INTRODUCTION
1.1. NATIONAL TRANSMISSION & DESPATCH COMPANY:
National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC) Limited was incorporated on
6th November, 1998 and commenced commercial operation on 24th December, 1998.
It was organized to take over all the properties, rights and assets obligations and
liabilities of 220 KV and 500KV Grid Stations and Transmission Lines/Network
owned by Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). NTDC
operates and maintains twelve 500 KV and twenty nine 220 KV Grid Stations, 5077
km of 500 KV transmission line and 7359 km of 220 KV transmission line in
Pakistan.
NTDC was granted Transmission License No.TL/01//2002 on 31st December 2002 by
National Electric Power Regularity Authority (NEPRA) to engage in the exclusive
transmission business for a term of thirty (30) years, pursuant to Section 17 of the
Regulation of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Act, 1997.
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
Simplicity of system.
Easy maintenance of different equipments.
Minimizing the outage during maintenance.
Future provision of extension with growth of demand.
Optimizing the selection of bus bar arrangement scheme so that it gives
maximum return from the system.
Some very commonly used bus bar arrangement are discussed below-
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Disadvantages of Single Bus System with Bus Sectionalizer
1) As in the case of single bus system, maintenance of equipment of any bay cannot be
possible without interrupting the feeder or transformer connected to that bay.
2) The use of isolator for bus sectionalizing does not fulfill the purpose. The isolators
have to be operated off circuit and which is not possible without total interruption of
bus bar. So investment for bus-coupler breaker is required.
1) In double bus bar system two identical bus bars are used in such a way that any
outgoing or incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus.
2)Actually every feeder is connected to both of the buses in parallel through
individual isolator as shown in the figure.
By closing any of the isolators one can put the feeder to associated bus. Both of the
buses are energized and total feeders are divided into two groups, one group is fed
from one bus and other from other bus. But any feeder at any time can be transferred
from one bus to other. There is one bus coupler breaker which should be kept close
during bus transfer operation. For transfer operation, one should first close the bus
coupler circuit breaker then close the isolator associated with the bus to where the
feeder would be transferred and then open the isolator associated with the bus from
where feeder is transferred. Lastly after this transfer operation he or she should open
the bus coupler breaker.
Advantages of Double Bus System
Double Bus Bar Arrangement increases the flexibility of system.
Disadvantages of Double Bus System
The arrangement does not permit breaker maintenance with out interruption.
into two groups, one group is fed from one bus and other from other bus similar to
previous case. But any feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus to other.
There is no need of bus coupler as because the operation is done by breakers instead
of isolator. For transfer operation, one should first close the isolators and then the
breaker associated with the bus to where the feeder would be transferred and then he
or she opens the breaker and then isolators
This is combination of the double bus system and main and transfer bus system. In
Double Bus System with Bypass Isolators either bus can act as main bus and second
bus as transfer bus. It permits breaker maintenance without interruption of power
which is not possible in double bus system but it provides all the advantages of double
bus system. It however requires one additional isolator (bypass isolator) for each
feeder circuit and introduces slight complication in system layout. Still this scheme is
best for optimum economy of system and it is best optimum choice for 220KV
system.
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During failure of any feeder breaker, the power is fed through the breaker of the
second feeder and tie breaker, therefore each feeder breaker has to be rated to feed
both the feeders, coupled by tie breaker.
This is an alternative of double bus system. The main conception of Main and Transfer
Bus System is, here every feeder line is directly connected through an isolator to a
second bus called transfer bus. The said isolator in between transfer bus and feeder
line is generally called bypass isolator. The main bus is as usual connected to each
feeder through a bay consists of circuit breaker and associated isolators at both side of
the breaker. There is one bus coupler bay which couples transfer bus and main bus
through a circuit breaker and associated isolators at both sides of the breaker. If
necessary the transfer bus can be energized by main bus power by closing the transfer
bus coupler isolators and then breaker. Then the power in transfer bus can directly be
fed to the feeder line by closing the bypass isolator. If the main circuit breaker
associated with feeder is switched off or isolated from system, the feeder can still be
fed in this way by transferring it to transfer bus.
