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Institute

http://www.archive.org/details/tombofalexanderdOOclar

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THE

TOMB OF ALEXANDER
DISSERTATI O N
ON THE

SARCOPHAGUS

BROUGHT FROM ALEXANDRIA

AND NOW

TFTE

BRITISH

IN

MUSEUM

BY

EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE

LL.D.

FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE,

CAMBRIDGE
PRINTED BY
FOR

U.
J.

WATTS AT THE UNIVERSITY

MAWMAN

IN

PRESS

THE POULTRY

AND SOLD BY PAYNE MEWS GATE LONDON BY DEIGHTON AND BARRETT CAMBRIDGE
AND HANWELL AND PARKER OXFORD.

1805.

TO

THE RIGHT HONOURABLE

LORD HUTCHINSON
LATE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF HIS MAJESTY

FORCES IN EGYPT

THIS DISSERTATION

IS

INSCRIBED

BY

THE AUTHOR.

CONTENTS.
Page
I.

II.

List of Plates,

mid Explanation of the

Vignette.

Introduction

III.

Testimonies respecting the

IV.

Additional Notes

V.

Appendix
N

Extract from a

Manuscript

Life

of Alexander, found

]Q~

by the Author at Vienna

N" 2.

Remarks on
S.

N"

3.

the

Alexandrian Sarcophagus, by the Reverend

Henley

Natural History of
the

and particularly

4.

1 1

the Substances used by the Antients

Antiquities sent

Pi-ofessor

23

g;

'

Tomb of Alexander

in

from Egypt by Lord Hutchinson,

the

Alexandrian Sarcophagus,

Hailstone

by
]

Account qf the City of Tithorea

4,5

JjJ

VI. Postscript

iGi

LIST OF PLATES.

THE TOMB

I.

by
II.

VIEW

W.

of

ALEXANDER,

TOMB

of the

Mosque of

St.

of

ALEXANDER,

Athanasius, with the

by Medland, from
III.

engraved by Medland, from

a drawing

Alexander.

GROUND PLAN

of

the original
the

from the Ruin of the

it

originally

stood

of worshipping

it;

in

the

engraved

by Denon.

ISIOSQUE of

SOMA;

as

Mode

St.

ATHANASIUS,

constructed

engraved by Medland, from the original

design by Denon.

IV.

PORTRAIT

0/

ALEXANDER THE GREAT,

from a Medal of Lysimachus;

drawn by R. Howard, and engraved by Anker Smith.

V.

VIGNETTE,
1.

page 23, engraved by Anker Smith.

Portrait

of

2.

Medal of Lysimachus,

Alexander, from a Gold

purchased by the Author in the

Isle

of Patmos.

Reverse of the Silver Tetradrachm of Lysimachus, from which

the enlarged Portrait of Alexander

was taken

in the

Fourth

The Medal from which those Drawings were made

was purchased by the Author at Athens.

Plate.

3.

Reverse of the Gold Medal.

N. B. For the Drawing from which

Author

is

this

indebted to the Daughter of

Vignette has been engraved, the

W. Wilkins,

Esq. of Cambridge.

INTRODUCTION.

HE

different inqviiries in the following dissertation

knowledge of a very curious

possibly add something to our

subject.

Some

exercise

may

may

be offered to the ingenuity

of the learned, and some points of- antient history subjected

a more

to

minute investigation.

subject has induced the

he has produced

If a partiality for the

Author

as undeniable,

consider the evidence

to

he wishes

and

with reference to such proofs,

to be understood

to such evidence, as

the nature of the discussion will admit.

The

application

word Tomh may perhaps

given to the

be deemed inconsistent with

its

original

fication in the English language.

and primary

Sarcophagus

signi-

may be

thought rather more accurately defined by the term Coffin

but

this also

receptacle to

is

liable to objection.

which

The

particular kind of

the appellation of a Sarcophagus has

been usually given, was sometimes buried beneath a

of earth, and at others placed, by

itself,

mound

near the public

INTRODUCTION.

6
roads and the

of the anticnts; in which latter case,

cities

The monument here

Sarcophagus, commonly called the

can only be considered as a Tomb.

it

referred to,

like the

is

Tomb of Nero,

at three

the Aemilian Bridge, on the Pia Cassia

form of

to represent the true

the

models of the same kind.

to

because he considered

it

It

is

Artists, anxious

The author has

word Tomb
more

*.

Greek Tomb, have recourse

preferred the use of the

subject.

Rome, near

miles distance from

therefore

in the title of his

work

peculiarly appropriate to the

necessary to mention

this,

as the

same word

will occur in the course of the investigation applied to the

building in

which the

explain this,
that, as the

monument

it

may

Tomb

not be improper to apprize the Reader,

cemetery of the kings of Egypt was originally a

constructed for the reception of Alexander's body,

historians, in speaking of his

name

to the

Tomb, sometimes

Tomb was

mention

found.

this edifice,

When

in the area of Mhich

Strabo

and have been desirous

word ZHMA,

has

he uses the word SXlMA, or

some commentators have considered an

the

give that

Sarcophagus in which the body was inclosed,

and sometimes to the whole building,

the

occasion

It

was erected

as appears from

error in the text,

to substitute a different reading in

or monument.

who

for

the

It is

of no consequence to

name be

Publius Vibius Marianus and his Wife,

by

their Daughter,

preserved in Gruter (Tom.

II.

p. 407.

iiiscTiption

has stated the distance from the city erroneously, in declaring

miles, instead of tlirce.

to

which

bodi/,

the evidence adduced in this work, whether the

To

of Alexander was found.

it

to

N"

6.),

be two

INTRODUCTION.
The Author has

sriMA or SHiMA.

former

named

conceiving

rather

In so doing he

is

was

it

was

erected.

supported by the authority of Sandys,

adopted the reading as he found

calls the building

the

highly probable that the building

it

honour of the body, for which

in

preferred

and therefore

in Strabo,

it

who

Somia.

been somewhat loosely affirmed, that the Egyptians

It has

always buried their dead in an upright posture; which can

neither be reconciled with the appearance of the

tombs of

the kings of Thebes, nor with the evidence afforded by the

piincipal

pyramid

monument

that

similar to the
size

The

at INIempliis.

exhibits

Tomb

at

this

moment

is

now

been

described
It

Kahsh

Cairo,

Denon,

in his description

he

history, but

the

receptacle

and

Maillet,

Niebuhr,

and

in

Lover

the

el

Fountai?i.

in

burial

was consistent with

the remotest

periods

of

its

refers to the particular

Sarcophagus which

of this work,

explain the sort of

subject

which the

sarcophagi," says

''

to Alexandria,

of the Theban tombs, not only

mode of

Egypt

of

customs

forms

by Pococke,

and was called

proves that such a

the

It

once stood near the Old Castle Kallaat

Browne.
in

Museum.

in the British

was brought by the French from Cairo

has

Sarcophagus

Another, of the same

of Alexander.

and the same form,

chamber of

interior

he'',

bodies

to

were

placed.

" appeared insulated

Denon's Voyage en Egypte, Tom.

I.

at the

p. 236.

" The
bottoms

INTRODUCTION.

of

of a single block of granite each, of

the galleries,

all

twelve feet in length, and eight in width, decorated withinside

and

the

same

hieroglyphic w^riting, and the mystic symbols which

cover the

of

lids

and proportionate bulk, shutting with grooves."

materials,

The

and surmounted by

one

at

like that of St. Athanasius

end, squared at the other,

AT Alexandria

rounded

with hieroglyphics;

without

Tomb on

sides,

all

greater than the age of Alexander.

assert that its antiquity

is

In answer to which,

may

it

has moreover led some to

be urged, that the inscription on

the Rosetta Stone, written in the same characters, by the

priests

of Egypt,

during

the

was executed
of

reign

owed

its

cit}'

to

may

also

Tomb

M^as

It

have been preserved,

origin to Alexander.

The author hopes he

digressed too

not be considered as having

shall

much from

description he has

his

chief subject, by the brief

given of the antiquities which mark

He

the site of the antient city of Sais in the Delta.

given

it

as

it

occurs

in

interesting to be M'ithheld

would have been

he had known,

was preparing
made,

date,

later

which the

in

seems always

it

much

Ptolemy Epiphancs.

be remarked, that the very

found, and where

at

it

less

his

Journal

conceiving

from the public.

obtrusive in an

at the time

when

He

inserted

of his

for the press, that such additions

would have been

too

confesses

Appendix

that part

it

has

and

it

if

work

would be

with the account of

the discoverv of the Ruins of Tithorea.

INTRODUCTION.

The

which

opinion

medals of Ljsimachus/

though

opposition;

The

authority.

it

is

may

by

opinion,

Some

observations

on

Alexander will form the

by learned

Goltzius entertained a similar

French

the

the

cited

is

of

translator

and

apotheosis

rest

having the

as

Arrian''.

of this Introduction; because

a prelude to the history of an Egyptian

by

characterized

signs

have

that

language or mythology of Greece,

show

to

Tomb.

no
it

monument,

reference
is

Grecian,

but Egj'ptian

that

of consequence

machus
^

was

homage

him, he was worshipped as an Egyptian

to

The

God.

Tomb

image

his

reverenced after his death; and that, in the various

thus paid

the

to

that the superstition respecting Alexander's

was not

of

portrait

they materially affect the evidence respecting his

As

the

some

meet with

probably

not unsupported

be

celebrated

same

concerning

expressed

and the ingenious Fauvel

notion'^;

apotheosis

typified

on the medals of Lysi-

will then appear further confirmed

by the

collateral

" Nomismata Lysimachi nulla explicatione indigent siquidem: ab una parte

cum arietinis cornubus, multi suspicantur Alexandri esse."

when covered with the lion's skin, he also allows to be that of

caput ejus spectatur

The same

head,

Alexander, although on a medal of Lj'simachus.

videtur esse
ejus regis.

J708.
that

The

" Ultimo verb numnio

opinion gains additional weight, by observing, from the same authoritj-,

Lysimachus was not the only successor of Alexander who expressed

portrait on medals.

Goltzius also affirms (p. 197. ibid.) that

medals of Ptolemj- Ceraunus, as well

as

it

on those of Lysimachus.

UT ET Lysimachi, Alexandrum Mag.num exprimit."

''

potiiis

Alexandri Magni effigies quam Lysimachi, in honorem niagni

Gottzii Opera, de Re Nummaria. Tom. III. pp.194, 195. Antwerp,

Arrien, par Chaussard,

Tom. IV.

p. 180.

...

liis

appears on the

Nummls

ejus,

INTRODUCTION.

fro

evidence

Tomb

of hieroglyphic

nor

Egypt appear

more

monument which
The

the

will

portrait

characters

inscribed

writing

sacred

of

the

upon the
priests

of

than upon a

peculiarly appropriate,

body of the son of Ammon.

inclosed the

of Alexander

sought by the

been

has

moderns among the medals, gems, marbles, and bronzes

of the antients.

In the time of the Romans,

known, Augustus wore

Roman

induced the

superstitions, to

for the

it

as a

signet

emperor, attached as he was to Egyptian

exchange his former symbol of the Sphinx

head of Alexander ?

Augustus to Alexander's

how was

and

Tomb

represented ?

it

visit

Egyptian

worshipped in Alexandria

Ammon;

Ammonian
his

portrait

a deity

and the type of

mox

" In

by

Alexander

the son of the

as

apotheosis,

his

the

horn, appears in almost every instance where

is

represented.

The

Ammon

of Egypt was

which the inhabitants of that country worshipped

under the form of a ram^

*

paid

whither he repaired to

do him homage, as one of the gods of Egypt.

then

well

is

But what

ring^.

This change took place in consequence of a

was

it

The

Greeks, as

diplomatibus, libellisque, et epistolis signandis,

IMAGINE Magni Alexandui."

Suetonius,

edit.

initio

Casaubon.

it

was

their

Sphinge usus est:

lib.ii. c.

50. p. 28.

Paris, 1610.
'

Because he was thus manifested on earth.

He

appeared under the form

him a fountain in the deserts of Libya,

when his army was perishing for want of water. Bacchus erected on the spot
a temple to the God.
There
It was nine days' journey from Alexandria.

of a

ram

to

Bacchus, and shewed

is

a very curious note on the meaning of the word

logy, Vol. III. p. 7.

Ammon

in Jackson's

Chrono-

INTRODUCTION.
custom

in

speaking of the principal deity of any nation,

gave him the

signified

with

of Jupiter.

appellation

with them,

But the

us.

11

what the God Amnion would

idol

by which

human form

sented had not the

Ammon

Jupiter

this deity

as

was

do

repre-

may be shown by

the colossal fragment in the British

Museum, and by

Egyptian

on some of the African

antiquities.

It

is

true that

other

medals, as those of Cyrene, a bearded head with the horns

of a ram has received the appellation of Jupiter

by numismatic

writers^;

but with a

Ammon,

strict attention to all

the circumstances related by antient historians,

we

recognize

on those medals the head of the Indian and Egyptian

Bacchus, the same person that appears on the medals of
Thasiis and of

had,

equally with Alexander,

which
this

Naxus, and who, as the son of

his

lineage

is

title

to

the symbol by

In later ages

expressed.

symbol, together with types denoting other

combined

the same figure.

in

Ammon,
we

find

divinities,

The Roman polytheism

admitted, according to Varro, not less than three hundred

persons under the

name of

Jupiter; and in the confusion

with which they blended together

mythology,

it

was not unusual

comprised under one form.

or the Capitohne

The

all

the parts of antient

to find

many of them

statues of the

Jove were sometimes

Olympian

decorated

with

the symbols of Ammon, of Osiris, and of Belus.

See Eckhel. Doct.

Num.

Vet. &c.

Combe on

Hunter's Medals, p. 122, &c.

INTRODUCTION.

12

Alexander's portrait thus offering a typical representation

of the Son of

Ammon, was

expressed on medals in perfect

agreement with the numismatic customs of the Macedonian

Human

kings.

the

to

prior

heads had never appeared on their medals

some

either the representation of

by which

the various symbols

The

deified

and

his effigy

or one of

were expressed.

divinities

worn,

Catholic countries the inha-

in

as

now wear

the images of their

and

of Augustus';

time

Chrysostom''

inveighs
But Le

See Opin. de Fauvel, Tom. IV. p. 180, de I'Arrien par Chaus,sard.

History has proved that this custom prevailed

saints.

the

in

tutelar deity,

contain,

Alexander was the tutelar god of his successors

bitants of particular cities

patron

They

of Alexander*^,

deification

Blond, ibid. p. 154, mentions the heads of Syracusan kings, as seen on medals
prior to the time of Alexander.

Suetonius Casaubon. p. 28.

'

T/ av TK
'AXE^av^goif

tSj

t^n-i'Jas

Eton.

iVcCy

'X"?

xa*

xE^etXaiV

^iia, ffrav^lv Ktci

a-unri^iat

1612.

1.

1.

i'7ra}da.Tg

Tciiv

lov MaxEoovoj TaPf

UTvi ^01,

vifAuv^

TTEj*

EkTTQ*

>

wocrJ

'^oT^

Bciifccrov

Chrysostonii

" Quid vero

XE^^/Ascwy^

flTE^iaWToij

^^^

oea-TForiKOVf

diceret aliquis

tl^

de

jofAicr^ara

^cc\v.ci

Aural at

eT^w.'oej

"EXXijvo; ffaciT^iu^ fiKoist

Tom. VI.

Opera,

xa*

ve^tSefffjiOvitTuy

p. 610.

edit.

Toi

Savil.

qui carminibus et ligatiiris

his,

utunlur, et de tiicumligantibus area Alexandri Macedonis nuraismata capiti vcl

pedibus?

Die mihi, hae ne sunt

mortem dominicam,
Ducsi,

The

interpretation

the

be

allows to

here used.

alteration

volume; and a reference

to the

an historical

fact,

THE Gods BY the Roman

in

Parisiensi

ut,

crucem

post

habeasf"

et

Interpret.

cum

all
is

aurea

instead

the manuscripts,

corrected

at

the

of

is

aerea.

authority

end

of

the

note on the words " aurea Alexandri" leads to

inquiry

than

verbal

criticism

as

it

Alexander was admitted among the number of

" Scripserat interpres ocrea, vel anea; taiiien
senate.

that

Grom. aurea, dicuntur:

coUatus hie locus

in

The reading

information of more consequence to this

afl()rds

salutis

of Ducaus has the word

The word XAAKA, which he

for

nostrje,

imagine spein

1621.

edit. Paris.

Latin

expectationes

in gentilis regis

illo

Horn. xxvi.

omnes codd. habent

in 2

;i(;aMa.

Ca'teruin

ad Cor. p. 928. declarat nou de

INTRODUCTION.
which prevailed

against the practice,

13

making

in his time, of

the bronze medals of Alexander a superstitious appendage

head and the

to the

Antioch for placing

hope of salvation

their

The same author

of an infidel king.

Roman

reproaching the inhabitants of

feet;

image

in the

that the

relates',

Senate reckoned Alexander their thirteenth god, as

will further appear in the course of the

His com-

work.

mentator, doubting the truth of this circumstance'", seems

not aware that Clemens Alexandrinus

same

above two centuries before".

fact

Roman

the

and of

citizens,

the portrait of Alexander,

which

accounts

which

ullo alio

Imperatore

Romano relatum

Ducaei

Chrysostomurn,

in

?""

'X*^/^'*

antient

this

wearing

in

Of

the

all

superstition,

that

of the Macrian family

portrait,

is

as

Macedonum rege, quern

agi, quam de
numerum deorum narrat." Nota; Frontonis
The same authority admits the insertion of

illic

in

p. 60.

Greek

^^^

'f

emperors,

They had Alexander's

".

A SENATU

The custom of

thus explained.

is

describe

the most remarkable

'X?''

their

Trebellius Pollio records

Alexandio

had recorded the

and

text,

habeas

for

habeamus

the

in

Latin

interpretation.

Chrysostom.

in Epist.

2 ad Cor.

Hum.

xxvi.

Tom.X.

" " Quod autem a Senatu Romano lertius-decimus

Chrysostomus,
"

" These

enough

non constare videtur."

certe

Montfaucon.

ci'iTo^tovv

declaratus

detis

men

into deities

whom

who reckoned

ts Bjtt;?w ij^syle

sx^of.

'

ut

ait

" who were daring

as their

Babylon exhibited a corpse."

TPISKAIAEKATON

TETcAfiwairi,

sit,

Ibid.

are they," exclaimed the indignant patriarch,

to convert

Alexander the Macedonian,

eEON,

p. 624-. edit.

1732.

Paris.

Ahi^aM^^ot

Tov

thirteenth God
OI'S'e

MaKilma,

yu^

di^^iirovi;

mtty^a^ayrti

Clement. Alexandrin. Cohort, ad Gent. p. 77.

edit.

Oxon. 1715.
"

in

" Alexandrum
reticulis,

et

Magnum Macedonem

dextrocheriis,

et

in annulis,

viri

in

et in

auro

et

argento,

mulieres

omni ornamentorutn genere.

INTRODUCTION.

14

and upon

clothes,

whether of
says he,

upon

their ears,

in

a talisman,

upon

of external

every article

their persons or

hands,

their

their

ornament,

"The men,"

their palaces.

