LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title
Page No.
1.
Classification of heat
2.
Exchangers
Parallel-flow heat
3.
exchanger
Counter-flow heat
4.
exchangers.
Cross-flow heat
5.
exchangers
shell-and-tube heat
6.
exchanger
Double pipe heat
7.
exchanger
Straight Tube Double pipe
10
8.
heat exchanger
Hairpin or U-Tube Double
10
9.
11
in series
Double pipe heat
11
exchanger with
11.
longitudinal fins
Double pipe heat
12
exchanger with
longitudinal fins- Actual
12.
Image
Flow sheet of Parameters
14
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Page No.
1.
15
2.
Configurations
Effectiveness relations of
17
Heat Exchangers
INDEX
Sr. No.
1.
Content
Introduction:
Page No.
1
Heat Exchanger
2.
Classification of Heat
3.
4.
Exchanger
Shell and Tube Exchangers
Double Pipe Heat
8
9
5.
Exchanger
Types of Double Pipe Heat
10
6.
Exchangers
Advantages of Double
12
7.
13
8.
9.
10.
11.
13
14
18
19
12.
13.
Calculations
Conclusion
References
21
22
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Introduction Heat Exchanger is any device used for effecting the process of
heat exchange between two or more fluids that are at different
temperatures. The fluids may be single compounds or mixtures. In most
heat exchangers, the fluids are separated by a heat transfer surface, and
ideally they do not mix. Such exchangers are referred to as the direct
transfer type, Or simply recuperators. In contrast, exchangers in which
there is an intermittent heat exchange between the hot and cold fluids
via thermal energy storage and rejection through the exchanger surface
or matrixare referred to as the
Indirect transfer type or Storage type, or simply regenerators.
Such exchangers usually have leakage and fluid carryover from one
stream to the other.
Double pipe Heat Exchanger consists of a tube or pipe fixed
concentrically inside a larger pipe or tube. They are used when the flow
rates of the fluids and the heat duty are small (less than 500 kW).These
are simple to construction, but may require a lot of physical space to
achieve the desired heat transfer area.
CLASSIFICATION-
C
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t r
u c
t i
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S u r
f a c
e
Cc o
om
p
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tn e s
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F
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B a
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fi c
a t i
o n
Types of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger1) Straight tube heat exchangers- It consists of two coaxial
pipes,is simple to fabricate and relatively easy to clean, maintain or
modify.However, it takes up a lot of space and single units have limited
thermal capacity.Heat exchangers of this types are sometimes made in
house for specific small scale applications,but most double pipe heat
exchangers are purchased from specialist manufacturers who provide a
wide range of designs, including straight tubes,U-tubes and multiple
units.
Advantages of Double Pipe Heat Exchangers1) Simplicity of construction- In applications that requires only a
relatively small heat rating(<1000kW) and where heat transfer
enhancement is not necessary,a double pipe heat exchanger with plain
tubes may be advantageous because of simplicity of construction.
2) Ease of Access for maintenance- The sealing of double-pipe heat
exchangers is achieved by means of flanged joints and sealing rings.
This allows the inner pipes to be disconnected from the shells and
withdrawn for cleaning, an advantages that applies both to plain and
finned tubes.
3) Countercurrent Flow It permits pure countercurrent heat exchange
in which the cold fluid can be heated to a temperature above that of the
hot fluid at exit.This eliminates the restriction of temperature
approach or temperature crossthat applies to concurrent ,or multipass
systems.
4) Feasibility of finned tubes- The double pipe heat exchanger is
particularly suitable for the application of extended surface heat transfer
enhancement in the form of fins.Fins are used when the shell side heat
transfer coefficient is poor.This may occur when the fluid on the shellside is a gas or a high-viscosity liquid.
5) High pressure applications- For a given duty, a series of double pipe
heat exchangers will require much smaller shell diameters(50-200mm)
than the equivalent shell and tube exchanger.Because of this ,the shell
wal thickness is much smaller,and for high pressure applications this
may be a significant factor in determining the cost and even feasibility.
Step 1: Basics
Available Methods: Logarithm Mean Temperature
Difference Method or NTU Method
1)LMTD
Calculate Tln
Q= UA Tln
NTU method
Q= *Qmax
The Design Procedure1) Calculate the log mean driving force, LMTD.
2) Select the diameters of the inner and outer pipes.If the
allowable pressure drops for the individual streams are
given,they may provide a basis for selection of the pipe
diameters.
3) Calculate the inner fluid Reynolds number; estimate the heat
transfer coefficient hi from the Dittus-Boelter equation.
Nu = hidi/k = 0.023(Re)0.8(Pr)0.3
4) Calculate the Reynolds number of the outer fluid flowing
through the annulus.Use the equivalent diameter of the
annulus.Estimate the outside heat transfer coefficient ho using
the equation or the chart mentioned above.
5) Calculate the clean overall heat transfer coefficient; calculate
the design overall coefficient Ud using a suitable value of the
dirt factor.
6) Calculate the heat transfer area A(for a counter flow doublepipe exchanger LMTD correction factor, F=1 Determine the
length of the pipe that will provide the required heat transfer
area.If the length is large use a number of hairpins in series.
7) Calculate the pressure drop of the fluids.Use the Reynolds
number calculated above to determine the friction factor.
fGt2 Ln
Pt
2 g t d i t
where,
f = friction factor
Gt = mass velocity of the fluid
L = length of the tube, m
g =9.8m/s2
pt = density of tube fluid
di= inside diameter of tube
n =the number of tube passes
t = dimensionless viscosity ratio
Pt =pressure drop
t=(viscosity at bulk temperature/viscosity at wall
temperature)^m
where m=0.14 for Re > 2100
Where,
n=the number of tube passes
V=linear velocity of the tube fluid
The total tube-side pressure drop is
PT = Pt +
Pr
2)Shell-side pressure dropFor an unbaffled shell the following equation may be used
Ps
Where,
fGs2 LN
2 g t d i s
L=shell length, m
N=number of the shell passes
ps=shell fluid velocity, m/s
Gs=shell-side mass velocity, kg/m2 s
DH=hydraulic diameter of the shell, m
s=viscosity correction factor for the shell-side fluid
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES