
are dominant
for

problem,
is quite

and the above

satisfactory.

vi=~

are warthat
space
the present

representation

for

Yi=y

pt
the
as

Time truncation
error
is controlled
by requiring
d to be smell
enough
that
R IS negligible.
In general
one requires
Ip(t
+ d) - p(t)!
< s , for suitable
e.
An
estimate
for the magnitude
of the remainder
term
R is then given
by

___

I +!P(t)

p(t-d)

to

be

solved

Is

written

explicitly
(lo)

G;=~,

where

+
2I(t+d)
-::(t)P(t-d)l
v
&~Lk@d)
1
P(t)

system

F8::-4v@vN-yN-l
i

2vN+yN

L_L____

1-4VN
J

.
.

A.

7fMl

2D(3n

+ D)Q/fl

E.

179

McDonald
Space-Differencing

The

following

The

term

The

grouping

Time

of

Derivative

terms

Is

convenient:

N- 1
PN+(2n

D)pO/fN

inside

[
For the problems
solved
earlier
by the first
method,
compare
with
the solution
to (10).
Errors
due to time
dlscretization
are compared
with
the corresponding
continuous
time
solutlon
from Section
Ill.
Time step
size
is chosen
to restrict

c ~ 0.1,
and 147

Results

are

1, or
psi).

10 atmospheres

tabulated

for

7 nodes

=bp
Taylors

THiRD METHOD DiSCRETE

SPACE

With
each

uniform
grid
i, define

~xP~

AN iMPROVED
FORMULATION
spacing

D=

series

as

is
as

(12)

in

Table

CONTINUOUS

xl+,

- xi

Now neg

i
~pi

term

be written

The

terms
xxx

result

After

(4)

2D2,

and

there

can

be

D4,

that

error

this

still

also
leaves

(llJ,

the

multiplying

by

substitution
*

Tbv

follows:
4npl

(2n-D)pi+l

9i-lP~-l

to,

9i+.lPiW
3,

N),and

.0,

+ 8np2

np3

- 8g2p;
Q=

p;

(see

+
(13)

gN+l

E O)

Proceeding
In the same way one can show
the second-order-correct
relation
which
n~glects
~
p~
is given
by:
12

where

the

term.

Equations

and

applying
~2

91

1991Pf

yields

as:

is

using

109\Pf

= blp;

blp~

involving
Note

order

TiME

for

ect

a semnd

7np,

0(D4)

for

2.

2D

Equation

expansion

can

(2n+D)pl-,-

known,

(12)

Ii

(1.47,

Pi+l- PI-1

well

just

=~fpflxx+~P,JXXXX0(4)=

(1 =2,

Then,
written

is

dxx(bip;)

The error
at 5 hours
with
e = 1.47
psi
is only
0.15
psi,
or about
0.017%.
The error
with
e = 14.7
is also
small,
namely
1.26,
or about
0.14%.
Comparing
time
discretization
error
of 1.26
with
space
discretization
error
of
-66.99
(an 8% error),
we see that
the spatial
error
IS dominant.
The 147 psi change
criterion
is sufficiently
accurate
for modeling
purposes.
Similar
conclusions
hold
for
the
10 and 20 node cases,
as shown in Tables
3
and 4.

v.

brarket

xxi-xd
-w:=:p~0(04)

Then
where
14.7,

second

Thus

blpit.
Discussion

the

+ g3p;

2D(3n+D)Q

=
(14)

Equat!on

that

(5)).

APPROXIMATE
SOLUTIONS
POWER LAW FLUIDS

7690
To simplify
the following
Equation
(14)
by (14)-(13),
The result
1s set to 2.
-($jn+D)p,

+ 12np2

discussion,
where
in
is:
-

(3@Jp3

replace
(13)
i

Equations
form
+t
Hp

(13)

Representation
dnd

(15)

= K~ +Z

can

be written

in

the

-lt!g2
1092

9,

93
.

H=

(17)

r-(9n+Dj

12n

Zn+i)

-4n

proceed
differential

as

in

Section
system

iii
(18).

to

solve

ordi-

We again
treat
the problemof
Section
iii,
For the improved
method
of this
seution,
tabulated
results
are shown in Table
5.
cmnpared
to Table
~, these
results
show Improved
accuracy
for D - .399.
Plotted
results
are
Results
are acceptable
tor
shown in Figure
3.
all
but the 7 node (D = 1.264)
case.