" had Alexander

speaking of that family,

Great, the Macedonian, wrought in gold and in silver

women

on

in net-work,

the
the

and

their bracelets, their rings,

in

kind of ornaments; so that the garments, embroidery,

all

and matron

vests of the family, exhibit, at this day, the

image of Alexander,

who

an

ordered to be

carried

exsculptum semper habuerunt

hodieque

minute figures

round to

in

templo Herculis daret,

Alexandri haberet, et
minutulis,

in circuitu

Alexandri effigiem

Quod

which he

who were

pateram

omnem

deliciis

eadem

in

eUctrinam,

" Who gave a

p. 1090.

quje in

virum,

edit. Hist.

were placed, round the

altars,

medio vultum

fcrri

ad omjies

tanti

family, that the whole

ceremony was

gold

Tom. n.

to

one-fifth

p. 619. 1.7.

is

to say, a lectisternium,

spread, on which their images

As

this feast took place

edit.

in

in

honour of Alexander.

Pliny describes eleclrum as a mixed metal,

electrinal patera ."]

was united

Trebell.

apud H. Steph. 1568.

Script,

covered with dishes.

it is

" An

illius

very probable, from the account given of the Macriau

the temple of Hercules,

Rom.

when couches were

quum

idcirco posui, quia dicuntur juvari in omni acvu

supper in the temple of Hercules."^ That

or feast offered to the Gods

mon-

variantibus

familia

sue QUI Alexandrum expressum vel auro cestitant vel argento."

Pollio, Quiet, xiii.

his

historiam contineret signis brevibus et

quam quidem circum

pontifici propinare;

cupidissimos jussit.

those

all

eousque ut tunicae at limbi et penulae matronalei

quae

sint

in

by a represen-

encircled

Vidimus proxime Cornelium Macrum

ccenam

viri

portrait,

whole history

tation of his

in the middle of

elect rinal patera'',

which was Alexander's

streiit.

fa-

gave a supper'' in the temple of Hercules, present

to the high-priest

in familia ejus

have

Macer, a member of the same

lately beheld Cornelius

mily,

We

with various elegancies.

part

of

its

weight of

Harduin. Paris, 1723.

silver.

Plin.

in

which

Hist.

Nat.

INTRODUCTIOir.
warmest

votaries.

15

have mentioned

because they

this,

ARE SAID TO BE BENEFITED IN ALL THEIR ACTIONS

WHO

WEAR THE PORTRAIT OF ALEXANDER EXPRESSED

GOLD

IN

OR SILVER."

The symbol of

the

could only be applied

Ephippus of Olynthus, as cited by Athenaeus%

to Alexander.
relates

Ammonian horn

the

of

fact

having assumed

his

Ammon

horns of Jupiter

during his

a customary part of his dress

life;

the

purple and

wearing them as

and Clemens Alexandrinus

has a passage more applicable to their appearance on the

works of

artists^

The head

any other

on a

name AAEHANAPOT, and without

medal, with his

silver

so characterized appears

Eckhel places

inscription.

struck after his death'.

It

it

among

the medals

extraordinary that such a

is

representation should have passed for the portrait of Lysi-

machus;
to

for the age of that

monarch,

after

he succeeded

a throne in the partition of the Macedonian empire,

neither corresponded

with the youthful countenance

splayed upon his medals, nor with the symbol

T>ivi

scribit

Tou' Ajt.fim<i; ffof^t/^iJa, xai

Alexandrum

TrEjitr;^!?^?!

xa)

EPokAeto

lib. xii. p.
ct

xat

xaQawe^

sacras etiam vestes in conviviis gestasse,

monis purpuieam, per anibitum divisam,

Deipnosoph.

KEPATA,

et

di-

by which

5 fijof,

" EphippUS

nunc quidem

cobnua, tanquam Deum."

Am-

Athenaei

537. edit. Casaubon.

AKi%a,ti^o;

'

tio; sivai ^axiTvy

AfAfiuyoi;

nPOS TON ArAAMATOnOinN,

TO

xaXov

m^^mw

xai

XEgao-^ogo; avawAaTTecflaJ

igjio-a.

cmviut

xtgart.

" Voluit autem Alexander filius videri Ammonis, et cornutus i statuariis effingi,
humanam formam turpi cornu dedecoians."
Clement. Alexandrin. Cohort, ad
Gent. p. 48.
'

Doct.

edit.

Num.

Oxon.

Vet. Pars

I.

Vol.

II.

p.

10.

edit.

Vindobon. 1794.

INTRODUCTION.

16
it

Consistently with the usual practice, his

dignified.

is

appears on the reverse, with the figure of

superscription

Minerva; and on the

front,

the head of the

the protecting deity of the Macedonians,

countenance

Ammon.

is

The

Lysimachus

is

by the

ascertained

new

whose well-known

attribute

of his father

policy of such a measure on the part of

very evident

for as historians

have related

that Ptolemy,

by the possession of Alexander's body,

to his service

many of

that his

money

pulous exactness on the

And

it

",

allured

the troops, Lysimachus was careful

image should be seen expressed

his soldiers.

god,

the most scru-

\s'iih

destined for the

may be remarked,

payment of

that the countenance

so delineated agrees with the age of Alexander at the time

of his death, which took place in his thirty-third year.

But

in

proving the medals of Lysimachus to contain

a portrait of Alexander,
that

would not

the author

no other medals exhibit the same

insinuate

features.

It

can

hardly be doubted that those of his successors, representing

and

a head covered with the lion's skin,

features are sometimes exactly the

medals

of Lysimachus,

same

to

the

described by Cointreau"^, and engraved

Diodor. Sic.

lib. xviii.

c.

those on the

portrait.

The

though the medal

by Chaussard", may,

23.

* Hisfoire abregee du Cabinet des Medailles

Rationale, par

which the

medal here engraved,

from the superior beauty of the work

"

as

present also his

preference has been given

in

A. L. Cointreau.

Paris.

See Chaussard's Arrieti, Tom. IV.

et

Antiques de

Pougens. Au. 9. de
PI. 8.

Fig. 8.

la

la

Bibliotlieqiie

Republicjue.

IKTRODUCTION.

1/

with the utmost confidence, be considered as giving

This

portrait of Alexander.
in bronze,

in

one of the

dressed

as

cities

of Asia Minor founded by

young Hercules,

AAEHANAPOS KTICT AnoAAXiNiAT.

is

Ammon, and

the

as

of

result

considered sufficient to decide the question.

was

also

Le Blond,

the opinion of

various

the

It

more-

is

the

in

the JMemoirs of the National

which Chaussard included

was

that

undoubtedly

Le Blond,

observation of

Dissertation extracted from

Institute,

his

and which will probably be

evidence he had collected,

over confirmed by an

lion's

this inscription,

which appears on the medals of Apollonia^,

opinion

the

of Alexander,'' by considering

the Portrait

This

represents

Chaussard concludes

the head represented with the horn of

authentic.

it

with

he often assumed y, with

spoils, a character

" Monuments of

have been struck

name of Apollonia

Alexander, bearing the

Alexander

last is said to

tlie

in that evidence*.

It

that the portrait of Alexander

designed in those medals M^hich exhibit the head

of a young

man

covered with a lion's skin

and which, by

representing Alexander in the character of Hercules, had

occasioned the former to be mistaken for the latter

f

Athenaei Deipnosoph.

Arrien par Chaussard, Tom. IV.

"

" Ce qui n'empeche pas que

lions d'or et d'argent

prince."
''

It is

lib. xii.

p. 537. edit.
p. 182.

la tete,

de Lysimaque,

ne

The

Casaubon.

Conclusion.

omee de comes dc
soit

'.

regarde

belter sur les

comme

le portrait

medalde ce

Arrien par Chaussard, Tom. IV. p. 153.

no obji^ction

of Philippi,

to tliis

and other

death of Alexander.

It

opinion that the same head appears on the medals

cities.

They were

evidently strLick

appeared also on the

medals of

posterior

his s\iccessor,

to

the

Philip

INTRODUCTION.

18

with which

ingenuity

opinion

this

The

seen by a recourse to his work*^.

only will be translated,

the

present

as

any intention

If Alexander had

be

follov\ing passage

appears of consequence to

it

"But why

inquiry'':

may

supported

is

suppose

it

to represent

Hercules?

the head of

a deity, would he not rather have chosen that of Minerva,

which appears on
that

his gold

medals

And

if it is

supposed

he would have given the preference to a

divinit}-,

whom

from

he pretended to derive his origin, ivoidd

have been Jupiter Aitimon, since he caused himself, on

tiot

that account,
INIight

represented with the horns of a

to he

he not have chosen Bacchus, from

why

should not Alexander,

be painted by Apelles as
be

to

Jupiter

represented

Ammon,

in

choose

some of the bronze medals,

Caracalla,

cites

AridiEus.

of

features

his

Eckhel^ believed

struck in

the

time of

on which a head appears covered by a

skin, present the

he

some

upon

medals with an attribute of Hercules ?"

that

caused himself

with the attributes of

appear

to

god P

thundering Jupiter, and

the

statues

his

who

own

his

person, since he thought proper to be considered as a

In short,

ram

his propensity

Nay, would he not have offered

to liber pater P

to

it

of Alexander

lion's

and the passage

from Constantine Porphi/rogennetes further proves

Aiidoleon king of Pa;onia, Arisbas king of Epirus, Lysimachus king

of Macedon,

Selcucus

I.

and Antiochiis

medals by a head with the

I.

kings of Syria,

distinguished

their

lion's spoils.

'

Arrien par Chaussard, Tom. IV. p. \3\.

Doctrina

Numorum Veterum,

Pars

I.

Vol.

II.

p. 9t'.

Ibid. p. 163.
edit.

Vindobon. 179

(.

INTRODUCTION.
that Alexandei-

was

IC)

on more

so represented

antient coins.

That emperor, speaking of the Macedonian

" Instead of

diadem, croiun, and

the

above every precious stone:

they

head;

and

icith

and

as an ornament,

such an image, bear

testimony."'

and

In addition to these remarks,

medals

the

that

lion's

which the very medals of the

to

Macedonian Alexander, adorned

ample

and

says',

regal purple,

decorated themselves with the skin of a

they considered this as a crown,

kings,

Lvsimachus

of

maj be mentioned

Alexander,

a further proof

as

present

portrait

of

the exact similitude which

often appears between the features so expressed, and those

are accompanied

which

some

instances in

by the

which the

large silver medals of Alexander

and those of Lysimachus so

that

it

There are

skin.

lion's

resemble each other,

clearly

impossible to admit a doubt of their having had

is

common

archetype

Macedonian coins
Lysimachus

is

to

and

Roman

the likeness of the

some of the

those under

of

best

too striking to be unperceived.

Carlo Fea, doubting the authenticity of the portraits of

Alexander described by Winkelmann, mentions a marble

Aio xat a>7* retmsc;^ xat ijTe'^^aTo^, Kat
AiofTog IxvTov; Tatviovff'tt
IJLa,^TVt;

redimiunt

magis,
rei fide

quam

rov MxKi^'jvo^ *AA;|^av^^ot',

et corona,

et

pretiosis lapillis
est

et

Tw

et

oi^txy^ri ir,^

xsct

vTrtp

leoniiii

nummus Alexandri Macedonis,

lib.

ii.

capitis

ornatum, esse censent

unionibus se decorari piitant.

Porphyrog. de Tiiemat.

y.':^a.7.rii;

TravTa X(6op.

tliema

ejusiiiodi
ii.

roty.xt

TbictuTn eixovj )ta^^6;n'ic[oftEvoy.

purpura regia,

atque hoc gestamen coronam,

dignus

Constantin.
1617.

rediniiculo,

"rrop^v^ctg ^ao-t^ixri?,

crTe'/A^a Tot/To x.at xoc/aov Tiyovvrai,

a^toTTiiTToj at/To to iiojjiHT^a,

" Ideoque pro

se

>ca*

Ac

exuvio

testis

eoque
hujus

figura iosignitus."

pp. S5, 86. edit. Elzevir.

INTRODUCTION.

20

Rome,

bust, found at Tivoli, near

to

which, on the authority

of Mengs, he gives the preference s.

Greek

aaehanapds cpiAinnnr make

inscription,

coeval with

in characters

has the following

It

time of Alexander,

the

authority cited by Carlo Fea be unquestionable*'

the

if

which may

admit dispute, as Montfaucon has proved that the circular

Omicron was anterior

we

in this figure

But since

to the character here used'.

recognize none of those

historians have characterized

by which

traits

the portrait of Alexander,

it

will be admitted, either that the artist failed in his inten-

And

of some other person.

that

name has been

or that Alexander's

tion,

it

applied to a bust

the latter occurs so frequently,

Le Blond

most probable conjecture.

offers the

did

not consider the Tivoli marble as a genuine portrait of

Alexander''.

It is

most

likely that

the portraits

we

have

of him were executed after his death, from some of the

few

he

originals

supported by the authority of Eckhel

See Note

(')

PI. 8. edit. Paris.

Chron.

Winkelmann's

An.

2.

et Ciit. Hist.

de

In.5cription

llisloire

'.

is

very remarkable
Tom.

II.

p. 305.

and

62. p. 131.

101-. p.

220.

de I'Art, &c.

Republique.

la

&c. Pars

Montfaucon. Paleographia,

'

an

to

This opinion

be made.

to

sufl'ered

I.

Tom.

p. 336.

I.

in

Proleg.

I.

proof of which

coeval with the Peloponncsian

war,

see pp. 134,

erected

135,

450 years

for

before

birth of Christ.
The square Omicron, it is true, appears upon medals of
Amyntas; which numismatists have believed to belong to Aniyntas the First,
king of Maccdon; because the characters on the medals of Amyntas the Second

the

have a
''

'

diHi-reiit

Ibid.

p. 131.

Opin. de Le Blond, Tom. IV. p. 160, de I'Arricn par Chaussard.

" Potius tenendum videtur, non exstarc certum Alexandri numum

insignem, qui
Vol.

form.

II.

p. 97.

illius

adhuc

vivi a.'tule signatus sit."

Doctrina

Num.

ejus effigie

Vet.

Pars

I.

INTRODUCTION.
was

edict

the

by Alexander,

issued

granting only to Apelles

him, to Lysippus that of re-

of painting

privilege

21

presenting him in bronze statues, and to Pyrgo teles that

of engraving his

by

placed,

forum

his order,

Rome

at

and was

most conspicuous part of the

in the

Apuleius" attributes to this circumstance

"".

which

the high degree of perfection by

of him

tations

those por-

Apelles, existed in the time of Augustus;

by

traits,

One of

upon gems.

iniaige

characterized

are

all

the represen-

for the artists, fearful

laboured, with

of exciting the displeasure of Alexander,

the most scrupulous exactness, to preserve the resemblance

which had once been sanctioned by

aU

to

their portraits

loftiness

his approbation

giving

" the same martial vigour, the same

of soul, the same freshness of youth,

the

same

gracefulness of countenance."

In every inquiry of

this nature,

the intention of the

it is

author to conclude his observ'ations where his Testimonies

end
""

"

obtruding no opinion of his own, unless supported

Plin. Hist. Nat.

The

passage

quis

too interesting to be omitted.

regis

earn Polt/cleCus

suain,

are duceret.

solus

Prattr hos

cum quam
ut

et toreumatis

EADEM FORMA

in

" Sed

ato certior
:

in

posteris

deliniaret,

multo nobilissimos

imaginum summus

Eo
esset:

from

proderetur,

igitur

ne

quin ipse solus

solus

Pyrgoteles

in suis artificiis,

imagini regis manus admolitus,

sacrilegum vindicaturus.

ubicjue

differs

primis Alexandri

sed edixit universe orbi suo,

ApelUs coloribus

treis

reperiretur alius saiictissimi

Alexander

That author only

of Lysippus.

temere assimularet, are, colore, calamine

calamine excuderet.

in

instead

multis artificibus vulgo coiitaminari

effigiem

uspiam

c. 10.

quod imas,inem

prfficlarum,

noluit a

xxxv.

naming PolycUtes

Pliny in
illud

is

lib.

omnium metu

si

quis

baud secus
factum, solus

utique omnibus statuis et tabellis

idem vigor aceurimi bellatoris, idem ingenium maximi honoris,

VIRIDIS JUVE.NT.E,

Apuleii Flondoru:n,

lib.

i.

p. 8.

EAUI.M

GRATIA RELICIN^E FRONTIS CERNERETUR."

edit. ap. S.

a Porta, Lugd. 1.587.

INTRODUCTION.

22

by

title it

to

pretensions of an antient

the

establish

the

respect

Tomb

the

of

the circumstances are collected which appear

Alexander,
to

With

evidence.

historical

has obtained

and

this

duty

monument

fulfilled,

it

to

remains

with the Public to pronounce that judgement which they

"

alone have a right to give.

holy

says

relics,"

The

an historian", speaking of another

gular fragment of antiquity, "

able

produce

to

alledged

upon

be disputed,
to the

"

such

rejoice if they

a chain of evidence as

this occasion."

if tradition,

would

sin-

were

may be

Yet even that evidence may

supported by histor}% be inadequate

end proposed.

Gibbon.

Note

guardians of the most

Decline

and

(<).

Jesus College, Cambridge,

June 20, 1804.

Fall

of

the

Roman Empire,

Vol.

II.

Chap. 17.

V,A.

OAHEF

From

III

1/..

4. .)fc:,^.
^^rny
^-

.si^^'(l

;>

MI.U.

z.^.

/:

0EOX

l<'lr:i(h-.-H'hiii

jjox.session

l!i-

'0

(!'

the

of

Author

4,.-/^'

/^;-

'<^.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

X HE
last

Gentlemen of the British Museum,

have

year,

been amused

during the

by various

perplexed

or

They

discussions respecting the Alexandrian Sarcophagus.

have w^itnessed the curiosity which

has

They

excited.

time after

its

also

w^ill

present appellation

its

recollect,

with the other Egyptian

arrival

no information was given respecting

what

than

inquiry had

tration

the

its

capture

antiquities,

history further

nor had

the

subject

received

by a knowledge of the motives which

French army

use such efibrts

privation

No

at Alexandria.

been made respecting the origin of any of

monuments

those

to

related

its

some

for

that,

and

actual famine,

in

to

take

possession

retaining them,

defeat,

and

during

of them,

as,

the

in

induced

and

to

moments of

pressure

protracted the capitulation, by

illus-

of

which

an
their

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

24

single

exception

being

in

to

of the stone

itself.

exertions

all

their

to

conceal
failed

was

a literary view,

in

But with regard

place

to

they

effect,

when

them beyond the

They were

avoided making

Museum, and

portant

monuments of Egyptian
of

as trophies

its

impervious

legends,

considered

the

their

history

is

of the

court

but unim-

glorious to the nation

whose dark and mystic

modern

to

know^n

curious

as

art,

but

valour,

or

This of course

placed in the open

British

reach,

of the English army

which

involved.

im-

its

to the others,

obscurity in

the

its

sight

them''.

to

of

by a

knowledge they had obtained of

contributed

afford a

secret

disclosed

them from the view,

of

The

observation.

this

may

Rosetta Stone

hands having already escaped %

their

portance,

had

The

were to end.

sufferings

inquiry,

excited

despair

rather than hope of explanation.

If these were the

circumstances under which they at

arrived in England, the case

first

Egypt,

were not

of oppression was no
account of

inhabitants

remain

to

likely

of their enemies' secrets,

depositaries

different

of

and insulted by every violation of justice

afflicted

and humanity,

An

The

country whence they came.

in the

'

was somewhat

it

appeared

The

more.

the Courkr dc

in

when

the

patient

their

power

anxiety betrayed to

I'E'^yple,

printed

at

Cairo,

soon after the stone was discovered.