Switching Operation for Transferring a Feeder to Transfer Bus from Main Bus
without Interruption of Power
(i) First close the isolators at both side of the bus coupler breaker.
(ii) Then close the bypass isolator of the feeder which is to be transferred to transfer
bus.
(iii) Now energized the transfer bus by closing the bus coupler circuit breaker from
remote.
(iv) After bus coupler breaker is closed, now the power from main bus flows to the
feeder line through its main
breaker as well as bus coupler breaker via transfer bus.
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(v) Now if main breaker of the feeder is switched off, total power flow will
instantaneously shift to the bus coupler breaker and hence this breaker will serve the
purpose of protection for the feeder.
(vi) At last the operating personnel open the isolators at both sides of the main circuit
breaker to make it isolated from rest of the live system.
So it can be concluded that in Main & Transfer Bus System the maintenance of circuit
breaker is possible without any interruption of power. Because of this advantage the
scheme is very popular for 33KV and 13KV system.
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CHAPTER 4
One and half breaker bus scheme is also called two lines and three breakers scheme.
This sort of scheme avoids any kind of interruption during the maintenance and during
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the emergency repairs or under any fault condition. Therefore the supply continues
without any disturbance.
Double bus Scheme is used in the 132 KV yard, but interruption in one line due to any
fault condition and maintenance cannot be avoided in this type of scheme.
CHAPTER 5
PROTECTION DEVICES
(RELAYS BREAKERS) &
WAVE TRAP
5.1. CIRCUIT BREAKER: - Electrical Circuit Breaker is a switching device
which can be operated manually as well as automatically for controlling and
protection of electrical power system respectively. As the modern power system deals
with huge currents, the special attention should be given during the designing
of circuit breaker to safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit
breaker.
Circuit breakers can be classified by considering either of the following two media.
Operating Media
Arc Quenching Media
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as
Oil Circuit Breaker
Air Circuit Breaker
SF6 Circuit Breaker
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Oil Circuit Breaker: Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. In oil
circuit breaker the fixed contact and moving contact are immerged inside the
insulating oil. Whenever there is a separation of current carrying contacts in the oil,
the arc is initialized at the moment of separation of contacts, and due to this arc the oil
is vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately creates a
hydrogen bubble around the arc. This highly compressed gas bubble around the arc
prevents re-striking of the arc after current reaches zero crossing of the cycle. The Oil
Circuit Breaker is the one of the oldest type of circuit breakers.
When the current carrying contacts in the oil are separated an arc is established in
between the separated contacts.
Actually, when separation of contacts has just started, distance between the current
contacts is small as a result the voltage gradient between contacts becomes high. This
high voltage gradient between the contacts ionized the oil and consequently initiates
arcing between the contacts. This arc will produce a large amount of heat in
surrounding oil and vaporizes the oil and decomposes the oil in mostly hydrogen and a
small amount of methane, ethylene and acetylene. The hydrogen gas can not remain in
molecular form and its is broken into its atomic form releasing lot of heat. The arc
temperature may reach up to 50000K. Due to this high temperature the gas is liberated
surround the arc very rapidly and forms an excessively fast growing gas bubble
around the arc. It is found that the mixture of gases occupies a volume about one
thousand times that of the oil decomposed. From this figure we can assume how fast
the gas bubble around the arc will grow in size. If this growing gas bubble around the
arc is compressed by any means then rate of de ionization process of ionized
gaseous media in between the contacts will accelerate which rapidly increase the
dielectric strength between the contacts and consequently the arc will be quenched at
zero crossing of the current cycle. This is the basic operation of oil circuit breaker. In
addition to that cooling effect of hydrogen gas surround the arc path also helps, the
quick arc quenching in oil circuit breaker.
Air Circuit Breaker: This type of circuit breakers, is those kind of circuit
breaker which operates in air at atmospheric pressure. After development of oil
breaker, the medium voltage air circuit breaker (ACB) is replaced completely by oil
circuit breaker in different countries. But in countries like France and Italy, ACBs are
still preferable choice up to voltage 15 KV. It is also good choice to avoid the risk of
oil fire, in case of oil circuit breaker. In America ACBs were exclusively used for the
system up to 15 KV until the development of new vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers.