(16)

where
18g,

Then
nary

180

Discussion

2P(3n+D)Q=
.
(15)

Matrix

FOR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN

THROUGH POROUS MEDIA

-(3n-D)

The method
of this
section
appears
more
complicated
than that
of Section
iii.
This
is true
for simple
problems
such as the one
presented
here,
where
it
is feasible
to calculate
an exact
solution
to the different
equations.
in general,
however,
the problem
is too complicated
to solve
analytically.
Usually
it is too difficult
to solve
as a
system
of ordinary
differential
equations.
instead
one discretlzes
the time domain,
using finite
differences.
For such cases
the
present
formulation
adds very
little
effort
to the overall
calculation,
while
considerably
To use the
reducing
space
truncation
error.
method
we require
a substitution
such as the
one used in Equation
(12)
to write

2n%D

*
K=

Similar
techniques
have been employed
by3
and Krylov
other
writers.
Kantorovich
proposed
such a method
for harmonic
equations.

.
.
2n+D

-4n
2n+D

2n-D
-4n

Laumbach4
approached
the matter
differently
but nevertheless
concluded
by space-differencing the right
hand side,
pt.
Higher
order
methods
are treated
by Swartz%md
Ciment
and
Leventha16$7

2D(3n+D)Q

o
.
.

e=

o
(2n-D)po
[
To solve
+t
p

as

before,

=A;+&

write

(16)

as
(18)

where
A=

H-lK

~=

H-l;

A.

7690

E.

NOMENCLATURE
Upper

Case

Gothic

auxiliary
Redefined

matrix,
near
near
Equation

constant
involving
ation
injectivity.

Equation
(18).

inJection

and

node spacing
x coordinate.

auxiliary

matrix,

near

Equation

(7).

auxiliary

matrix,

near

Equation

(10).

auxiliary

matrix,

near

Equation

(16).

auxiliary

matrix,

near

Equation

(16).

auxiliary
(lo).

matrix,

near

Equations

number

of

(equal

(8).
rate

nodes

shorthand
vector
tized

for

containing
grid.

qp/2rkh

truncation
error,
time
difference

Lower

bi

modal
Case

auxil~ary

v~

element

auxiliary

in

yi

element

hours

of

G,

vector,

r,

near

pressures

Pi

spacing
difference.

2D2bi

vector,

near

time

domain,

vector,

near

in

G,

of

permeability

exponent

in

pressure
psi(Tables

In

thickness

inJection

r.

radius

(10).

A,

near

Equation

(10).

Equaf:ion(lO)

dlscre-

on

difference

operator,

as

follows:

+Pi-1
~2

error

control

matrix

viscosity

of

parameter.

eigenvalues,
in

Appendix

A.

cp(milli-Pascal-see)

Subscripts

for

external

wellbore.

i ,N

boundary.

node

numbers.

Superscripts

A.

bi.

used

with

P-PZ

used

with

p -px

= sp/ax

used

with

& -dxpi

xx

Equation

sp/at

li+l- pi-l
= ~

used

tiith

p -pxx

used

with

d -

= a2p/ax2

(7).

used for

time

dxxpi=

Pi+l 2Pi+Pi-l
D2

Equation

(16).

REFERENCES

element

Equation

.,

9i
h

vector
cretized

the

near

coordinate

matrix

Figures).

A.

Appendix

a transformed
of

and

Appendix

matrix

LSxxpi=

and

or remainder
term
at Equation
(9).

containing

(Tables

vector,

P{+l-2Pi

(7)

auxiliary
i

see,

nBe(2+#xi

auxiliary
d

in

(f?$i
=~fi+l-fi-l

Gothic

vector

Used

Appendix

time

matrix,

Greek

in x direction.

form-

increments),

p(t).

181

McDonald

matrix
in

H,

Equation

1.

(17).

cm (meter).
in

Darcy

shear

(micrometer*).

rate-viscosity

atm,
kilo
and Figures).

containing
grid.

in

near

Pascal,

or

pressures

rate

in

cm,

meter,

cm3/sec
or

2.

relation.

pi

on dls-

(m3/see).
teet

3.