>

who

remarkable instance of

doubtless

antiquities

this

had his reawns

which

fell

appears

tor

in

tlic

the reserve

into our hands.

account Denon has published,

he has shown

respecting

the

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

from

prevent those antiquities

acquainted with their nature,

were

they

when

had

they

painful labours

They

to excite.

likely

our hands had

falling into

They were moreover

not escaped their notice.

instances

25

and the

endured

either

interest

mind

to

called

many

in

or

witnessed,

compelled to work as slaves at their removal.

or

traditionary

them

either familiar to
to

an

period

early

as natives, or

them by

displayed

their

were employed

other

At

by the former %

of the antiquities of
of

objects

Egypt by the

of

as related

the exaniination

in

Among

Alexandria.

had been ostentatiously

invasion

Denon and Dolomieux,

French,

^^'as

tyrannical task-masters.

the

after

The

concerning them

evidence

historical

the

a small

curiosity,

temple, containing, according to the account given by the

Arabs

OF the city,
St.

the tomb of

at this hour,

was shewn

Athanasius.

The

gratification

was heightened by the

metans alone had

Leo

inclosure.

Afi'icanus

Voyage en Egypte, Tom.

The mode of
make

Dictionaries

its

Sale writes

They

are

Alexander.
the

it

all

name

makes

in his Translation

enter

is

it

others Scander.

which

Iscander,

of the Koran.

The Arabs considering Al

name becomes Exandir, and,

.\le.\andviae Descript.

p.

in

is

this

it

Mahosacred

Tomb

II,

an

as

article,

omit

of the Oriental

Richaiuson {Dic-

also the

See Vol.

their pronunciation,

317) wv'iits

Tom.

the

Some

frequently varied.

attempts to imitate the Arabic pronunciation

<Bibll<)thcque Orientale,

hitherto

had given a history of

orthography Secander;

tionary, Vol.11, p. 1032)

to

viewing

in

p. 32.

I.

writing this

that

permitted

mosque of

the

in

afforded

recollection

been

them

to

the founder

Iscander'',

II.

manner
p. 121-.

the same

of
it

p. 677. edit. Elzevir.

which
(f).

word,

on which account

Escander.

D'llerbelot

h Escander, and Mender.

lib. riii.

in

Note

163:?.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

26

subsequent to the conquest of Alexandria by the Saracens

and our countryman Sandys

concerning

above a century before the

it

We

French.

had noticed

"^

the

tradition

of the

arrival

cannot therefore suppose the chosen sages

of the Republic were unacquainted with those authors;

and

were

it

presume the

injustice to

The astonishment

their inquiry.

wonderful Sarcophagus,
contemplation,

its

Denon has given of

their visit

His words,

subject.

much engaged

so

their

common

his

to

till

moment

the

derate

country

shall

is

which

a meaning beyond

resers^ed,

doubtless,

for

the

Enough has been

said

to

convince

and the

may

be

reserved

arrives,

expectations,

it

no longer a theme of triumph

is

importance

its

But

hieroglyphics

the

like

acceptation;

coimtrymen.

them of

Tomb.

the

to

his attention, contain

The Tomb

initiated.

by

called forth

what caution he has touched upon

curious to observe with

the

feelings

this

marked by the account

strongly

are

by a view of

excited

and the

had escaped

tradition

rest

when, according

the invasion

have restored

the

and

to

their

conquest

precious

relic

mo-

of this
to

their

hands.

Let us open his colossal volumes, and extract the account

given by

him of

the Sarcophagus s.

" Near these baths

is

one of the principal mosques,

merly a primitive church, under the name of

Sandys* Travels, p. 112.

See Tom.

I.

p. 32.

edit.

Lond. 1632.

St.

for-

Athanasius.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

This

ruinous as

edifice,

may

magnificent,'

2^

'

afford an idea

of the negligence of the Turks respecting objects of which

Before our arrival they suf-

they are the most jealous.

fered

no Christian

approach, and chose to keep a guard

to

there rather than to

which we found them, they could

upon

In the

repair the gates.

state in

move

neither close nor

their hinges.

" In the middle of the court of that mosque, a small

octagon temple'' incloses a cistern of Egyptian breccia of

incomparable beauty, both on account of

its

and

nature,

of the innumerable hieroglyphic figures with which

it

This monument, which

covered within and without.

a sarcophagus of antient Egypt, will

without doubt,

is
is,

he,

It

would

have required a month to have designed them in

detail.

perhaps, illustrated by volumes of dissertations.

had only time

may

draught
add,

that

be seen (Plate

may

it

take the general form,

to

g.

No.

3.);

of which the

and

ought to

be considered as one of the most precious

morsels of antiquity, and one of the chief spoils of Egypt,

with which

*'

So

in

it

Leo Africanus, Turn.

prEetermiltendum

we

might be wished

videtur,

in

II.

lib. viii.

medio

could enrich

p. 677. edit. Elzevir. 1632.

Alexandriae

ruderum,

" Neque

aedicvlam instar

SACELLi coNSTRVCTAM adhuc supere.=se, insigni sei'ulchro," &c.

A litile

one

And

afterwards

in

Sandys, "

to

be moie strikingly exemplified by the coincidence of writers, of diiferent

countries,

visiting the

Chappell; within,

same

object,

at

account of

it

to

tliis.'

him.

It

It is

impossible for identity

And
Tomb of Alexander.

different periods.

and i-andys both mention as the reputed

be ignorant of

Tombe."

matters not if he were,

the inhabitants

this

tomb Leo

Could Denon
gave the same

28

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

ot

our museums.

by

dolomieux,

My

was participated

enthusiasm

when we together

discovered this

precious monument'."

What were
sanctity

consequences of

the

of the temple was

and

vaunted toleration,
opinions

whose

of a people

themselves to protect,

the

regard

St.

Athanasius was

and the Sarcophagus,

the tomb of the founder of THEIR

away amidst

the

condemned

augment the

to

museums of

which

was bornc

After

Paris.

wor-

the people, and

the

removal, the most cautious

its

from observation.

it

and labour,

difficulty

among

its

collection of plunder in

measures were used to conceal

prodigious

CITY*',

howling and lamentation of

shippers, exciting even insurrection

they had

placed

With
it

in

hold of a crazy vessel in the harbour, which, being

the

converted into an hospital,

and

examination,

In this passage

(Knsiblc to render

it

The

have endeavoured

into English;

adoration paid to

Work.)

Tomb.

is

it,

respects

was not

likely

to

as literally as

it is

attention.

to translate the

French

preferring the introduction of Gallicisms, rather

than deviations from the original text

description,

might on that account escape

other

in

become an -object of

religious

found the inhabitants of Alexandria venerating as

they

'

the

for

sanctuaries they had pledged

mosque of

invaded by French troops;

In spite of their

violated.

affected

The

discovery?

this

for

the sake of elegance.

though cautiously unnoticed by Denon

in his

written

nevertheless represented in his Plate. (See the second Plate of this

Five devotees are there introduced in the very act of worshipping the

Was

this difference

it

the author's inadvertency, or regard for his drawing, that caused

between the description

aiul

the engraving

k^^r
N"^^

^^
^ .^^
X
N
^

V
r
^

^:v.

i
V

Jv

'

'^

H'

X ^.^
V

N
.;.

>

~^X

5
^
;^

s
|;

?N

<

^^
^' ^-'
^\\ >^
<^

,C^^

W?^

^.

^4^
X
\

XX
~

THE TOMB OF Ai-EXANDEU.

Other

awaited

vicissitudes

army came

British

this

give

Conqueror the

remarkable monument.

and

liberty

to

the

Tomb

of

the

world ever knew devolved,

by

to

lite

and the

oppressed inhabitants of Egypt;

greatest

29

Had

right of conquest, to their victorious arms.

conveyed
silence

which

of France,

metropolis

the

to

now

is

so

cautiously

Europe would have been

it,

told,

been

it

of the

instead

respecting

obser\^ed

an hieroglyphic

that

inscription having recorded the actions of a Ptolemy', the

Sarcophagus,

Alexandrian

also relate the expeditions,

of Alexander.

the

in

and the

the conquests,

would

temple

prodigious

of Paris

erected in the midst

same language,

where,

to

Tomb

that had once inclosed the

would have been reserved

It

remains

now

means by which
their hands,
in Chief;

and,

'

Tomb

Inscription on

tiie

mimic.

it

known

pleased to honour

respecting

it

afterwards,

to discover

to the

it

in

Commander

me with

a parti-

during the capitulation of

to

shew, that the uniform

supported by

historical evidence, clearly proves this interesting

be the

that hero

to introduce a narrative of the

tradition of the inhabitants of the country,

to

Philip, the

body of

had the good fortune

who was

me

been

complete the

for the bones of his

and of making

cular commission

Alexandria

for

glories

have

mockery of Buonaparte's imitation of the son of

same

might

monument

of Alexander the Great.

Rosetta Stone,

in the hieroglyphic character

in

honour of Ptolemy Epiphanes, written

subsequent to the time of Alexander the Great.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

30

Lord Hutchinson had kindly furnished

of recommendation to
return from

his

after

the

the

Rosetti,
to

among

persons

political

Imperial
visiting

for

Mr. Hammer,

talents,

of those

known
as

Oriental

celebrated

so that in the society

and obliging companions

intelligent

their

well

as

literary

lodged also in his house;

scholar,

By

with Signor

others,

his

soon

Lord

a gentleman long

consul,

Egypt,

letters

place.

the same service.

became acquainted,

with
Cairo,

in

capture of that

me

Keith had also rendered

means

persons

different

me

had the

most favourable opportunities of obtaining information"".

In the

my

of

course

inquiries

I'especting

was very anxious

Stone, wiiich I

to

Rosetta

the

have included among

the articles to be surrendered, and of which, at that time,

w^e had obtained but a faint and imperfect history,

made known
dimensions,

with

the

in the possession of the

greatest

" The satisfaction of

"the Arabian Nights,"

secresy,

French, guarded

and concerning which they

manuscript copy of the whole of

obtaining a complete

containing 172 Tales,

divided into

"one

thousand and

one Nights," and of ascertaining the truth of the account given by Bruce of
travels

to

the sources of the Nile,

derived from the assistance

one of the persons emi)loyed

may

met with
in the

be numbered

in CaVro.

An

among

Travels
in

was obtained

from General Baird,

the Isle of Raouda, near DJiza.

of this Abyssinian,

he bore testimony

relative

to

the

to their general

General Baird spoke

in

most

then

his

advantages

in

the countries

copy of Bruce's

encamped with the Indian

After a long and careful examination

important

points

in

those

Travels,

accuracy: as a further confirmation of which.

the highest terms of his account of the

the advantages the Indian

the

Abyssinian Dean, a negro,

propagation of Christianity

described by Bruce, happened at that time to be in the city.

army

as

me, that another stone, of much larger

to

was

it v.

army derived from

his charts

Red

Sea, and of

and observations.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

of

even

more

The

Rosetta.

most

the

entertained

than

the

stone

who

gave

me

this

it

while

there

size,

deeming

it

found

at

information,

would not be prudent

certainly

even

is

from the

receiving another visit

\a

importance

and whose names

that this stone,

apprehensions

lively

persons

make known,

31

to

chance of their

French,

further

added,

hich they described to be of astonishing

was somewhere con-

and a beautiful green colour,

cealed in Alexandria.

With
British

intelligence

this

camp,

had retained
1801;

and took the

in Chief.

capitulation

daily

The

want of

the

which appears

in

in the latter city.

INIr.

Nile.

Hammer

We

distance

was

One

precision

must be

me

in

to the

attributed

monument

this

object alone delayed

accompanied

is

with respect to each

account given of

the

It

the

and the

great,

take place.

to

and Cairo,

situation of Alexandria

my

the vovage

passage.

down

the

entertained very sanguine hopes of being able

to discover the ruins,

the city of Sais;

and thereby determine the

and were ultimately

successful.

site

residence in Egypt".

" Denon
Members of

takes

no notice of them.

A
I

full

description

mentioned

of

Those

ruins had escaped the researches of the French, during

their

the

on the heights they

opportunity of seeing

earliest

expected

for

of the twenty-first of March,

after the action

that

out from Cairo,

set

at that time stationed

Commander

other,

all

of them

them afterwards

(o the

the Institute, in Alexandria; but thej' had neither visited the place.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

32

now would

unseasonable

be

propriety into a future publication,

to believe that

will

it

more

with

enter

will

it

have ever reason

if I

interest the public.

It

therefore

is

only necessary to add, that having been informed by some

Arabs, inhabiting the Delta, of ruins precisely on the spot

marked by D'Anville
to

we

of Sais,

Sel Hajar,

situated

stopped

the place has experienced

alteration since the time of Herodotus.

called
is

The name of

examine them.

little

as the situation

or Se al Hajar,

It

is

now
and

the antient Sd/'s;

on the eastern shore of the Rosetta branch of

the Nile, to the south of llalimameh

near the place where

a canal, passing across the Delta, joins the waters of this

branch of the
canal existed in

The same

with that of Damiata.

river

antient

times.

Here

we

landed,

and,

about half a mile from the shore, found the Arab peasants

employed

among

in sifting soil,

of great antiquity.

The

of antient potteiy".

Beyond

earth

the remains of buildings

was covered with fragments

this place

appeared the founda-

tion of a vast edifice, forming a quadrangular inclosure, in

Mr. Bryant, whose

nor heard of the ruins.

no information

to escape

cites the Travels

of two

him

that

in

Testimonies were written,

An

(See Bryant on

my

return home,

and

It

after

tlie

was

these

found the same place described by those travellers

as the site of the ruins of SaYs;

dihgence suffered

the establishment of truth,

ascertaining the position of Sa/i.

therefore with surprize and satisfaction, after

and their opinion confirmed by the learning and

In yielding to them the honour of the original discovery,

Mr. Brvaut.

m')re complete evidence

to

Dutchmen, Egraont and Ileyman,

Situation of Sortn, 0!)servat. p. 312)

authority of

(llscornnient and

might contribute

is

obtained concerning the real history of those ruins.

infallible criterion of the site

of antient

cities,

in all the countries

on the Mediterranean, the Archipelago, and the Black Sea.

bordering

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

the area of

33

which was a high mound of earth supporting

the ruins of

some building

whole corresponding very

the

accurately with the account given of Sais

common

According to the

by Herodotus p.

Eastern custom, a village and

a mosque had been constructed in the midst of the ruins "i;

and the

beautiful remains of the temple of Minerva,

tues of the stone called green basaltes',

of highly- wrought

Egyptian sculpture, broken and defaced,

in the walls,

with

hieroglyphics,

am

find,

in

bringing

of the Public

who

are constantly

whether with a view to make a

the ruins,

of what they

sale
I

among

peasants,

or to procure soil for their grounds,

have doubtless since discovered

not aware,

valuable antiquities.

Some

covered likewise

the vestibule

in

The

Library of the University.

idols,

succeeded

fortunately

away; and they are now

sifting

had been stuck

pavement, and steps of the mosque.

of these, together with curious small

sta-

many

would therefore be a proper object

It

of inquiry for any future traveller

and

nothing of that

if

kind be obtained to reward his labours, his curiosity will

meet with ample

Herodot.

The

lib.

ii.

village of

c.

gratification in a

view of the

place.

170 175.

Se'l

Hajar

is

nearer the river than the inclosure

have

mentioned.

This beautiful stone

obtained
roclie

corncenne of the

calls

it

.V

is

a variety of the saxum Irapczium of Linnaeus.

the appellation of green basaltes

Abbe Hauy

bdsalte vcrduirc,

and

(Traite de

saj-s

I'ani de travuiller cette picrre."

" Les

is

not so easily determined.

Min. Tom. IV.

p. 434).

artistes .Esj/ptieiis et

[CEuwcs de Winkel. Tom.

How
It is

it

the

Wiiikelmaun

Grecs xe sont cffovcis

I.

p. 168.)

long been considered as one of the hardest materials of antient sculpture.

It lias

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

34

The

now

Nile had

attained such an elevation,

that

passage was open by water from Cairo to the pyramids'.

Rushing into

new, and many of the old

the

all

occupied the area of the

it

within

forming,
circular

mound,

manner the

antient temple of Minerva;

inclosure,

its

a kind of lake

the middle of the area'.

in

was formed on which the

lake

canals,

round the
In such a

Egyp-

antient

Amidst

tians celebrated at Sais their nocturnal mysteries".

the ruins of this temple,

and in the neighbourhood, the

present

the antiquities

inhabitants

When

it

is

find

considered the

have noticed.

Greeks and Romans,

in

all

the ages that have succeeded the remote period in which

were continually draining Egypt of

city flourished,

this

every

work of

beautiful

Hadrian alone, from

ments
=

It

",

the

antient

that

art;

account of

its

the villa

of

Egyptian orna-

seems to have been capable of containing whatever

reached even to the base of the high mound or platform on which they

were constructed.

Several officers, both of the Indian and English armies, together

with Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Hammer, accompanied

us in a boat during our visit

to the pyramids.
'

Herodotus

the temple

The

tomb of

of Minerva,

Herodot. Euterpe,

that

relates,

buried him in the

lib.

solemnities

importance among

ii.

when

his

near

at

SaVs strangled Apries, they

which, says the historian, " stands

on the

hand

left

as

you

in

enter.

c. 109.

of Minerva at Sais were reckoned to hold the third rank in

all

may

carnaculum,

the

the festivals of Eg>-pt.

celebrated at the time the Nile

similar festival

the Egyptians

ancestors

be observed

had attained
at

Ibid.
its

c.

They were probably

59.

height, as some remains of a

Cairo, in a lake of the

same nature,

at that

time.
*

The

villa

of Hadrian, atTivoli near

Rome, was adorned with

and Egyptian sculpture brought by that emperor

to Italy.

When

all

the Grecian

saw

it

in the

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

had possessed

Sa'is

Rome, and

and that the collections

monuments of Egyptian
naiy that they should

The

sculpture

still

be found in such abundance.

consideration of this circumstance affords ideas of the

magnificence of that once

who

reader,

can

scarce

country

celebrated

the

credit

mentions her twenty thousand

when he

liistorian

cities

in the con-

finds,

>',

and the

Amasis

templation, a pleasing confirmation of his truth.

had constructed

honour of Minerva, a propylaum

at Sais, in

magnitude and grandeur surpassed every thing

which

in

before

seen,

employed

such

of

prodigious

and

in the building

Avere

size

Herodotus,

foundation.

its

mentions very remarkable

year
it

ITQ-i,

appeared more like the ruin of a

it

among

citj-

than of a

p. 456).

II.

contained two theatres, besides numerous temples, baths, mosaics, &c.

depository of taste Hadrian concentrated

he had collected

all

others

The remains

villa.

{Winkelmann, Tom.

cover an extent of fen Itahan miles

this edifice,

under the appellation

statues,

His commentators, and

of anJrosphinges^.

stones

tlie

enumerating the decorations given by Amasis to

of

with

filled

indeed extraordi-

is

it

modem

in

the polished world, are

over

all

35

It

In this vast

in his travels

over

the empire, and the numerous contributions from Greece, Egypt, and diflerent

He
known

parts of Asia.
rites

of

all

erected temples to the deities of

The

religions.

peculiar to their country, and

Thus decorated,
stripped

it

Kai

fiut' TBTO

lib.

presented an epitome of

Tot/To fAs,

is,

ii.

c.

all
it

their

manner

appropriate habils.
Caracaila afterwards

his travels.
is

the

in

supposed that

many

of the finest

originally to this collection.