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It may increase the arc voltage by cooling the arc plasma. As the temperature of arc
plasma is decreased, the mobility of the particle in arc plasma is reduced; hence more
voltage gradient is required to maintain the arc.
It may increase the arc voltage by lengthening the arc path. As the length of arc path is
increased, the resistance of the path is increased, and hence to maintain the same arc
current more voltage is required to be applied across the arc path. That means arc
voltage is increased.
Splitting up the arc into a number of series arcs also increases the arc voltage.
Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high
dielectric strength. Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the
unique property of fast recombination after the source energizing the spark is
removed. The gas has also very good heat transfer property. Due to its low gaseous
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viscosity (because of less molecular mobility) SF6 gas can efficiently transfer heat by
convection. So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling effect SF6 gas is
approximately 100 times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to these
unique properties of this gas SF6 Circuit Breaker is used in complete range of medium
voltage and high voltage electrical power system. These circuit breakers are available
for the voltage ranges from 33KV to 800KV and even more.
5.3. RELAYS:
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical
circuit and closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the
circuit breaker trip coil circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for
disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical circuit from rest of the healthy
circuit.
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In addition to these main elements a Buchholz Relay has gas release pockets on top.
The electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded
terminal block.
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When the phase current exceeds the set start currentof the low-set stage I>, the
overcurrent unit starts delivering a start signal after a preset ~60 ms start time. When
the set operate time at definite time operation or the calculated operate time at inverse
time operation elapses, the overcurrent unit operates. In the same way the high-set
stage I>> of the overcurrent unit starts delivering a start signal after a preset ~40 ms
start time, when the set start current is exceeded. When the set operate time elapses,
the overcurrent unit operates. When the earth-fault current exceeds the set start current
of the low-set stage Io>, the earth-fault unit starts delivering a start signal after a
preset ~60 ms start time. When the set operate time at definite time operation or the
calculated operate time at inverse time operation elapses, the earth-fault unit operates.
In the same way the high-set stage Io>> of the earth-fault unit starts delivering a start
signal after a preset ~40 ms start time, when the set start current is exceeded. When
the set operate time elapses, the earth-fault unit operates.
Auto Recloser:
In electric power distribution, a recloser, or autorecloser, is a circuit
breaker equipped with a mechanism that can automatically close the breaker
after it has been opened due to a fault.[1][2] Reclosers are used on overhead
distribution systems to detect and interrupt momentary faults. Since many shortcircuits on overhead lines clear themselves, a recloser improves service
continuity by automatically restoring power to the line after a momentary fault.
Reclosers are predominantly located on the distribution feeder, though as the
continuous and interrupting current ratings increase, they are seen in
substations, where traditionally a circuit breaker would be located. Reclosers
have two basic functions on the distribution system: reliability and overcurrent
protection. Reclosers are frequently applied to increase reliability, mainly due to
three of their benefits: reclosing capability, single phase reclosing, and
automated loop capabilities
we can transmit electrical power and communication at the same time with single
conductor but with different frequencies ,so they can be separated easily by wave trap
at entrance of substation.
Generally electrical power waves have frequency of 50 Hz, and we have telecommunication waves with high frequencies like 150kHz,200kHz etc..,
Wave trap consists of filter circuit (combination of capacitor and inductor) which is
used to allow only power frequency waves to electrical equipment's and trap the telecommunication waves and send them to PLCC panel.
Why wave trap is located at entrance of substation As communication waves are high
frequency (and not power frequency) they will act as harmonics towards electrical
equipment's like transformer, breaker etc...,so in order to protect them we should
connect at entrance so that wave trap will trap the communication waves.
If any fault in any substation, it should intimate to all connected substations to it. each
telephone is connected to only one particular substation only.
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CONCLUSION
The Internship at 500 KV grid station was very informative theoretically as well as
practically as I was able to see the functioning of different electrical equipments.
I had a sound knowledge of the incoming and outgoing Transmission lines from this
grid station to different cities and industrial Sectors.
I became abreast of the Protective devices being installed to undo any heavy damage
to the Yards in case of fault currents and other reasons. Breaker Schemes used
enhanced my knowledge greatly.
So, indeed it was a great experience learning under the supervision of the 500 KV
Grid Station Staff.
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