(figures),

and Yang,
H. T.,
Flow
of Nona
Odeh,
A. S.,
Newtonian
Power
Law Fluids
through
Porous
Media,
SPE 7150,
Society
of ?etroleum
Engineers
of AiME Fall
Meeting,
October
24, 1978,
Houston,
Texas.
ikoku,
C. U.,
and Ramey,
H. J.,
Jr.,
An investigation
of Wellbore
Storage
and
Skin
Effects
during
the Transient
Flow of
Non-Newtonian
Power-Law
Fluids
in Porous
MedIa,l
SPE 7449,
Society
of Petroleum
Engineers
of AiME Fall
Meet!ng,
October
24, 1978,
Houston,
Texas.
Kantorovich,
L. V.,
and Krylov,
V. i.,
Approximate
Methods
of Hiqher
Analysis,
interscience
Publishers,
inc.,
(1958),
pp. 185-186.

APPROXIMATE
7mn

SOLUTIONS

mum
, -..

Wav

IAW
.
. . . .

HIIIIM
---

--

FOR FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN

POROUS MEDIA

T!.IRO1lGH
.

. . . .

5.

6.

7:

APPENDIX

Analytic

Solution

of

Ordinary

--------

. .

e At

(@.dt

A;)

or

(A-1)
is the
[8) ~r (18).

Reduction
Soiution

to

Iractlcal

(A-1)

is

required

not

to

computationally

useful

e~t by power

series.
to a space where
the
to A is diagonal,
after
become
trivial.

Let V be a non-singular
gonal
matrix
such that

matrix

and

A a dia-

AV=VA.

(A-2)

Then
V-AV

=A,

and A is the required

diagonal
Once V and
responding
to A.
termined,the
probiem
simplifies.
~andtibe
defined
by

Differential

(18)
multiply
factor
e-AtA,

solution

182

Form

if one must evaluate

Rather,
we transform
matrix
corresponding
which
the computations

=
To solve
Equation
(8)
sides
by the integrating
group
terms
as follows:

SPE

------

Equation
Equation

A High Accuracy,
FIniteLaumbach,
D. D.,
Difference
Technique
for Treating
the
Convection-Diffusion
Equation,
SPEJ,
V. 15,
No. 6, December
1975,
pp. 517-531.
Swartz,
B. K.,
The Construction
of Finite
Difference
Analogs
of Some Finite
Element
Mathematical
Aspects
of Finite
Schemes,
Equations
Elements
In Partial
Diff erential
(C. de Boor,
Editor),
Academic
Press,
New
York,
1974,
pp. 279-312.
Cimant,
M., and Leventhal,
S. H.,
Higher
Order
Compact
implicit
Schemes
for the
II Math.
of Comp.,
V. 299
Wave Equation,
No. 132,
October
1975,
pp. 985-994.
Ciment,
M., and Leventhal,
S. H.,
A Note
on the Operator
Compact
implicit
Method
for
the Wave Equation,
Math.
of Comp.,
V. 32, No. 141,
January
1978,
pp.
143-147.

4.

both
and

&A

F=vt

(A-3)

Equation

(8)

becomes

(VtiJ

=AV~+V;

= @-Atl,
or

matrix
corA have been deLet vectors

equivalently}

i.e.,

At;)

$#e

i-

= e-At~

&=
dt

t
e-A~lo

e+s~ds

-A-le+s+

the

exists.
Continuing
convention
that

I
The p;;cedure
of the preceding
section
leads
us to the analog
of (A-1)
+
u = eAt~~O
+ A-l~
- A-l:
,
+

,
the

o
pro-

Sk;.

Eq~atfon
(A-3),

i. e.,

in

* As
the

t;o+A

infinite

(A- 1)

-A-#.

scalar arithmetic,
series

e t

eAt

is
i+At

defined
by
* A2 t2 +
Z-

3
A3$-+

with
f

Note
erty

. . . . where
dimensions
that
Ae

-At

is

the

identity

matrix

N x N.

we have
- e-At

used
A

the

commutative

(A-4)

prop-

(A-1+), together With the f;rSt Of

prescribes

Calculation

~=e

now

where

blo

0 A -1

assuming
that
cess, and using

i.e.,

The rules of ordinary differentiation apply,

even though
A Is a matrix,
p$ovide$
that
proper
relat~ons
to vectors p and b are mainWe now integrate
the last
result
ta ined.
above:

t
I

-lAV:+;

the

final

solut~or.

of V and A

The only
difficulty
in solving
(A-2)
lies
in
The reader
undoubtedly
determining
V and A.
recognized
Equation
(A-2)
as describing
the
e$gensystem
of A, where
the diagonal
of A
contains
the elgenvalues
of A, while
the socalled
modal
matrix
V has the eigenvectors
of
A for
its columns.
We have used the EISPAK
routines,
as distributed
by Argonne
National
Laboratory,
to compute
V and A.