177.

U SaV

xoy.so-ira;

and celebrated the

nations,

the attendants wore

which we are acquainted belonged

Herodot.

all

of each were dressed

to adorn his baths at Rome, and

statues with
>'

it

all

priests

t>)

unyj.Xn:

A6)i))

r.xi

tr^o'zvhzia,

iuiifxccaia

ANAP02<MNrAS

ot

i^irro'.viai,

t:i^\ft.r,/.'.x;

iti^riKU

^t)>^M

"

'izivrccq

Prreterea,

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

36

figure

endeavoured

have

Larcher*,

to

describe

this

monstrous

which, as the Egyptians commonly represented the

sphinx with the body of a Hon and the face of a young

woman'', he

From what we have

the face of a man.

sculpture,

have been the body of a hon with

asserts to

think there

man with

the body of a

seen of Eg}'ptian

every reason to believe

is

the head of a lion

'^.

base and feet of such a statue at Sais, v^hich

the University, and

whose

sculpture

by

vestibulum iSIincrva

in Sai

Uuinetiam ingentes
lib.

ii.

.'^c.)

avoit

tanta

exciting the

et

longe superans caetera turn

lapidum atquc substructiijnum.

vastitas

est

immanes androsphingas, ibidem

colossos, et

Figure nionstrueuse

Animal. Tom.

communement

le

de

le

le

qui

visage

lib. xii.

II.

sphinx avec

phi9oil (Plutarch,

Herodot.

posuit."

(Clem. Alexand. Stromal,

d'un homme.

cap. 7.

p. 354-. C.

les

artistes

p. 671) Egyptians representoient

corps d'un lion et

Isid. et Osirid.

Cependant

lib. v.

le

visage d'une jeune

fille.

Clem. Alexand. Stromat.

de

la

theologie

Egyptienne."

Larcher,

Tom.

II.

lib. v.

ordinairement un sphinx a I'entree des temples, pour servir de type de

nature enigaiatique

la

p. 543.

581.

.\.
^

In wliicli cae

was of
It

not uncertain

is

opus admirandum,

fecit,

corps d'uii lion et

le

(.Lilian. j\'at.

ice.)

in

175. edit. Galei.

c.

" Andro-sphini.

"

now

is

intimate connexion with the history

its

magnitudine;

sublimitate turn

found the

one of the few remains of Egyptian

is

local origin

liveliest interest,

was

it

is

lliis

tiic lion

appears in a cumbcnt posture.

and was distinguished

The Theban

from the Egyptian by

sphin.x

having wings.

represented in the sepulchre of the Naso's, delivering an oracle to UiLdipus.

.Montfaucon,
'

kind,

Tom.

II.

Part

The Bedouin Arabs

at

II.

p. 316.

Saccara

in

I'pper Eg^'pt brought

me

a small figure

among the catacombs of

young woman with the head of

of curious sculpture, which they had found

that place;

and which represents the body of a

a lion, sur-

mounted

liy

a globe.

All these varieties of the conjunction of the lion and the

virgin are evidently symbols alluding to the position of the

Sun

and Virgo, when the Ailc overllows; and

Maillet.

Travels.

ol

lliis

opinion

is

in the signs

of Leo

See Norden's

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

of Egypt, as well as by the view

it

Z^
of the arts and

offers

mythology of that country.

The
at

is

passage on the Nile, either ascending or descending,

this

season of the year exceedingly rapid

rendered our loss of time at Sais of

left

Mr.

Hammer

at

that

I arrived

hour,

early

some time on

as the capitulation

by day-break
in

At

me

his

and,

immediately into

with horses, forage, a passport,

might

and every thing that

Chief had been

the greatest kindness;

had begun, he sent

me

even

yet,

inspecting the lines.

me with

Alexandria, supplying

inquiry',

there

Commander

horseback,

he received

return,

the

We

importance.

less

and immediately hastened to

at Rosetta,

the British camp.

which

'',

expedite

and

facihtate

and cause the monument, of which

had received

information at Cairo, to be surrendered.

had

also

permission to receive the Rosetta Stone,

and

to

copy

inscriptions

while

it

fearful lest

home.

passage

an

impression

His

from

''

use;

By means

stone,

Institute,

made

either

upon

paper

by

which he kindly allowed

but the characters so

impressed

were too

of the periodical north-west winds, which set in during the rise

and inundation of the

JS'ile,

a very short passage rnay be obtained from Rosetta

Then, by taking down the

to Cairo.

it,

its

had already obtained

Lordship

the

some Member of the

to

befal

his

remained in the possession of the enemy, or in

its

me

any accident might

my

sails,

and suliering the boat

to

be carried

with the rapidity of the current,

which more resembles a torrent than the

common

may

course of a river, the boat

the wind.

return back with equal velocity against

38

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

imperfectly marked

the

afford a

to

of

representation

faithful

original''.

Thus provided,

As

enter Alexandria.

of Arabs

v^^ere

the British camp, and prepared to

I left

drew near the

a vast number

city,

on the outside of the

vv^aiting,

walls, for

permission from the English to supply the inhabitants.

scene of sand and ruins

the desolate

between the outer gates and the

towards

from

their dungeons.

with large ulcers

and

endeavouring

was

truly horrible,

were

moans

them

They begged
;

for,

had neglected

to

beams

they uttered such

us,

and

for water,

their cruel

we had none

m'c

supply ourselves with provisions.

We

in

delivered

of

tlie

Institute,

The

apprehension,
if it

lest

from the warehouse

otTicer

up

in

the

streets

orders for

its

We

in

which they had concealed it, covered

it,
expressed at the same time his

made

Frencli troops should cause

tlie

this

circumstance

immediate removal; and

Turner, under whose care

it

of

Member

surrendered

the indignation of

remained there.

who gave

who

upon

prevailing

Alexandria, (]Mr. Cripps, Mr. Hamilton, and myself, being present,) by a

with mats.

to

eager in the pursuit of our object,

monument was afterwards

invaluable

on the

fallen

the scorching

to

succeeded, but not without difficulty,

Tliis

had

from inflam-

might have pierced the hearts of

as

oppressors.

Mere covered

terrible

to advance,

Immediately on seeing

of the sun.

morning

of these poor creatures,

where they were exposed

crawl

to

liberated that

legs

their eyes

intervenes

fortifications,

The

Some, too weak

mation.

give

that

size

interior

They had been

camp.

their

swoln to a

sand

were

of miserable Turks

party

which

In

came

.safe

it

known

was given

lo Ijigland.

its

destruction,

to

Lord Hiitchiu.son,

in

charge

to

Colonel

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

some Arabs

to take

them

care of

39
could

relief

until

and then passed, through the inner

obtained^;

be

gates, into

the great square of Alexandria.

The

families

whom we

of

distress for

whom we saw
had brought

want of

were

letters,

in the

In one instance,

provisions.

some

the place, and to

in

greatest

we

found

a father, surrounded by his children, weeping at the news

had

lived entirely

very unfit for food

upon bad

rice,

of a black colour, and

and of

this

they were only allowed

a small portion during the day.

The

exactions and enormities

committed by the French would exceed

We
reside,

had scarcely reached the house

when

in

belief.

which

on the capture of Alexandria,

cleared of other visitants,

low

spection and in a

Alexandria

French

proof of

Chief

We

it,

We

v^ere to

voice,

they

who

to congratulate

to

express

as the

their

room was

with great circum-

asked

to the antiquities

if

our business

collected

by the

in the affirmative, and, in

the copy of the Rosetta Stone being produced,

know

desired

camp.

speaking

Upon being answered

principal of

the

'

related

and

As soon

anxiety to serve the English.

in

we

a party of the merchants of the place,

had heard the nature of our errand, came

'us

They

the English were not yet to enter the city.

that

them

that

them

they

said,

have

to describe

" Does your Commander in

the

Tomb

it

upon which they

of Alexander?"
said

had afterwards the happiness of hearing that they reached the Turkish

TESTIMOXIES RESPECTING

40
it

was a

Athanasius

St,

mosque of

beautiful green stone, taken from the

;

which,

among

the inhabitants, had always

Our

borne that appellation.

and instructions from

letter

"

It is

present visit;

and

Cairo evidently referred to the same monument.

"of our

the object," they continued,

we

shew you where they have concealed

will

then related the measures used by the French

They

it."
;

the extra-

ordinary care they had observed to prevent any intelligence

of

it

the indignation

removal

shewn by the Mahometans

which they held

the veneration in

tradition familiar to all of

them respecting

its

it

at its

and the

origin.

con-

versed afterwards with several of the Mahometans,

both

Arabs and Turks, on the same subject; not only those

who

were

and inhabitants of the

natives

and pilgrims
Aleppo,

persons from Constantinople,

who had

and they

all

but also dervises

city,

visited, or

who had

Smyrna, and

resided at Alexandria

agreed in one uniform tradition, namely, its

BEING THE TOMB OF IsCANDER (^Alexander), THE FOUNDER

OF THE CITY OF ALEXANDRIA.

We

were

hospital ship,

with a boat,
covered

with

then told

that

in the inner

we

rags

it,

half

of the

in

the hold

and

harbour;

there found

the

was

it

filled

sick

being provided

with

filth,

people on

Nothing could equal the admiration with which

this beautiful

works the

Tomb, having never

antients

have

left

us,

seen,

an

of an

instance

board.

viewed

among

and

the

in

fine

which

nature as well as art vie with each other to such perfection.

"r"

^'

( fr /<///{>>/ c>/^^n

c.^ 7fr?7 X'

/A^

<

A'///r

/(??! /'

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

41

True indeed are the words of Denon before

pent Stre regarde comme un des morceaux
de

and

ra7ifiquite:''

les

" Quil

plus pr6cieux

of

the appearance

does

strictly

cited

it

correspond with the description given by Diodorus of the

body of Alexander.

shrine constructed for the

This surprizing Sarcophagus

Eg}^ptian

another

There

breccia^.

such

of

one entire block of green

is

perhaps in the world

not

is

We

magnitude''.

with the name which the antients gave to

The

p. 184,

following

extreme rarity of
it

from Winkelmann,

extract

of importance, as

is

this

it

sur

la hrcc/ic

describes a substance

acquainted

not

are

little

this beautifiil

Tom.

d'Egypte,

kind of stone; at the same time, the concluding

beauty of the Sarcophagus,

so strongly expresses the

I.

known, and proves the

that,

if

])art

of

the author had seen

he could not have been more accurately descriptive.

it,

" La breche, en

remarquable, QuorQu'iL ne nous ueste

Italien breccia, est fort

DE CETTE PIERRE QUE LE SEUL TORSE d'une STATUE.

diflerentes

couleurs:

especes de granit, et
ce qui

c'est

me

ni

la

Crusca, ni

le

brises d'autres pierres;

el

Or,

comme

les

de cette breche,

tion

Le

pierres

la

de breche, breccia;

bieche consiste en plusieurs fragmens

judicieuse

I'observation

selou

de Menage,

d'Egypte

se destinguent specialement dans la forma-

falloit

lui

donner

nom de

le

breche d'Egt/pie.

vert est la couleur domiuante de cette pierre; couleur dans laquelle on

des degres et

des

le

que ce savant derive du mot Alltmand brechcn,

cru qu'il

j'ai

terrae generique

compilateur Florentin Baldinucci, ne nous disent

voila,

principe de sa denomination,
briser.

le

Nous remarquerons que

point I'origine.

compose de

est

porphyre de deux

que L'Egypte est son pays natal.

porte a croire

Cette pierre est comprise en Italic sous

terme dont

La breche

entre autres de parties de

nuances intinies;

de sorte que je suis persuade

PEiNTRE NI teinturier n'en A PRODUiT DE PAUEiLLES

le

remarque

que j.amais

melange de ces couleurs

DOIT PAROiTRE MERVEiLLEUx (agreeing exactly with the words of Diodorus respecting the

Such

Tomb) nux yeux

is

des observateurs attentifs des productions de

the description which the most eminent connoisseur

has given us of this stone.

in

few words

its

The more

analysis.

It

is

scientific

detail of

in

nature."
fine

the mineralogist

composed of various fragments of

hornstone, and schistus, agglutinated in a green aUiniinous rock.

Hailstone's Letter to the Author, in the Appendi.x.
^

la

the

See the dimensions in the third Plate.

art.s

ofil-rs

jasper,

See Professor

42

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

When

production of the Egyptian quarries.

their historians

mention, that, from one entire emerald, columns and statues

were constructed of a
of the mineral

ledge

our know-

size that contradicts all

kingdom', the

has been sometimes supposed

named

thus

stone

But none

the green fluor.

of the varieties of this substance are found in Egj^t

from the nature of

not

likely

From

their formation, as stalactites, they are

any where

appear

to

frequent view

very large masses.

in

of the materials used by antient

and particularly those of Egypt, the country to

artists,

which reference has been made

am

disposed to believe

it

for these pretended emeralds,

was the green

sumptuous works

and the remains of

\\'as

by the munificence of

are

found

of this

tacing

seraglio,

the beautiful
Italians

its

green

among

marble

verde antico.
in

do

support a
several

not

recollect

the temple of Hercules at

of Jtipiter (Theophrast. in libro de Lapide, p. 256)

" Green marble of Luconia."]

this sort of

marble

reading a note
St.

Egypt

Sophia

at

in

its

native land;

part

it

among

and the

I have, for the first time,

and was accidentally kd

the

lib.

ii.

those in the obelisk

colossal

(Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvii. c. 5)

Gibbon's History subjoined

by the

called

Tyre (Herodot.

Egypt;
;

of the

other columns of

of Laconia**,

the emerald sent from Babylon to a king of

Serapis in the Labyrinth of

it

emperors, only two columns

They

stone.

the sea,

Such was the coUimn

are extremely

it

In the whole city of Constantinople, adorned as

rare.

44)

The

breccia.

most sacred and

antients used this substance only in their

c.

and

statue of

&c. &c.

ventured to assign to
to the

discovery by

to his description

of the church of

The

who had

Constantinople (See Vol. IV. p. 9+).

Historian,

not

ocular evidence of the materials employed in the building, was not aware, that,
in

enumerating the diilerent marbles employed

to

adorn

this edifice,

lie

clearly

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

nor

ruins of Greece,

any collection of the

in

of Rome, either in that city

We

43

'

antiquities

or any other part of Europe.

have thus a proof that the stone used in

cophagus was of a

and price equal

rarity

most precious materials of ancient

working

art"".

to that of the

The expence of

who

could be undertaken only by sovereigns,

it

might procure, among the renowned

talents

Sar-

this

artists

of those times,

and perseverance adequate to the achievement of such

a surprizing work. In these days, the substance

process by which

it

itself,

and the

was wrought, being unknown, a notion

of supernatural agency

excited in unenlightened minds";

is

while the refined part of mankind express their astonishpolnts out the long-lost quarries of the verde antico.

Paul Silentiarius

Sophia

is

Professor

Wad,

which

Cardinal Borgia,
in

it

satisfactory

was found.

from Egyptian monuments, in the collection of

at

He

Veletri.

the Villa Albani;

there states, that

adding

monuments of such

to his description

monumenta

in

villa

Albani."

It

is

materials

of the stone, "

pulcherrimo saxo, vulgo, breccia d'Egitto, quod politum summi

spectantur

appears in

of Copenhagen, has given a description of the Egyptian breccia

in the Fossilia Egj/ptiaca, taken

were seen

Poem of
among others,

cites a Latin

As the only green marble which

we may derive from this circumstance

the vcrde mitico,

indication of the country in

'

He

ho, in a catalogue of the marbles, mentions,

marble of Laconia.

the green
St.

\\

nitoris est,

Ex

hoc

egregia

uncertain whether the Professor

describes the stone called terde nntico, or that kind of green breccia to which

more

rare.

Instances have occurred in our

own

I allude, and which

"

their

to

own

use

is

infinitely

extraordinary

times of sovereigns

Empress of Russia collected that beautiful substance

or green

Siberian feldspar;

other cabinets of Europe.

"

The
to

combined
all its

talents

called the

which, since her death, has found

inhabitants both of Greece and

ridicule

appropriated

The

Amazonian
its

way

late

stone,

into the

Egypt

attribute the

prodigious works

More enlightened nations

the simplicity of their minds; yet it may be true that the
of all the artists in Europe, stimulated by the patronage of

they behold to the agency of supernatural

aflect

who

products of the mineral kingdom.

sovereigns, could not equal the

beings.

Tomb of Alexander.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

44

>

ment.

any period

at

If,

work of

world, a

in

the history of the antient

this nature particularly

corresponded with

the genius of the age and the wishes of the people,

must have been

that important

at

crisis,

it

the body

vs'hen

OF THE DEIFIED ALEXANDER "WAS RECEIVED BY PtoLEMY,

to

ENSHRINED

be

AS

THE SON

That the

PRIESTS OF Egypt.

AMMOJf,

OF

workmanship, cannot be disputed

we have
pomp

in materials

THE

Tomb
and

in

but upon this subject

proof from the testimony of antient

sufficient

whose

Diodorus,

historians.

of the

constioiction

would demand every thing admirable

BY

description

of

the funeral

seems to convey an adequate idea of the magnifi-

cence with which

it

was

represents

celebrated,

it,

"

in

magnitude and workmanship, worthy the greatness and

glory of Alexander."
Death of
Alexander,
323 B. c.

Plutarch,

speaking of Alexander's

illness,

relates

p,

that

before his death, on the twenty-sixth day of the Macedonian

month

Daesius,

of Serapis, to

Python and Seleucus sent

demand of

the God,

if

The answer

the king to the temple.

to

the temple

they should bring

forbad his removal

and on the twenty-eighth day of the same month, towards

evening,
**

he

KaT(7JiI/a<7' OVV TEjOtE^O? KCCTO,

k'|i(j.

TO ^y0O^ xai XCCTO.

" Quapropter delubrum,

gloria Alcxandri
f

For many days,

expired''.

dlgnum,

illi

cum

fecit."

Tr,V

magnitudine,
Lib. xviii.

c.

owing

Ha-TUffKiVYiy 7^5

the

to

A^E|al'O^Oy

turn structura,

db'I'JJf

majestate et

28.

Plutarch, in Vit. Alexand. Vol. IV. p. 98. edit. Lend. 1723.

1 Ciironologists,

dfcea.se,

though not perfectly agreed

generally suppose

May, a23 years

it

to

as

to

the

precise period

of his

have happened on the evening of the 22d of

before the birth of Christ.

See Vincent's Nearchus, p. 487.

THE TOMB OF ALEX.\NDER.

disputes

among

body remained

his generals, the

neglected and exposed.

It

Egyptians and Chald^eans

45
in Babylon,

was afterwards embalmed by

but

its

removal was delayed

during two years, o\\4ng in some degree to the quarrels

which arose among

his interment

his successors, respecting the place

and

which were made

still

more

to the

immense preparations

for the solemnity.

superstitious notion

prevailed, that whatsoever country possessed his body,

should flourish

have sent

On

most.

it

account Perdiccas would

this

to the sepulchres of the

it

of

Macedonian kings.

For the same reason, as will appear in the sequel, Ptolemy

arrested

in

it

passage to the Oasis, and conveyed

its

it

to

Alexandria.
It will

tion

be necessary to examine with particular atten-

the account given

and the means used

of
his

of the deification of Alexander,

to preserve

body

his

a gold and glass coffin has involved

interment

some

in

by

error,

as the notion

the history of

being

confounded

with the Sarcophagus, which Ptolemy, according

custom both of Greeks and Egyptians,

when
by

prepared for

The forms of Greek and Egyptian

reception.

to

the
its

sepulchres,

constructed for eminent persons, were distinguished

variety.

little

sepulture

among

appear,

the

Wherever
whether

in

the

chambers excavated

and Asia Minor,

in

of

traces

Cyprus, the

in

their

mode

of

pyramids of Eg}^pt,
the

Isles

rocks of

Syria

and Continent of

Greece, or in the remote territory of those colonies whose

46

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

tumuli dignify the desolate plains of Tartan', the sarco-

An immense

phagus invariably appears.

hewn

tomb,

out

of a single stone, covered by a slab of almost equal dimen-

and

sions, inclosed the body';

v^-as

afterwards placed either

mounds which

a pyramid, or beneath those prodigious

in

precede even the pyramids in antiquity^; or in caves and

name

subterranean repositories, which have since borne the

The body

of catacombs.

so inclosed

was sometimes swathed

bandages of linen, covered by a case of \\'ood or metal,

in

sculptured, or moulded, according to

'

In such tombs no attention was paid either, to the shape or size of the body.

They

contained, with the deceased, his armour and weapons; also vessels of metal

The armour

or earthenware.

Sarcophagus;

which

it

as

that Caligula

his

wore the

(lib. lix.

in the

c. 17.),

now

sarcophagi of this kind are

the ruins of the antient city of Telmessus,

Gulph of

the

in

in

which he

breast-plate of Alexander,

The most remarkable

Tomb.

among

be seen

of Alexander was thus kept, with his body,

appears by that passage of Dio Cassius

related,

is

had taken from

to

and form.

features

its

Glaucus, in Asia Minor; some of which, situated upon the summits of high rocks,
are
'

perfect')' entire.

still

There

scarcely a part of the habitable globe in which these sepulchral

is

heaps are not found.

to

I have seen

Mount Caucasus, over

Palestine,

Syria,

all

them

in

Europe,

all

Egypt, and part of Africa.

from the Icy Sea

in Asia,

Kuban Tartary, Asia Minor,

the south of Russia,

custom

superstitious

the

in

northern nations, of casting a stone on them, prevents any appearance of their

diminution

and

author

is

practice, according to

this

Holy Land, and

in

mistaken,

Arabia.
in

of

murdered persons.

bv

the

same

feelings.

supposing those
Nations the

The

Shaw, prevails

(See Shaw's Travels, Pref.

heaps erected

most

lliglilaiulers

remote are
in

this

and

Scotland,

the

respect

the

the

in

But that

over

only

in

Barbar}',

in

p. 10.)

bodies
actuated

inhabitants

of

the Hebrides, bring stones from very distant places to cast on their cairns; and
it

is

a saying, expressive of kindness,

thy cairn."

Shaw was

mention heaps of

.stone

raised

over the king of Ai (Josh.

who were

all

among them, "

led to his opinion

put to death.

by passages

over Achan the

viii.

It

26.),
is

.son

will cast a stone

in the Scriptures,

of Zerah

and over Absalom

impossible

to

discuss

(Josh.

(2

Sam.

this

vii.

upon

which
26.),

xviii. 17.)

subject

fully

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

47

This mode of interment belonged to persons of the highest

rank'.

common
rare

has been falsely supposed

It

Egypt

in

who, being

became

or

deities

kings

or

priests

after

saints

relics

while

The

death.

their

of those

they lived,

and the symbols, prove the veneration

character,

are

they are, on the contrary, extremely

and seem only to have contained the

persons

mummies

that

sacred

which

in

they were held.

Contrary to the usual practice of the antients in deifying

their

they admitted the apotheosis of Alexander

heroes,

during his

His successors, in

life.

example from motives of policy as well as ostentation.

his

We find the young prince Ptolemy

as a

God by

burial,

and

to

on

dissertation

be anterior

and perhaps some proof of

in

Ammon

",

this

and what

to

present

pyramids,

may

desiderata

one of the

is

wanting

most antient

the

having a

as

extraordinary,

is

less

to

illus-

mode

artificial

of

form

be derived from the appearance of one of

Upper Egypt,

the stones of

which,

being farther

decomposition than those of DJiza, prove that they were erected

an earlier period

at

the

to

the pyramids of Saccara in

advanced

it

They appear

history.

antient

trate

The

of this encroachment upon the monstrous

form of the Pagan theology

note.

temple of Jupiter

at the

oracle,

laid the foundation

Epiphanes acknowledged

the priests and inhabitants of Egypt".

answer of the

in

respect, imitated

this

as

they are exposed

great distance from the latter.

to the

same atmosphere, and

at

no

This pyramid preserves almost the simplicity

of the primaeval conic mound, and shows only an approach to the more

artificial

structure of others.

" So Joseph died

Egypt."

Gen. chap.

l.

and they

ver.

eiiibalitied

him, and he was put in a

2tj.

"

See the Inscription on the Rosctta Stone.

Plutarch, in Vit. .Vtex.

Vol. IV.

p. 40.

edit.

Lond

17'23.

coffin,

4a

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

in a distant age,

could operate,
to do

homage

when no inducement of

fear or adulation

a sovereign of the world, Augustus,

came

at the

from

sepulchre

After his return

>'.

the Oasis, Alexander, in his edicts, took the

of

Ammon

We

caused his subjects

are

thus

and worshipped, not

Alexander was deified

as

we

of that

shall

country,

under the guardianship of Egyptian

soon prove,

in

has

covered

asked.

with

hieroglyphics,

inscription

anticipated.

Tomb

Why

been

Priests.

Tomb

the

instead

Perhaps the reply to

With

the latter,

of Alexander.

For

if

it

the

sanctuary

a
It

sary to lay particular stress on this circumstance

it

of great

with the holy Apis and the

his consecrated relics reposed,

divinities

as

one of the Gods of Greece, but

as

of Egypt; and after his death,

sacred

him

worship

to

possession of facts

in

importance to our present inquiry.

most

of the Son

and, notwithstanding the noble remonstrance

of Callisthenes,
a God^.

title

is

neces-

because

of Alexander

is

of having a Greek

this question is already

could not pretend to be the

tomb of an Egyptian God

should exhibit the letters of the Greek alphabet, instead

of an inscription EN 'lEPOlS rPAMMAllN

contradict

Egypt.

*,

it

would thereby

our knowledge of history and

all

Lucian

among Egyptian

expressly
deities,

alludes

to

the

in the dialogue

he

held

between Diogenes

''

Sueton. in Augusto,

Arrian,

See the Inscription on the Rosetta Stone.

lib. iv.

rank

of antient

c. 18.

c. 4.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

In that dialogue Alexander

and Alexander''.

Ptolemy had promised

Am

"

the

of

to

convey

to

where he should be
GODS

49

body

his

To which

Diogenes

from laughter at a

refrain

hast not abandoned even in hell

and

replies,

which thou

folly

at thy pretensions

We

of Anubis and of Osiris?"

to play the part

Egypt,

into

and become one of the

buried,

country.

relates, that

have

here sufficient proof of the indispensable necessity of the

hieroglyphic characters

we

plation,

shall

and with these

be convinced of the great absurdity of

Tomb

expecting a Greek inscription on the

The

characters of the Greek alphabet

by Egyptian

sacred

The

nations'^."

and,

difference

of Alexander.

were not considered

" They were adverse to the

priests.

Greece,

of

customs

indeed,

between

were held by Egjptian

by another passage

in the

were

priests,

they implored their gods to avert

coimtr}
>

and cause them

Liician. Vol.
^XKfiVixotffi

ot

I.

to{A.ciiotc7t

nnllorum hominuni aliorum

Jbiil.

lib.

ii.

c.

to fall

39.

(pivynv(7i

strongly marked

^^cia^cti'

" Gracanicis
institutis uti

it is

related,

covered with impre-

" some Greeks could

the historian adds, that

all

calamities from their

Mahomet's

on those heads.

p. 2:)0. edit. Anistelod.

finJafiiv au&^uiru)! i)/iion7i.

''

is

cast into the river, unless

And

other

which the

in

same author; where

he found to purchase them'^y

all

their religious opinions

that the heads of sacrificed animals,

cations,

of

those

to

and those of the Greeks, and the estimation

latter

contem-

in

facts

Blaeu.
To oe a-vf^Txv

u'ireTv^

institutes uti recusant,

volunt."

Hi*rodot. lib.

ff/no

a^Xwv

^YtSxiJLa.

ut

scnul

tlicani,

et,
ii.

c.Qi.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

50

have not expressed

in their bitterest fanaticism,

disciples,

more

disdainful

With

such sentiments, and under the impression of such

prejudices,

it

intolerance

the

for

of

followers

Christ.

impossible to believe a Greek inscription

is

would have been placed on a consecrated

shrine, inclosing

the incorruptible body of an Eg}'ptian God.

Having thus proved the nature of Alexander's

deification,

the next subject of consideration relates to the means used

by Arid^us

to preserve the

body

by the process of embalming, but

by a covering of some metal
For

this

because,

also

purpose he selected gold

from

the sacred relic

it

inclosed.

liable

alteration.

to

being corroded, but also

it

was more worthy

Diodorus Siculus has given us

a particular account of this gold covering

antient customs

injury,

not only because that

precious nature,

its

from external

least

may be exposed without

metal

not only from corruption,

though

exist unaltered,

frequently escape observation,

we

find

many
origin may

and, as

their

the

mode of

pre-

serving the bodies of saints in Catholic countries exactly

was among

what

it

ago.

The head of

the Pagans above

St. Januarius,

lately" the sort of covering used

of Alexander;
the

Milan,

and the

substitute

crystal

'

It

Naples.

is

said

to

have

ears

at Naples, presented

till

by Aridaeus

disappeared

since

for the

body

case of St. Boromceo, at

used to supply

gold was exchanged for glass.

two thousand

The

its

loss,

when

the

covering of gold was

the French

were

in

possession

of

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

51

a sort of chase work, exactly adapted to the features, and

so

well fitted to the

and even the expression of the countenance, were

inclosed,

This

accurately preserved.

and

torian,

form of the body

the

that

skin,

at the

so clearly stated

is

by the

his-

same time so consistent with the mode

wonderful

of preserving

relics

should at

be misunderstood, and obtain the erroneous

last

in

appellation of a gold
X^vd'oZv

(r(pv^viXot,Tov

ages,

all

The words

coffin.

which

u^f^o^ov,

that

wrought with a hammer, and

it

is

in the original are^,

signify golden chase tvork,

the skin

fitted to

but in no

instance that sort of covering implied

by the word

How much

this

ivorh,

excelled

the antients

may be proved by

by Mr. Hawkins

dead in sheets of gold

sepulchres discovered

is

in

the exquisite

The

in Epirus.

it

of chase

bas-relief

practice of

strictly

sort

Oriental.

coffin.

found

wrapping the

Among

the

on the banks of the Volga, the Tobol,

the Irtish, and the Ob, carcases are found wrapped in thin
plates of golds.

Sometimes they are placed between sheets

of the purest gold, extending from the head to the feet

and such a quantity of

metal has been discovered in

this

those Eastern tumuli, that the borderers upon the Siberian

and the Tartarian deserts have

for

many

dig for the treasure they contain

to

'

XI^Ztoi

jtiv

yi^ rZ aufixti

" Principio auteni cadaveri

xaTj-<;vx:^6v

''.

years been induced

Tn one sepulchre

XPY^OYN S^YPHAATON 'APMOZON'.

loculus mallei iliictuni ila fabricatus erat."

Diodoriis

Siculus, lib. xviii. c. 26.

8

Archpeologia, Vol. VII. p. 22+.

Antient Tartars.

Tonke's Account of the Buiial Places of the

^

ll)id.

Vol. II.

p. 223.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

52

of Siberia, opened by order of the Russian government,

mound

beneath a high

weight of

who

less

than forty pounds

two

gold was found in four sheets, covering

fine

Some

bodies'.

of earth, no

years ago

were persons

there

upon the

Siberia

spoils

they had obtained

The custom was

to associate in large

subsisted entirely

by ransacking tombs.

in

now

companies, and to search for sepulchres, as they do

Many

for sables''.

tumuli are also found in the country

near the Tanais, and in the territory towards the Maeotis

and these have been exposed

opening them, gold

is

wrapped over them, or

of vessels, bracelets, and external ornaments.

covering gave
gold

coffin.

to

rise

In

to similar depredations.

found, either in thin plates fitted to

or in sheets

the bodies,

'

in the

form

This sort of

the erroneous notion of Alexander's

Over the covering of chase work was added

KAAXnTHP XPTIOTI, a goldcn

veil or

garment.

They then

proceeded to add the splendid purple vest variegated with

and afterwards

gold,

he

as

lived,

or,

in

armour

his

Arcliseologia, Vol. 11. p. 224..

'

Rennel's

refers

to

Geographical

for

sepulchres of the antient Scythians,

bocli/

that
I

in sheets
I

am

(See

p. lOi)).

Herodotus,

of

many

curious

and mentions
It

is

historian,

'Eva*u

>\aii0tut Tit

to accept
St

my

The

Ibid. Vol. VII.

p. 230.

p. 107.

The same author

observations
this

entirely to

true

respecting

the

practice of wrappin"

t/ie

Major Rennel's kindness

for

which

thanks.

T?{ 6^K>j5 iffiTiSjTO

oTaT

" make

actions'"."

indebted for the observations collected upon those tumuli;

beg him
">

of gold

past

his

System

Mr. Tooke's writings

wishing to represent him

words of the

the

whole accordant with

the

n-f ji^t'jt(a.

KAAYriTHP
Tai/Tiii

J'

XPTEOTfi:,

'arxta

a^fM^m ixjiguj

7(^ie'xeito

xai

irj^i-

^oihxIj iunrgiinf ygvao-

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

coffin

53

was the sarcophagus prepared by Ptolemy

reception of the body

and

remained to secure

this

place

its

incloses the

body of

two

Boromaso, or that which formerly

St.

on

ordered

it

in the deserts

body began

The

it

and so

which

chariot in

all

it

interesting,

given by Diodorus"

that

it,

just conceptions of the

5roixATO{, iraj* ? tSso-av
w^oxa.Tsi^yatru.itxii

quod

was conveyed ex-

and the prodigious pageant

nothing but

that

it

The

may

ta

lov

summum

so

eloquent,

of the

the length

reader will of course

and form

the body,

sumptuous undertaking carried on

iJ.f:yiX>ixy(oTo; oir'Kx,

v^x^kti,

is

enable him to estimate

policy of Ptolemy in detaining

adaptatum,

Ammon,

the cities near which the procession

The account

peruse the whole of

TK

he had

will,

that the world had then seen.

all

desci'iption prevents its insertion.

the

his

was accompanied, brought together immense

multitudes from

moved.

move towards

to

Perdiccas conducted the solemn

sight of this gorgeous car,

by which

By

Egypt.

to

of Libya.

ceeded in magnificence

The

making preparations

be taken to the temple of Jupiter

to

procession.

way

its

of bronze.

its o-ipufijAaToj

years spent at Babylon, in

for Alexander's funeral, the

Damascus,

" Supra

circuincpjaque

jsotiXs^Etoi ffvtoiHuoui:

ca|)iilum,

aiireum

ainbilum

erat

Tr,ii

oAjiv

<pa,neC(Aa,\i

tegmen exacte

complecteretur.

Supra hoc

circumjecta erat chlamys punicea perquam decora, et auro variegata, juxta

arma

defuiicti

posueraiii, eo consilio, ut

accommodarent."
"

Ibid. c. 28.

after

being as requisite as the shrine which

protected the head of St. Januarius in

After

it

was used

the gold case was removed, and a crystal covering

to supply

for the

i)iodoru3 Siculus,

quam

speciein illam totam rebus ab eo gestis

lib. xviii.

c. 2t).

Aicxander-s

^ss^c.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

54
afterwards for

reception in

its

Ptolemy received

intelligence of

person to meet

accompanied by an army,

it,

Under pretence of rendering

he prevented
destination

mained

which he intended

gy
J

Shrine
constructed
fn Aiexl^-

^"*"

tjjg

was

to place

as

it

finished in Alexandria, in

and not

This fact

'.

Tomb

was constructed

shrine''

and

historians state, that

is

have been within the walls,

to

any of the cemeteries or sepulchres without;

in

might otherwise lead us

city,

to

imagines

" CEeterum corpus

Diod. Sic.

The word

translated

was the palladiiwi

to be an object of reverence

ejus a Ptoleraaeo, cui

AEgyptus

paucis post annis, Alexandriam translatuui est."

P

It

lib. xviii.

c.

It

cesserat,

Strabo,

An

lib. xvii.

Memphim

et iiule,

Quintus Curtius, pagina ultima.

may

is

TSfxtro;

which,

properly be

in

the edition

written shrine

sanctuary or sacred inclosure, any thing that incloses what

'

and adoration

2S.

in the original

delubrmn.

'

westward,

consecrated by the most sacred ceremonies,

and continued

it

of some consequence,

as the vast catacombs, lately discovered to the

of the

many of

his service

to

The

possible magnificence;

proves the

re-

it.

Alexander's veteran troops p.

stood within the city

it

paid to the remains of their de-

rcspcct thus
1.

all

original

its

Memphis , where

to

ceased monarch, Ptolemy allured

with

as far as Syria.

funeral honours to the body,

it

until the sepulchre

as

approach, he went in

its

being carried agreeably to

its

and conveyed

As soon

Alexandria.

Casaubon. Animad.

in

is

as

by Wesseling,
rtiJisyix

deemed

is

means a

sacred.

Sueton. p. 58. &c. &c.

account of extraordinary subterranean excavations, westward of Alexandria,

may be expected from

the French,

beautiful drawings of them.

of the Ptolemies.

in

They were

whose hands

saw very accurate and

regarded, by some, as the sepulchres

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

to

the latest peiiods.

all

historians agree.

55

In the truth of these circumstances

Pausanias mentions the removal of the

body from Memphis'; and Quintus

sage before cited,

Curtius,

confirming the truth of

aftei"

ultimately carried to Alexandria, further says

memorice ac nomini

",

lies

though not in

glass having

original

its

Strabo'',

cotlin

case of

"it

Other writers mention

tomb and body of Alexander^.

protected

" Omiiinque

been substituted for the gold covering, m hich

a later Ptolemy had removed."

the

being

Ptolemy brought the body of

that

Alexander to Alexandria; and "there/' says

still

its

Diodorus and Strabo

Jionos habefur."

both expressly state",

the pas-

in

by

golden or glass covering,

its

the custom of

The body, whethex

antient nations,

all

Egyptians and Greeks,

stone, the materials

according to

and particularly of the

reposed in a huge sarcophagus of

and the workmanship of which have

been so pointedly described by the historian as worthy the

glory of Alexander^.
tills,

by the

Suetonius

makes

he

distinction

confirms

between

phagus and the body, in relating the

The words he

to the tomb.
corpus;''

'

Pausanias,

Diod. Sic.

uses are

visit

i.