.
.*,

Table
Comparison
Spaca

Hours

Analytlc
Rise.

Table

of Analytical
with
Dlffarence
Solutions

Pres
ure
?
DSI

Olscrete

Exact
Tlma-Olscreta
to Equation
1

Flnlta
Olffarenca
Solutions
D = .096
D ~ .399
D = .843
(10 nodes)
(80 nodes)
(20 nodas)

The,
HOurS
0 = l.264
(7 nodes)

Tlma

Solutions

O I scretized-T
Psi
c *

c = 147

for

7-Nods

Grid

Ime Sol urlom

C = 1.47
14.7
9s1

(D =

1.264)

Exact
DSI

~sina

Sol ut Ion
Eauation
(7)

0.1

370.18

373.99

376.50

376.88
651.50

345.50

345.66

347.78

355.43

376.88

643.56

647.88

651.07

583.64

583.66

587.88

605.16

65!.50

754.38

757.65

760.72

761.15

.1

679.60

679.60

684.77

708.19

761.15

813.19

815.14

817.19

817.46

742.22

742.22

747.99

771.00

817.48

856.20

857.60

858.93

859.12

789.83

789.83

196.09

8i8.77

859.12

893.42

894.42

895.53

895.68

828.69

828.69

835.37

859.09

895.68

Tabla
Discrete

s =

Time,
Hours

c =

147

Time

Sol utlons

O Iscretl
zad-Time
Dsl
c = 14.7

SoluTlons

for

10 Noda

D I scretl
zad-T [me Sol ut Ions
c * 14.7
oai
psi
e *

Grid

1.47

(D = .843)
Exact
So I ut i on
Uslna
EauaTlon
(7)

!3s1

350.58

353.08

355.13

355.43

600.06

602.34

604.84

605.16

702.90

705.26

707.83

708.19

766.53

768.45

770.70

771.00

814.60

816.53

818.50

818.77

855.11

856.80

858.83

859.09

Tabla
0 I screte

147

Time

for

Table
20

Noda

Gr Id

So I utlons
DSl

1.47

9.1

342.74

345.07

347.45

gsl

(D = .399)

(hmpar

i son of Anal y+ Ical

Space SC I ut Ions

with
Exact
for Several

Exact
Sol ution
Ualna
Eouatlcm
(7)
347.78

5
Time-improved
Grid
Spacings

Finite
Hours
.

Di fference

Anal yt I c Pressure
Rise%psl

0 = .096
(80 nodes)

0 * .399
(20 nodes)

345

0 *
(10

Discrete

Solutlons
.843
nodes)

0 = 1.264
(7 odes)

583.08

585.24

587.56

587.68

345.55

345.92

347.58

348.28

680.30

682.26

684.45

684.77

583.64

583.48

584.87

592.64

6!9.09

743.44

745.36

747.67

747.99

679.60

679.40

J581.30

69 I.1O

715.78

791.26

793.46

795.78

796.09

742.22

742.00

744.24

752.20

768.01

830.71

832.65

835.05

835.37

789.83

789.60

792.12

800.09

809.82

828.69

828.45

831.21

840,81

847.69

.5

.I

50

,
A

A
12CQ.[ +

----L

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x 20 NODES(D: 399 )
+ 10 NCIOESID:8+3 1
A 7 NODES(O: .261

z
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u
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FiG,1- RJWERLW FLUID, CONTINUWSTIFE,DISCI= ESPACE.

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FE, 2- ELACKOILSYSTEW &WINWUSTIPE, DISCRFIES

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fiNFiLYTIC Sg .UTIf3N
x 20 NODES(C)=
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+ 10 WDES[D= .8~3)
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