"

c. 6.

lib. xviii.

Strabo,

Lucan. et Suetonius in Augusto,

"

Diiid. Sic.

>

" Per idem tempus, conditorium

lib. xviii.

in Augusto, c. 18.

c.

c.

the

that

of

sarco-

of Augustus

Quintus Curtius, pag.

lib. xvii.

truth

" conditorium

'',

and they are so remarkable,

lib.

the

his

et

learned

ult.

Ibid.

18.

28.
et

corpus

Magni Alexandri," &c.

Sueton,

TESTIMOXIES RESPECTING

56
commentator,
repository than

what

no

having

Casaiibon,

quam

"

adds,

Ea

Strabo,

M.

of equal importance

is

The

if

of this com-

rest

s^ibjoined in a note"^.

it is

the words of

a writer not to be despised, are true, the

Leo Afiicanus,

Tomb of Alexander

be seen in Alexandria.

is still to

Augustus,
30 B. C.

and then

but being too long for

whole of

concludes by stating, that

Visited by

vviXov ?"

idtimo,

lib.

corpus.''

insertion in the text, the

It

" Quid appellat con-

erat area olim ex auro, posfea e vitro, in qua

servatiim Alexaudri

mentary

other

the gold or the glass coffin afforded,

breaks out in these interrogations

ditorium P an

of any

idea

Augustus
t5

Tomb

visitcd the

Alexander's

nearly
three centuries after
J

Dio Cassius mentions a remarkable

death.

circumstance which happened upon that occasion.

Roman Emperor,
relic,

'

"Quid

appellat conditorium?

ait Plinius,

lib.

xxxv. dcfunctos multos

URBE MEDIA,

enim legimus,

sepultursE

non

SwfAa

ivvovq

ff^aKT*)^.

wctvTa? Iku

tov^

T^oTTaTo^a;

Cieteruui

Ev
ffvv

rcgum
:

ut

/jteVi:

avTri

habent
t>3

queni vocari

destinatus,

etiam

toXei ^v^//c6

KaTfiGfiTo,

pro eo

dicit,

epistola Ixii.

et

ait

maiiu exarati.

Sic

lude condi-

-Locus

Strabo

S?/xa.

Didj'mus

in

YrifA xaXerTai,

AXi^xva^ov top JAxksojvx.

Ixxxiv.

erat

corpus.

conditorii forihus.

Atque
Seueca,

Plinius uterque conditorium.

Marcellinus, libro xviii. conditorium muralium tormentorum pro ov'StAm.

fuisse

HODiEUNA specie

in

media urbe Alexandria conditouium Alexandri, etiam ex

iUius souiirutae urbis potest constare

apud Leonem Africanum,

non contemnenduni

work.

si

qu leguntur
Then follow the

vera sunt

scriptorem."

words of Leo respecting the Tomb, which the Reader

in this

M.

ot olKoaof^'tja'Ct^ o vvv

xa*

Ea

ultimo, irtEXor?

condi roluisse.

fictilihus doliis

Pctronius, Jacuciunt ergo una praclusis

Jioc melius.

Ammianus

lib.

potius quern Strabo we^I^oXo* vocat, iutelligit

All

proverbio

conditivum

an quam Strabo,

postea e vitro, in qua servatum Alexandri

torium, 6^x1, Tiajval.

Sic

viewing the body, touched the holy

and, in so doing, broke off a part of the nose of the

area olim ex auro,

FuiT

in

The

will find

elsewhere inserted

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

He

"

embalmed monarch.

saw," says the historian ^ "the

body of Alexander, and touched

described the interest

moreover

so that a part of the

it;

was broken

nose, as they relate,

Lucan had before

off."

mind ^.

excited in Caesar's

it

Suetonius

with which the sepulchre

relates the veneration

was viewed by Augustus

5J

who, when the body was taken

from the sarcophagus, placed a golden crown upon

Having thus

scattered flowers over it^

and indulged

his piety, the priests

Augustus

"

replied, that

not merely the dead

his

gratified his curiosity,

asked him,

also see the bodies of the Ptolemies,

he would not

if

and the shrine of Apis

wish was

and

to see a king,

and with respect

and

it,

Apis, he had

to

been accustomed to worship gods, and not oxen^."

About two hundred and

had elapsed from

thirty years

visued
by Severus,

when

the visit of Augustus,

Alexandria.
Kai

u.na,

m;

ita ut nasi

quoque,

aui/.a.

xai

ei'Je,

" Deinde corpus

fljavo-fiSmi.

paio-i,

pio,-,

tavit,
li.

Cahgula, although he had not

this interval,

raSra to jAu tov 'A^sla^ojou

t5 t5{

lib.

In

Septimius Severus came to A.D.aoi

airou

imsi

v^oiri'^ocro,

Alexaiidri iiispexit, idque attrec-

Dio Cassius,

particula aliqua frangeretur,"

ut fertur,

iIjte

c. 16.

Lucan. Pharsal.

" Per idem tempus, conditorium

lib. x.

et

corpus Magni Aiexandri,

cim proiatum

e penetrali subjecisset oculis, corona aurea imposita ac floribus aspersis venerafus

est."

Sueton. in August,

8 Tct ^

cix

EiVwv

eSexo-ixto"

Tainr,!;

ctiTia;,

lA'uj^ou,'

"

xai to* tuv AXEfafo^EO'y ^TovSri ^ovKriBiinuv

Twy riToAs/xofiWF,

^'J

oiJJe

oTi,

tw

'

Itrv^itv

autein

enixe volebant, non spectavit

Eadenique de causa

'

Dio

iSeTv

^.iyuv^

ii6i>.riat'

se,

In'Efitjxiicra

Qioiii

a>X

'

uip(i

Kax
^ovi

t?c

ou^xiy
a.i'ii

irjoo-xuEry

non niortuos voluisse videre,' diceus.

noluit accedere.

Cassius, lib.

'

ccvTot

quanquam ea ostendere Alexandrini

corpora,

Regcni

Apim quoque

consuevisse, perhibeus.' "

aXx' oi vex^w;

BacriAsa,

"AjtiJ*

PtoleitiiEoruni

18.

c.

li.

c. 16.

'

Deos

se,

non boves, adorare

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

58

been in Egypt, had caused the breast-plate of Alexander

be taken from

to

his

Tomb;

and, during his pantomimic

triumphs, used occasionally to wear

of knowledge, and enterprizing curiosity, caused him

thirst

penetrate into

to

whose

Severus,

it*".

might

whatever
Egypt,

all

parts of the

the

illustrate

policy

according to Dio

collected,

and

country,

and

to

visit

of

literature

Cassius,

the

sacred

volumes, containing the writings of the priests and the

explanation of their hieroglyphics

them

Tomb

in the

be shut

of Alexander

Every additional

upon

its

''.

fact respecting

advance to the age in which

'

By

histor}'.

we

this

live,

monument,

serves to

interdum

as

taught, that not only the

Magni Alexandri thoracem,

we

throw new

the account of Augustus's

visit,

body of Alexander, but

" Triumphalem quidem ornatum efiam ante expeditionem

et

to

and that for the future no person

should have access to the shrine

we were

monument

caused the

',

that the people might not, through their influence,

be excited to sedition

light

and having deposited

assidue gestavit:

repetitutn e conditorio ejus.".

Sueton.

in Calig. c. 52.

" Omnibus
supra

perfectis,

thoracem, quae Alexandri fuerat,

cum chlamydem

Indicis ornatam, induit."

Dio Cassius,

At that time the whole of

Dame of the Tomb of Alexander.
'

Dio

where

YiiBri^oi).

is

lib. lix.

enim perhibebat)

et

c. 17.

the Pcribolus, called

Cassius, lib. Ixxv. c. 17.

this act

(sic

sericam purpurei coloris, multo auro multisque gemmis

Tujxx

by

Strabo, bore the

most extraordinary error appears

in Suidas,

attributed to Severus the Sophist (See Lexicon, Vol. III. p. 294.

His commentator, in noticing

the

mistake,

justifies

observing that the name of the Sophist has been inserted

belonging to Severus the Emperor.

in

the

author,

by

a part of the text

THE TOMB

>DF

ALEXANDER.

5Q

also those of the Ptolemies, reposed within the inclosiire.

upon

cited are agreed

was

inclosure

account

it

have

Yet the whole of the

this point.

by the name of the body on whose

called

had been

we

whose works

the commentators on the historians

All

and

originally constructed;

would

this

naturally be the case respecting the family cemetery of any

sovereign or remarkable
rally

used has been, TO

The

person.

appellation gene-

znMA TOT aaehanapoYj though

sometimes words of more extensive

and MNHMEION, have been introduced.

originally applied to

MNHMA

signification,

The word

iflMA,

the body, became afterwards, by

way

of eminence, the name of the sanctuary that inclosed

Thus Strabo denominates

Alexander and
still

the

successors

his

more remarkable, he

whole building

were buried

defines

iiEPiBOAor, an inclosure or cou7't.

And

M/foj

appellatur,
lib. xvii.

Note

same

xai

ri

building, gave

(having more the

than of a vast building;

rut 0ao-XEiuv

Tuf ^curiXiut Ta^ai,

Tomb

itrri

xa] to

KaXoifiivov

is

ditferent expres-

cited".

commentators on the historians

various other

have mentioned the

'

and what

commentary of Casaubon, before

the learned

single cofiin,

which

in

by using the word

These

various parts of the

sions, applied to
rise to

it,

'

it.

DfiMA,

which,
o

who

idea of a

other

like

nEPIBOAOS

ijy,

it

Z aS

" Regiarum pars et illud est, quod Soma

quo regum sepulturae, et Alexaudri erat." Strabo,

'AXela^J^ou.

septum quoddam,

in

p. 794. edit. Casaubon.

('),

p. 56.

Casaubon preferred reading

support of which he cites a passage from Didi/mus.

it

IHMA
The

instead of J1MA,

in

best editions of Strabo

have the word IflMA;

and the pure text of so accurate an author

authority for the use of

it.

is

sufficient

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

60

modern

regal cemeteries, erected in

times, at Turin",

and

in

destined for the sepulchres of

many

kings) have expressed their conjectures accordingly.

Our

was

places,

different

countrj^man Sandys alludes to that passage of Strabo,

" Within a

he says",

when

serraglio called Soniia, belonging to

the palaces, the Ptolomies had their sepultures, together with

The remains of

Alexander the Great."

Alexander, placed

were further protected by a small chapel

in a sarcophagus,

and the whole stood within the Peribolus, which inclosed

bodies of the Ptolemies.

the

also

who

the decree of Severus,

Tliis

of Kirchmann,
that

"

TTie magnificent

the ISIonument

note on this passage, fiirther adds'',

in his

was

edifice

this

in

and Reimar, on the authority

of Alexander P:

Mvr/t<<V)

from

cA-ident

ordered the whole collection

of Egyptian volumes to be shut up

{tu

is

by

closed

In the cathedral

doors.

cemetery of the kings of Sardinia,

called

Stiperga,

on a

mountain near Turin.

"

Sandys' Travels p. 112.

See Note("),

Ti)

Tou

Animadv. Reimar.

A^s|aJ5ot/

ne

glyphicos,

/x)ftiw

et

mobilis

vulgo Sibyllinis oraculis, turbaretur.

Kirchmann.

III.

quis aperuisset."
into

15.

It

religiose

et
is

Dio

Dion.

truHJtXiio-iv.]

superstitiosa

iis

in

Cassiiis, lib.

Libros

ibi

gens,

in

jactatis

additis

interdum

vide

diris,

si

most probable the edifice had doors; but having looked

Kirchmann

this particular sepulchre.

Ca.ssius.

hiero-

intejligit

Romana

plebs

Sepulclna enim furibus occlusa erant;

occlusa tencliantur,

support of this opinion, there

tion does not

Hamburg. 1752.

conclusos,

velut

Kirchmann's work (De Funeribus Roraanorum),

Reimar,

Ixxr. c. 13.

p. 1266. edit.

is

the author refert'ed to

cites Xiphilinus in Severo

mention doors: and the whole

by

nothing conclusive with respect to

is

in

but that quota-

fact the original text

of Dio

Xiphilinus abridged the works of Dio; but in this passage the words are

exactly the same, with the single transposition of

80 that the commentator,
identical text

on which

by

his

citing Kirchmann,

comment

is

made.

is

cufia.

toiItoi/

for

tsi/tou

cuf>.

unconsciously referring to the

^^^^^ir^^^^^^*

.^

cb
o.

/r K

A
\\

I'

'r/////u/.>u/.>,-. >/////'/////

y/if Viiil/i

B
t'

7'/i>

y/ff

//M-

1/

'

IA.niJi,/.f

I'/i.i/,,/

-/**/ r'/'/>/f/J-

//// .u////r/ff//

t'/'

,.,

.l',/,-r

/'.'iti-A'.Kttft-

/'//A/-

^tr //////// ///

>///,/

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

church of Milan, the body of
coffin,

within a small chapel

To

this

all

parts,

common

Boroma^o

over which

Alexander's,

to

as

shrine,

St.

6l
lies

in a glass

the cathedral.

is

come from

pilgrims

and the same custom of leaving alms has been

We

to both ^

find

the small chapel mentioned

by Leo Africanus%

under the words " cedkidam instar

saceUi constructam ;"

as

call in the

wdll be further proved

testimony of that avithor respecting the

But the words of Strabo are such

as to

remove

and the most perfect comment upon them

the view of the building, even in

which the

in

Plan of

it

is

Tomb

The Ground

dignified

Soma of

magnificent even in

by

Near the centre

the small sanctuary

In that repre-

church, and, after the conquest of

and

former greatness.

memorials

of

of the inclosure

'

" Concurrit autem

its
is

which inclosed the Sarcophagus, when

was discovered by the French, bearing the name of

it

^,

upon the introduction of Chris-

the Saracens, to a Turkish mosque

state,

doubt;

suggested by

the present form of the

the Ptolemies, converted,

tianity, to a primitive

all

Tomb.

present ruined state

its

represented in the third Plate.

degraded

is

of Alexander was found.

sentation will be seen

its

when we

ingcns

eo

peregrinorum

rulgus

longinquis

the

etiam

regionibus, colendi ac reverenili sepulchii gratia, cui ijuoqiie niagnas frequenter

largiuntur eleemosynas."
edit. Elzevir.
'

'

Leon. African, de Africa Descript. Tom.

II

p. t)77.

1632.

Ibid.

See the second Plate

which

also shows the mode of worshipping the Sarw hen he was employed in making a drawing
Mosque, and the situation of the Tomb.
;

cophagus, as observed by Denon,

of the

interior of the

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

62

Tomb of Alexander,
the whole

the

founder of

and round

the city ";

the Peribolus, or inclosure, so expressly

is

tioned by Strabo

".

The Tomb of Alexander

has thus been accompanied by

historical evidence

through a period of

from the time

which Ptolemy constructed the

until

the

men-

in

Emperor Severus ordered

five

it

to

hundred years,
shrine,

The

be shut.

avenues of antient history, as far as they lead to a know-

monument, seem

ledge of this

to

close

with the doors

from observation.

Excepting the single

instance of the visit of Caracalla,

the venerable records

that concealed

we

from which
nish httle

we

as

it

have hitherto derived our evidence fur-

testimony concerning

it.

As

soon,

therefore,

have related the honours rendered to

shall

the son of Severus,

we must
The

sources of information.

it

by

have recourse to different

events that took place

imme-

diately afterwards will account for the interval of obscurity

which

in

its

history

was

involved,

became recognized by the world

until

Visited

more

and thus, by connecting

the thread of antient and modern annals,

series

once

it

bring

down

of undeniable evidence to the present hour.

whose fondness

Caracalla,

for the

name and

ensigns of

by Caracalla,

A.D.213.

Alexander

is Still

Thus on the medals of Alexander KTIC. and KTICT.

are added to his

oUio-T>i

airiv),

tinguishes

or Pisidla.
'

preserved on the medals of that emperor,

name

and on

Augustus forbore

for

KTICTHS,

his account, as their founder

to

massacre the Alexandrians.

the founder,

(to 'A^i|a^^^o

to

Julian also dis-

him by the same title. See medals of Apollonia, whether of Carta,

Dio Cassius, lib. i. c. 16. and Julian, ad Alexandrinos, epist. x.

Strabo, lib. xvii.

p. 794.

edit.

Casaubon.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

made

much

so

his visit

for

him, and his desire to consult a

his veneration for

God

63

reverenced by the inhabitants, the pretext

Herodian

Alexandria.

to

relates

y,

that the

magnificent preparations to receive him were greater than

They met him with

any former emperor.

for

demonstrations of joy,

sparing

to render his reception splendid

as he arrived

within the

city,

the liveliest

expence nor

neither

and honourable.
he entered

As soon

the temple,

immolating victims, and heaping incense upon the

He

Monument

then visited the

placed upon

the

with splendid rings

girdle,

with the most

The Alexandrians,

and believing the shrine which

his hypocrisy,

had closed would be again open to

and passed whole

way

machinations of the king."

Herodiani Hist.

71

iln\acrtt

il( ol

iKsnof/Sct^

xai

Kccrt^vffiy

tiTi

iib. iv.

ei;

ac thure

immolatis,

ifi^i,

pervenit,

edil.

t^\ iroAij

>i^av^

9ro?iuTi>i,-

urbem jam

re

baiteumque

Ibid.

and days in

nights

et siqua

cumulatis

alia

This passage, in the original

Histor.

Rom.

Script.

wavr) ra cnr^atZ,

^ufjiov^

urupivaiy*

ire^ttXut iatiTov,

prinio

Herodiani Hist.

irvr

toi)?

paludamentumque purpureuni,
tiimulo."

most

to the

not knowing, says the historian % " the vindictive

festivity;

his

their adoration, as

well as protected by their emperor, gave

extravagant joy,

together

gems, a rich

brilliant

and various other costly offerings ^.

duped by
father

set

altars.

of Alexander, and

{mvi^[/.x)

(t^ 2:o^) a purple vest,

Toi}ib

toil

iiriitixt

t?

H. Steph. 1568.

tr^Zrot i\( rot

o

Ixtinii;

SOPfil.

to

^roXAa;

AXjfai-d^^oo

" Sed

ubi in

multisque victimis

gemmis anulos conspicuos,

gcstabat elegantiora, dempta

ibid.

est,

is

an'^^uv^

ad Alexandri Monimentum se contulit,

et claris speciosisque

lib. iv.

iXuuv

IxsTOev

quidem templum ingressus

altaribus,

nm

sibi,

turn

illius

imposuit

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

G-l

text,

atFords very satisfactory evidence of the sarcophagus or

Stone coifin

and the

mnhma, and

the monument,
body, SOPOS,
in

this

is

the immediate receptacle of ike

Homer

remarkable.

In Dioscorides ^,

sense''.

words 2CPCI XAPKO^Aroi

uses the

word SOPOZ

by Scapula, the

cited

a particular

allude to

kind

which had the property of corroding dead

stone,

and hastening
coffins

their natural

decomposition

AI01NA2 20POT2, stonc

bodies,

all

stone

Plutarch also uses the words

Coffins'^.

The solemn mockery

to

whence

of

became afterwards designated by the general term

fiesh-eatcrs or sarcophagi.

visit

made by Herodian, between

distinction

carried

on by Caracalla, during

his

Alexandria, ended in the most dreadful cruelties.

" Upon the

slightest provocation,

From

for a general massacre.

he issued

his

commands

a secure post in the temple

of Serapis, he viewed and directed the slaughter of

many

thousand citizens as well as strangers, without distinguishing

either the

''^i.'iel,'^"'

the crime of the sufferers^."

Thus, by one act of the most ferocious and brutal tyranny,

''"fThe""

A O

number or

the shrine of Alexander

was deprived of the

greatest portion

381

of

its

votaries.

Whether

the policy of Severus,

uncertain.
lution,

'.

Iliad

Plulaich.

'

^iihljoii.

and kept the monument shut,

The time was

affecting

>

the successors of Caracalla adopted

the

whole

90.
ill

fast

when

approaching,

of the
Dioscorid.

is

a revo-

Roman Empire, by
lib. v.

c.

^2.

Num.

Vol.

I.

p.

I.'jy.

It is

surprizing

tlie

the visit paid eithci' by Severus or Caracalla to

historian

tlie 'i'oinb

makes no

nuiitioii

of Aicxaiuler.

of

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

producing a

change of

total

65

sentiments in Alex-

religious

Tomb.

andria, materially affected the safety of the

beginning of

the

at

paid his memorable

the

to

visit

when

century

third

The

that city.

was

It

Caracalla

persecution

of the Christians was then preparing the overthrow and

of the heathen idols

destruction

and that centurv had

scarcely elapsed before the full tide of religious fury burst

upon the temples of the Pagan world.

subversion

believed to have taken place about sixty }'ears

is

of

prospect

various
spectator

Gibbon'

The

Alexandria'."

was then

that city

the

devastation,

wide and
of

throne of

archiepiscopal
*",

by

described

"the perpetual enemy of peace and

as

the

temple of Jupiter

by Theophilus

filled

this

attention

to the ruins of the

called

is

at

Serapis,

"In

conversion of Constantine^

after the

Their complete

virtue;

a bold, bad man, whose hands were alternately polluted

M'ith gold

and with blood."

Gibbon, Vol.

s Ibid.

III.

p. 70.

This

p. 82.

the coast of Pontus.

deitj'

was brought by the Ptolemies from Sinope on

The Egyptians

god (Macrobius, Saturnal.

lib.

i.

c.

at

refused admittance

first

Serapium, one of the wonders of the world, (Rufinus,

honour of

M-ards erected in

it.

The

colossal

statue

of a number of plates of different metals, and

walls of the sanctuary.
return

to

their

violence.
battle-axe,

It

against

was,

the

c.

22.)

called

was

of this deity was composed

touched on either side the

the

if

however,

cheek of the

figure

were profaned

of the god

aim

bold

enough

idol,

which, falling

to

to

blow,

Gibbon,

ibid.

'

Gibbon,

ibiJ.

p. 83.

Tillemont,

Mem.

Eccles.

Tom.

II.

with

the ground,

afterwards demolished.
"

the

after-

was believed that the heavens and the earth would

primitive chaos,
soldier

it

lib. ii.

new

the

to

but a prodigious temple,

7.);

p, 441

500.

by
a

was

66
TMendri'a'

A.D.sss!

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING
^^ consequcnce of the insults offered by that prelate to

the Pagan

the greatest disorder

temples,

An

Alexandria.

appeal

was made

took

place

in

to Theodosius, to decide

the quarrel between the Heathens and the Christians; and

was an

the consequence

of the

imperial mandate for the destruction

speedily demolished

But the strength and

had inclosed

idols

themselves were

and doubtless the body of Alexander

was not spared when the

that

The

idols of Alexandria.

statue of Serapis

was destroyed.

solidity of the shrines

their idols,

and temples,

presented obstacles to their

demolition which were not so easily overcome.

Theophilus

found them so insuperable, in his attempts to destroy the

temple of Serapis, that he was obliged to leave the foundation,

and

content

to

himself with reducing the edifice

a heap of rubbish

alone to

afterwards cleared away, to

a part of which

make room

Thus we

honour of the Christian martyrs^.

works

of the noblest

of

structive fanaticism

of

the

for

antients

was soon

a church in
see that

resisted

some

the

de-

and were frequently

those times,

converted to the holiest purposes by the teachers of the

In the number of buildings that survived, either

Gospel.

partially or entirely,

be reckoned,

'

"

Gibbon, Vol.

III.

Venus

at

may

in

Alexan-

Carthage'",

and the

temple of Jupiter Serapis

that of the celestial

dria',

"

the

the introduction of Christianity,

p. 84..

Ibid.

Ibid.

A. D.

{>.

.-Jsg.

81.

Pro.sper.

58, &c.

Aquitaii.

lib.

iii.

c. 38.

.ipud Baroniuni;

Eccles.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

dome of

majestic

and others by the

prudence of the

and

civil

number of

remote

their

the venality,

fears,

Rome".

the Pantheon at

were protected by

smaller temples

Gj

situation,

the taste,

or the

The

ecclesiastical governors".

Alexandrian Sarcophagus w^as certainly one of the works,

which

by

either

nature

its

prevail respecting

deny

enough

to

unable

to

even in

was

it;

perfect

state

work of

the

built

over

was converted

the

into a cistern.

of the primitive Christians,

Indeed,

unaltered.

their

church

Athanasius

St.

Tomb

the

that

inability,

primitive

name of

were

itself

the God,

had once been deposited within that beau-

relics

zeal

its

to

probable

The worship of

monument, had long ceased

of

most

owing

is

tiful

policy

is

it

early Christians

destruction.

bearing

it,

The

body having been removed,

and the

whose

and

remove

present

its

antiquity.

its

no one will be hardy

history,

its

beauty

its

Whatever scepticism

escaped the rage of the reformers.

may

or from

defied,

it

is

which endeavoured

name

for

as

greatness remained,

it

but, in defiance of the

to

difficult

to

long as

account for

the history of
lasting

the

remembrance

obliterate the

continued a

remained

appellation

its

its

original

trophy of the

victory of Christ p.

"

Gibbon,

consecration

Gibbon,

Ibid.

ibid.
Donatus, Roma Antiqua et Nova,
was performed by Pope Boniface IV.

lib. iv.

c. 4.

p. 468.

This

ibid.

p. 7Q.

" Those

state!}' edifices

might be suffered

man}- lasting trophies of the victory of Christ."

to

remain, as so

68

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

During the time the Christians were

in possession

of

Alexandria, historians are silent respecting the Sarcophagus

although some notice of

is

it

found in the writings of the

Eight years after the Imperial mandate for the

Fathers.

destruction of the

AVhat influence he

chosen patriarch of Constantinople''.

had

promulgation of that decree cannot

in the

determined

Chrysostom was

Alexandria,

in

idols

but his

zeal,

rendered to Alexander,

in opposing the divine

evident,

is

Son of Ammon'.

After the destruction

the fallen dignity of the

Tomb

exclaims', "

Where

me

Tell

is

now

Tomb

the

the day of his death

temple

of the

he con-

with the veneration

paid to the sepulchres of the Martyrs

honours

the reproof offered

in

erected over him, and the demolition of his body,

me

be

people of Antioch for wearing the image of the

to the

trasts

now

and triumphantly

of Alexander?

Show

But the sepulchres

of Christ's servants are so splendid, that they occupy a

renowned and

regal city;

and

their days are so illustrious

and famous, that they are celebrated

as festivals over the

whole world."
1

A. D.

'

See Note

'

Oow

397.
{*'),

p. 12.

yotpj tiTTE ^01, TO a^/Aa

fZf

^e

xi

ijfti'^ai

Sov?MV rov

tumulus

est?

Ostende

io^Tr,ii

nilhi

T>i

X.

p.

625.

oejIoc f*ot, )t

OTjjWaTa Aa/A^r^a,
olxavfjiitti

ct die

ut quic

dies noti atque clari, qui

Toni.

A^j^acd^ou;

Ta

XpiOTo? xa*

xatalpecvcTi,

.ipliMididii .sfpulclira sunt,

et

Introduction.

iesti

iroiovirai,

Triv

tjiv

sit.

c'lilni,

At

xa6

>jv

eT^uT*iai.

xaTaAa^&Wa

jtoMd'

quwso, Alexandri

Christi servorum

pr;Estantissini:im ac

a toto orbe celebicnlur."

edit. Rloatliuicon.

^/x/^av

/3aff*Xi)twTaTi9i'

" Ubi

quo die nioiluus

urbeni

nVe

turn

regiam occuparint,
Chrysostom! Opera,

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

not

Other annals,

attention, preserve

to

new

Historians of a

memory

the

nor

respectable,

less

69

Tomb.

of Alexander's

class present themselves,

piration of the old.; but which,

entitled

less

from

upon the ex-

remote

their

situation,

have not been subject to the same examination.

has

It

been reserved for an age in which the study of Oriental

be considered a more important part of

literature begins to

not

memory of Alexander was

prove, that the

education', to

to the foUow^ers

less grateful

Almost

of the Ptolemies".

successors

the East have added to

we

accordingly,

find

Mahomet

of

the

all

number of

the

than to the

biographers

his

name of Alexander,

the

writings, connected with the glorious

titles

of

nations

in Eastern

of "

Lord of

THE TWO ENDS OF THE WORLD," " ThE CONQUEROR," " ThE
KING OF kings";" and the marvellous history of
'

Witness the academical

inslifufions of

Vienna and Paris; whose example,

hoped, will instigate Britain to patronize establishments of so

is

to her politics
"

literature.

memorables de ce monarque, lequel

que parmi nous."

Ibid.

D'Htrbelot, Diet. Orient,

395. 795. 993.

p. 317. 335.

IscANDER Ben Philicous,

Alexander

He

it

much advantage

" Les Orienfau.x citent en plusieurs endroits de leurs ouvrages des actions

et des paroles
eu.\

and

his victories

is

the

called

Persian,

Greek;
in the

Alexander

called

by Eastern

it

Eshender.

Iscander Dhoulcarnein
in
Clrnine, Rhauzi, Shau Shauhaun. " This surname

'l

them

Diet. Orient,

that

p. 317.

"comes from
is,

lib. vii.

atlirni

the two Horns of the

World,

from the East and West, which Alexander

" With one hand you touch the East, and

with the other the West," said the Scythians

given by Quintus Curtius,

writers,

Iscander al Rocmi,

but D'Herbelot (Diet. Orient, p. 722) writes

as the Orientalists call

They

is

Alexander the Son of Philip;

{Dhoulcarnein)," says D'Herbelot,

interpretation.

pas moins connu parmi

Koran, and by most writers,

Secunderdzou

conquered."

n'est

p. 319.

c. 8.

that the title

in

their oration to Alexander,

Some Persian scholars give

of Lord of the two horns

as

a different
is

literally

j{|,"or"i^s.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

70

blended with

all

the fiction and hyperbole which charac-

and Turkish

terize the Indian, Persian,

are circumstances," says Richardson

details,

inconsistent with truth, let

"

y,

it

" If there

historians.

those Eastern

in

be remembered, that

they are not more visionary than the legendary improbable

fictions

which swell the Greek

of Alexander are celebrated in

histories,

Name',

The

conquests

many Arabic and Turkish

romances, and poems, under the

Sikender

titles of,

Book ofAlexander; Aineh Iskenderi,

the

of Alexander ;

the

may be mentioned Sairat al Escander,

of Alexander, by Ahoidfarage Souri;

the Life

writings of
librarian to

the

Emir

by

celebrated

All Schir ;

Persian historian

who,

and

his situation,

his

as

The

title

he

relates

passion

and most accurate

collect the purest

best authors.

Mirror

Beharistan, the Mansion of the Spring."

In addition to these

profited

histories.

and the

Khondemir,
of himself,

for history,

intelligence

of his work Khelassat

to

from the

Alakhhar

BEiAN AHUAL Alakhiar, Boo/i of pure and accti rate Intel-

Fi

ligence from authentic

and sure

source of information.

Histories, promises a copious

Edrissi,

who wrote

work on

the Pyramids, relates ^, that Alexander the Great erected an

Lord of the ascendant, and depends entirely on the horoscope of nativity.
Whenever the birtii of a prince was accompanied bj' the fortunate omen of an
ascending planet, he received the

and Alexander received

was Lord of

the ascendant,

title

name

this

oi Dhoulcurnein.

and had

this title

Eastern princes.
y

Orient. Diet. Vol.

II.

p.

1032.

See D'llerbelot, Diet. Orient,

It is

an Oriental custom;

after his conquest of the East.

p. 311.

Aiuung^ebe

oi Dhoulcurnein as well as other

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

obelisk of Thebaic stone in Alexandria

the attention of travellers

well worthy

among

transported

his

The

the ruins.

mentions a curious historical

also

Alexander

that

is

describes

though no work answering

description has yet been discovered

says

which he

This circumstance

as a sort of black marble.

same author

71

He

fact.

the Isle of Socotora

to

a colony of Greeks (loinmmon, lonians), to cultivate the

wood
this

tree

and

made known

according

to

Edrissi,

The

Alexander by Aristotle*.

by way of

called,

The remains of
of

virtues,

its

to

was

that island

Orientalists as a perfiame

Socotora was famous for the produce

smoking.

in

much used by

of aloes, so

their

distinction,

of

were
of

aloe

Socothori.

colony would be a curious object

inquiry''.

The

life

of Alexander

is

also given in the

of the Philosophers, with that of

Aristotle.

Haugial, Lives
It

were endless

to attempt the enumeration of all the Arabic, Persic,

Turkish authors
actions

of

who

have

Alexander.

Reference

LoBB AL Taovarikh'',
Tarikh Montekheb

recorded

the

and

the

and

conquests and

may be made

to

the

Marroiv of Histories;

the

to the Oriental Dictionaries

of

Richardson and D'Herbelot, under the words Iscander and

''

D'Herbelot, ibid. p. 727.

The

island

Socotora

is

in

the Indian Ocean,

opposite the Straits of Babel-

niandel.
'

According

to

D'Herbelot (Orient. Diet.

the corrupted and abbreviated

name of

p.

515), the

Lebtaiikh.

work

often cited under

"2

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

The Arabians had

EscENDER''.

knowledge of Alexander.
he endeavoured

and opinion, they

guardians of his
Invasion of
the Saracens,

Thc

and Con-

of ouc of

is

recorded bv Arrian% that

to hold the third place in the

and among

Gods;

It

a peculiar claim to the

the

surprizing

revolutions

of empire

become the

ultimately destined to

vv^ere

of their

list

Tomb.

iutroduction of this subject leads to the consideration

tlic iTiost

extraordinary and most interesting;

o events
.<

quest of

happened

aTrmo!' ^^^^ ^^^^

in the history of

mankind.

We

way

power of

seen the throne of the Ptolemies give

to the

have

the Cccsars, and the Pagan superstitions to the Christian

faith

and as

new

conquerors were advancing from the

uttermost parts of the

remains of

its

Roman Empire,

to subvert the last

greatness, a tribe of independent shepherds,

converting their crooks to spears, came, from their stony

and sandy

deserts, to establish a

Many

of Christianity and of Rome.

'

the course of such an inquiry,

III

EsKANUERiAH, a

at

cities in

to our historical libraries, appears

to the

and

is

lation

it

much

Latin translation was the

might be proadditions

The

LEO)

who

has been

work of Florian,

Italian edition being his

own

trans-

have the preference Gibbon has shown

it

Marm'ol, in his description of Africa,

has almost wholly copied this author, without

once naming him.

as

Oiixov*

tiiraiioiif

xai

non indignum censebat

Gronovii.

to

are not easily obtained.

(see Moreri, Diet. Hist. Art.

It

The importance of such

the only Oriental geographer

not faithful to the original text.

but copies of

so

the East.

The

us in a legible form.

from the Arabic, ought

Tarikh

from the respect shown by the learned Casaubon

work o( Leo Africanus, almost

to

to consult the

composed by OuugihedJ/n Mansour Ben

(See D'Herbelot, Diet. Orient, p. 8(30.)

any of the principal

preserved

ages before the birth

would be satisfactory

Hislofj/ of AUxundriii,

Selim al Eskandtri.

cured

it

dominion upon the ruins

L. Bat. 170+.

airot r^'not av
se,

noixtaKnat w^o;

qui pro tertio

lib. vii.

p. 300.

Deo

'A^d0m

fljo'f.

" Quapropter

apud Arabas haberetur."

Arrlan.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

^3

of Mahomet, their valour had been tried and respected by

but on the introduction of the precepts

their neighbours'^;

of the Koran, heated by religious fury,

it

burst the frontier

of Arabia, and alarmed the nations of the world with the

most awful

under the caliphate of Omar,

captured

came

Cairo, and

he

as
this

the

cities

of Memphis,

make such

and

months,

Amrou, whose

in

exploits

men,

After a siege of fourteen

of no

sacrifice

thousand of his
troops.

general, or,

exertion of the Christians could withstand his

and perseverance.

intrepidity

and

Babylon,

conspicuous figure in the history of those

No

times.

land of

who commanded

lieutenant'',

undertaking, was the victorious

fertile

The

to besiege Alexandria'.

usually called,

is

and conquest

after the invasion

of Persia and Syria, they seized upon the

Egypt'',

and

In the reign of Heraclius,

s.

visitation

the

According to Ockley

city

was

this

',

than

less

twenty-three

abandoned

to

his

event took place in the

twentieth year of the Hegira, and the year of Christ 640.

D'Herbelot
the Hegira

fixes

it

in the eighteenth or nineteenth year of

but in another part of his work he agrees with

Ockley, and allows

it

to

of the latter opinion

is

Gibbon, Vol. V.

Ockley's

Ibid.

'

"
"

Hi.st.

",

have been the twentieth.

and

states

it

to

Gibbon

have happened on

50. p. ISO.

c.

Hist, of the Saracens,

'

Vol.

"

Ibid.

of the Saracens, Vol.

p. 307.

I.

I.

p. 309.

Diet. Orient, p. 530.

Note.

Diet. Orient, p. 580.

Gibbon, Vol. V.

p. 40.

Both

Eutychius

(Aunal. Tom.

II.

p. 319)

and

F.huacin (Hist. Saracen, p. 28) concur in fixing the taking of Alexandria to Friday

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

74

a Friday, the twenty-second day of December, in the year

640

which allows a period of two hundred and

from the

years,

final

destruction of the temple of Serapis,

and the overthrow of the Pagan

TheSonw,
or

y-HMA,

With

their

idols in Alexandria.

we

thc entrancc of the Arabs

Tomb

converted to (j^e
a Mosque.

of Alexander

connects

itself

and

find that almost

The

with the Sarcophagus.

Monument,

inclosed this

we

look once more to

one of

upon gaining possession of the

measures,

first

fifty-one

city,

which

Peribolus,

together with the tombs of the

Ptolemies, had been converted, at the downfal of Paganism,

to a Christian church, bearing the

The same
changed

nature,

its

Athanasius.

circumstance

we

are

was dedicated by the

it

Christians

by the Mahometans, and

it

Mosque of

the

St.

By

Athanasius".

this

building in

was

fortunate

enabled to keep our view faithfully

which the body of Alexander was placed

having found the

described

it,

Tomb

it

of St. Sophia,

in

Constantinople,

kind; and other Christian churches in

mosques.

is

Turkey preserve

who,

homage, declared

new moon of Moharrani, of the twentieth year of

A.D. 640. Gibbon, Vol. V. p. 31-0. c. 51. Note("').

of the

to

and,

meet with an ultimate consummation of the

while they prostrated themselves to do

The Mosque

stationed exactly as historians have

evidence in the tradition and records of the Arabs

converted

it

in all the periods of its history, to the particular

directed,

"

more

and became a mosque; but the name

annexed to

still

called

St.

building, at the conquest of the Arabs, once

of the saint to which

was

name of

the Ilegira;

Dec. 22.

another instance of the same

their original

name, though

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

it

to

TOMB OF ALEXANDER, THE FOUNDER OF THE

be THE

When

CITY OF Alexandria.

became

known

first

evidence of

/S

to the

identity

its

moderns,

yet

when

we had

not greater

no doubt

discovered,

The wonder

remained as

to

view of

certainly of the highest description.

it,

is

origin.

its

accustomed to prove the truth of

Let

be remarked,

also

it

We

by

pretensions,

in

by the

excited

are

stating

any other age than

by any other people than the Athe-

that of Pericles, and

nians.

its

work

the impossibility of such a

Athens

the Parthenon at

Alexandrian

the

that

Sarcophagus bids defiance to the Arts, at any other period

than that of Ptolemy, and in any other country than that
of Eg}'pt.

Alexander being one of the Gods of the Arabians, and

Koran?, the conquest of Alex-

also ha-vdng a place in the

may

andria by that people

which
as the

his

Tomb

be referred to as the time in

again obtained respect and reverence

Arabs continued

to

only necessary to prove, from their

as

from the testimony of

travellers

to procure intelligence of the

situation

assigned

regarded

with

superstitious

Alexander the Great

together
P

with

the

Tomb,

by antient

it

that

small

own
who
that

half,

it

as \\e\\

stood in the
that

c. 18.

it

Tomb

as the

sanctuary in which
11.

will be

have been able

the inclosure of the

See Sale's Translation of the Koran, Vol.

it

writers,

historians;

veneration,

and

during the

inhabit that place

remaining period of eleven centuries and a

was
of

Mosque,

the
p. 124-.

Tomb

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

76

was found,

marks of the magnificence which had

retained

adorned the building before

it

yielded

Pagan honours

its

the rites of Christianity or of Islamism''; and that the

itself,

to

Tomb

proved to be of a substance peculiar to Egypt', agrees,

with a record^ which

respect,

in that

states

it

to

have been

of Egyptian stone.

Two

Eutychius

made
Alexandria,

A. D.

933.

hundred and thirty-seven years

-'

took posscssioH of

^.
It is

tlic

year 933, he was

Said

city,

Ebn

a case of gold

patriarch of that city, and changed

to Eutychius

".

In his work

it is

but the author, occupied in writing a long

Tomb

does

not

which was constructed afterwards.

As

an early and zealous Christian,

it

very probable he did

is

Mahometan worship;

not choose to notice an object of

mosque

neither could he have access to the

See

.See p. 8

'

'

it

in

the Appendi.x.

at

Oxford

age,

Feb. 7, 933.

years of age,

in

1659.

He was

ninth century.

it

Moreri

born Sept.

"

Nam

Latme

(Hist. Diet.)

877

8,

If therefore his worii

must not be attributed

written until after he was patriarch.

aut

which

See Chronologire Eutychianx Synopsis, prefi.xed to Pococke's edition of Eulychius,

printed

in

p. 88.

See Professor Hailstone's Letter,

'

related,

to Alexandria in

and curious account of the funeral ceremony,

mention the

born'.

,-.i-icomposed in Arabic h:s

body of Alexander was brought

that the

was

Batric

but on the eighth of September, in the

made

name from Said

his

1-1

not certain at what time he

Annals of Alexandria

the Arabs

after

'

Said idem Arabice

Fortiinatus."

Praefut.

was written

to the tenth

He

says he flourished about the

and made patriarch

after

century.

at fifty-six

years of

he was twenty-three
It

was probably not

died in 948.

significat

quod Graice

Eulj/cliius

Seldeni ad Eutvch. Annal.

edit.

aut Eutj/ches,

Load. 1042.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

was contained.

According

banquet,

which she gave a general

to

those only should be admitted

but that

experienced any
order to

Olympias, upon

hiin,

all

affliction.

who

invitation

who had

never

The guards made known

the

applied for entrance; and the consequence

was, that they were

consoled

the

of her son's death, prepared a magni-

earliest intelligence

ficent

to

'J^

sent

severe

for the

conviction that adversity

away

loss
is

Olympias being thus

had sustained,

she

common

to

all.

from a

The body was

then inclosed by Philemon, one of Alexander's counsellors,

in a case of gold,
as

arrived,

it

city

and conducted to Alexandria.

was

it

carried into a conspicuous part of the

and being there deposited upon the pavement, the

Sages were ordered to chant over

dirges

they

As soon

These compositions are too long

".

nearly four pages of the work.

fill

among

are introduced

bards

consolatory and moral

it

by a

and,

the

died during the

that time,

life

be inserted

Plato and Aristotle

number of those philosophic

singular anachronism,

Alexander are honoured

to

in the

manes of

the

aphorisms of a sage

of his father

Philip,

could only speak by the

and

mouth of

who

who,

at

his disciple

the Stagirite''.
*

" Sapientes

omnibus
r

As

in the

jussisse

instituendis,

unumquemtine Epicedium canere quod amicis

inserviret."

Aristotle died in the year

preceding year,

tliere is

Eiitvch. Aiiiial.

Tom.

I.

3J2 B.C. and Alexander's body came

no improbability

in

supposing he went

andria, to be present at the funeral of his illustrious scholar; for

preparations had been carrying on for two

the notice of

all

the civilized world.

years before,

solandis,

p. 288.
to

Egypt

to

Alex-

which such immense

and which attracted

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

78
-^

oTtiXi"
Aiewndria.

more brings us

^^P^^ ^ ^^' centuries

to the period

which Benjamin of Tudela, a Spanish Jew, came

i"

After his return to Castile, an account of his

Alexandria.

was drawn

travels

Hebrew, from

up, in

writings, although very interesting,

his journal.

His

as they carry us

back

the middle of the twelfth century,

to

mony^;
been

Sarcophagus

the

as

he

one of the tombs of the

removed from the Soma

among

to

the

afford

speaks
Ptolemies,

testi-

may have

of,

that

at

time

and neglected

to the sea shore,

As a Jewish Rabbi,

ruins.

little

he had

little

chance of gaining admission to any Mahometan place of

worship, and death would have been the consequence of

an attempt

However,

it

the sanctuary of Alexander's

enter

to

would be improper

any notice Mhich

to omit

" There,

can be thought to bear reference to the subject.

on the sea shore,"

says he,

speaking of Alexandria, "

seen a marble sepulchre, on which are sculptured

birds

and other animals, with an

which no one can

was

king, before the deluge,

which sepulchre was

" Tantum

Tantuni

est.

est

Non tamen,
nee volo

tarn frugifero et

te

bono

Ibi in

maris

littore

nemo

Itgere

potest.

marmoreum

the length of

breadth six^."

libello."

Benjamini,

in fin. Dissertat.

ad Lector,

L'Empereur. ap. Elzevir. L. Bat. IG33.

conspicitur sepulchrum,

aliorunuiue animalium genera insculpta sunt, omnia

ijuam

some

erudite Lector,

edit.

"

of

nianu abstiaere

Itinerariian

is

anticnts,

conjecture that

there buried

fifteen spans, the

all sorts

by the

inscription

They have a

read.

Tomb.

conjectura

I'erunt,

cum

olim

cui

omnia avium

priscorum inscriptione,

ibi

regem quendam ante

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

After Benjamin

Africa,

who were

of

Moors, retired into

called

by the Spaniards, and

the capture of Grenada

at

/Q

a learned Mahometan,

of Tudela,

that tribe of Arabs

"

J'^"Le<.

homage

Alexander.

A. D.

wrote a description of the country

name

is

lost

His original

in Arabic.

the appellation he afterwards received,

in

upon being converted

Pope Leo the Tenth

to Christianity.

persuading him to be baptized, and becoming his godfather,

him Johannes Leo.

christened
introduced,

when he

because

is

it

Tomb, which he

revered by Mahometans, he

by

his

own

may be

text of Leo

"Neither ought

Tomb, held

is

now

required.

that,

in

the midst

remains a small

still

of

the

edifice, built

worthy of notice on account of a remarkable

in high

honour by the Mahometans;

sepulchre, they assert,

is

preserved the

An immense crowd

in their Koran.

in

which

body of Alexander

THE Great, an eminent prophet and king,

thither,

sect of

literally translated in these words'':

ruins of Alexandria, there

like a chapel,

that

worship established the truth

to be omitted,

it

are

describes as

was himself of the

of that opinion to which his evidence

The

circumstances

of consequence to show,

visited Alexander's

Islam, and had

These

as they read

of strangers comes

even from distant countries, for the sake of worship-

ping and doing homage to the

Tomb

on which,

likewise,

they frequently bestow considerable donations."

diluvium fuisse sepultum
latitudo aiitem sex."
''

cujus sepulchri longitudo qidndccim

Itinerarium Benjamini, p.

" Neque prvttermitteiidum videlur,

instar sacelli coiistiucUim

in

adhuc supercsse,

spkhamarwn

erat;

24-.

medio Alexandriae ruderum, tediculam

insigui sepulchre,

magno

Machumetanis

at

1491.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

80

Marmol

/spruld
Tomb^^

serves

% that

author

Spaniard followed Leo;

the

work

his

is

almost wholly copied from that

without once ackno^vledging

ducing his name.

The

Marmol must have

the publication of Leo's

and Marmol was

His words,

work

Tomb

visited
;

seems to

Egypt

intro-

in

justify the

ver}^

soon after

as that author died in 1526'',

translated

from the French

" In the middle of the

city,

which the Mahometans hold

sepulchre,

even

which appears

a small edifice in the form of a chapel

is

or

in Alexandria early in the sixteenth century.

literally

to this effect^:

it,

great similarity

their description of Alexander's

opinion.

and Moreri ob-

among

are

text,
its

ruins,

where there

is

in great reverence;

because they say, that Alexander the Great, Escander,

there buried,

and mention
to

it

jahia Ben

from

After

is

they worship as a Ring and a Prophet,

in their Alcoran, and,

through devotion, resort

afar."

Mamiol may be

AT)\l'Z'

commonly

Micsubsinlce

work

whom

cited the

called Lehtarikh,

hohh

al Taovari/iJi,

more

the Marrow of Histories,

written in Persian by Jahia

Ben AbdaUathif

al

of the

Tomb.

Cazuini, in the nine hundred and forty-eighth year of the

Hegira.

That author

collected,

from the most antient and

honore affecto mcmorabilem, quo Alexaiulri Magni corpus siimnii propheta" ac

regis, velut in

Alcarano legunt, asservari coiitcudunt.

Coniurrit aiiteni ingciis

cti

peregrinorum vulgus a longiaquis etiam regionibus, colendi ac rcvereiidi sepukliri

gratia, cui

quoque magnas frequenter lurgiuntur eleemosynas."

Tom.

077.

'

'

liv.

II. p.

LEO

Hist. Diet.

L'Afri'jue de
xi.

c.

U.

(Johamics).

Murmol, de

p. 276.

la

"

Leo Africanus,

Ibid.

traduction de Perrot.

Paris.

1677.

Tom. HI.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

authentic historians, the lives and

who

sections.

the

built

Syria

It is there

is

divided into four

recorded \ that " Alexander the Greek

of Damascus in

of Sarmacand in the province of Mavaran-

ahar, M'hich

was

body was
coffin,

the Sogdiana of the antients

after his death

carried

to

countr}^ of the substance

and that

Alexandria,

is

Even

ascertained

to the circumstance related of Olympias,

that as the

in

w^hich his mother caused to be changed for

one made of Egyptian marble."

body was brought

to

it

the nature and

and with regard

may

Egypt

and she was not put

before Christ,
3 16, a

This forms

of Herat, which was formerly Aria or Artacoana,

;

golden

Work, which

of Alexandria in Egypt

cities

in Khorassan

his

actions of those kings

Mahomet,

reigned before the birth of

the Second Part of his

81

be observed,

in the year 321

to death

till

the year

sufficient interval is afforded for the construction

of

the Sarcophagus.

In the beginning
of the seventeenth centurv
"
"-^

noticed

by an English

traveller.

At

was

first

the end of January, 161

George Sandys

sailed

The manner

which he mentions the

in

it

'

affirms the

existence of
1

from Constantinople for Alexandria.

Tomb

has induced

his

account was borrowed from Strabo and

Leo Africanus, and

that he did not himself see the object

an opinion that

he describes.

If he

found their descriptions correspond

with the appearance of the Soma, and of the Tomb, the

similarity

between
f

his

narrative

and

the

See D'Heibelot, Diet. Orient, p. 318.

text

^""^ ^^''>''

of those

the

Tomb,

A. D. 1611.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

82

way impugns

authors in no

his credit

same objection might be made

who

experienced the fidelity and

admit the imputation

strict

and, after

Whether he saw

imply ?

Few

fact of its existence there

and

have

accuracy of Sandys,

v^ill

all,

it

is

travellers,

what does the charge

or not, he affirms the

not consistent with the

character he has obtained, to suppose,

inquiry into the truth or falsehood

should positively affirm the

Denon,

who

Tomb

the

The

a writer.

to the authority of

saw the Tomb.

certainly

as

that,

without any

of the assertion, he

Tomb was

at that time to be

His words are these ^

seen.

" Within a

called

serraglio

Somia,

belonging

to

the

the Ptolomies had their sepultures, together with

palaces,

Alexander the Great,

" Of Macedon,

And

in sacred vault possest

vnder high

piles royall ashes rest >.

" For Ptolomy the sonne of Lagus tooke his corps from
Perdiccas

w^ho bringing

it

from Babylon, and making for

.Egypt, with intention to haue seized on that kingdome,

vpon

his

approch w^as glad

Hand, where he

fell

hands of his souldiers

andria,

and buried

Sandys'

it

to betake himselfe into a desart

(thrust
:

who
in

thorow with

iauelins)

brought the body vnto Alex-

the place aforesaid (the Soma);

"Relation of a Journey begun A. D. IGIO."

p. 112.

U. Allot. 1632.
^

"

Cum

tibi

sacrato

by the

Macedon

servatur in antro,

Et regum cineres extructo monte (juiescunt."

Lucan.

I.

viii.

edit.

Lend.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

83

But Cyhiosactes the

then inclosed in a sepulcher of gold.

espousing the eldest daughter of Auletes, and in

Cyria7i,

her right

of

possest

the

kingdom,

(she

being

elected

queene) dispovled the body of that precious couerture

After that

enioy the fruites of his couetousnesse.

couered with glasse, and so remained

There

the Saracens.
tvithin,

He

visited

zvhcre they bcstoiv their ahnes

in that place

vntill

yet here to be scene a

is

a Tomhe, much honoured a0d

niefans,
to

he lined not to

forthwith strangled by Cleopatra,

when

it

was

the time of

litle

Chappell

by the Maho-

supposing his body

Himselfe reputed a great prophet, they

being so informed by their Alcoran."

century
Dr. Pococke of
In the middle of the eighteenth
*'

Oxford published

Tomb

sion to the

naturally resulted
to

He

that

to

pace

',

is

" Description of the East."

marked by

all

" the

the uncertainty

first

their superstitious veneration.

thing he did at Alexandria was

all

the caution that could be observed,

awakened the jealousy of the Mahometans.

afterwards

he

belonging to
district

place of

which

round the walls and take the bearings;" which

though executed with

its

His allu-

from the jealousy of the Mahometans,

any object of

with regard
relates

his

" The

says'',
it,

was a fourth

palace,

part

with

Immediately
suburbs

the

of the city

was the Museum, or Academy, and the

kings,

the

'

witliin
burial-

where the body of Alexander was

Pococke's Descript. of the East, p.

" Ibid. p. 4.

3.

R'<^hard

Pococke,

LL.D.
A.D.

1:43.

84

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

was put

it

into

and with

hero,

great

one of

flowers over

it,

in

which condition,

utmost veneration

the

great regard for the

who

travellers

no Recount of

Somc important
^

and John

relate

Egmont and Heyman,

Sarcophagus

of thc Somtt,

and the
Mosque,

It is

which

such a description as

to a building

but at

referring to the original magnificence

which inclosed the sanctuary

OT Pci'ibolus,

to the aera in

that

it."

prior

of

occur in the Travels of

observations

the,7aTco"u'm

As

memory

they pretended to have his body in some mosque

vanEgmont

is

scattered

with a golden crown.

it

Alexander, so there have been

present they have

it

view of the corpse of that

and adorned

Mahometans have a

the

glass;

Augustus took

probable,

which being taken away,

of gold,

deposited in a coffin

became a Christian church.

it

we

might expect to

find applied

shrine of Alexander,

which surrounded the

and was moreover a cemetery for the kings of Eg}'pt.

" Here

stately piazzas of Corinthian pillars

it

permitted

to

come near
certainty"".
edifice,

enter

it.

Nor

is

it

They

tell us,

safe

indeed, that

within

but Turhs only are

for a Christian

it

it

to

with

contains a large

almost sunk under ground, decorated with a mul-

by

man

IS

A CHEST which no

Egmont and Heyman's Travels, Vol.

- Can there be a stronger reason for
this monument was so long involved?
'

still

the walls; so that nothing can he said of

titude of cupolas, supported

IT

have

said to

also' a large structure,

is

II.
tlie

pillars.

It

is

added, that

can approach,

at

least

p. 133.

obscurity

in

which the history of

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

85

who,

there being several instances of persons

not open,

on attempting

it,

have dropt

guard on

that the Turks keep a

and allow none

down

to enter

it

dead: and hence

the outside

this building,

of

on any account;

it is

we made

for

a very handsome olFer to be admitted, but were refused.

" The Jews, from

whom we

had the above account,

will have this to be an old temple built

Jews,

who

fled in multitudes to

of Nebuchadnezzar

and

this

they pretend to prove from

But

they acknowledge

regard

ivith

themselves

Others are equally positive that

ignorant.

for the

Egypt, from the cruelties

a certain passage in their Talmud.

the dangerous chest,

by Nicanor

it

to

entirely

was a church

DEDICATED TO St. AtHANASIUS."

It

treme
in

not possible to have

is

difficulty

modern

to approach

stronger proof of

of gaining a knowledge of

times.

The Arabs would

suffer

the ex-

this

Tomb

no Christian

on pain of death; and the only account these

intelligent travellers could

obtain, with

all

their

liberality

and perseverance, was derived from Jews, a people more

despised, if possible,

by Mahometans than

Christians.

In the year 1/68, on the twentieth of June, Bruce arrived

J^^e^ Bruce.
A. D. 1768.

in Alexandria.

"

It

Speaking of the

Tomb

of Alexander, he says,

would have been spared even by the Saracens;

Mahomet

for

speaks of Alexander with great respect, both as a

king and a prophet;" but confesses he could hear nothing of

it.

This

Instances

failure in a single traveller

more

is

of no consequence.

extraordinary^ have occurred, wherein travellers

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

SG

of equal eminence have been disappointed in their search of

objects less

removed from observation.

Members of

who

the Institute

not find the ruins of

Denon, with those

explored the .Delta,

Spon and Wheler went within

Sais.

sight of the ruins of Tithorea, at

the foot of Parnassus,

without noticing them, or being aware of the

site

being able to discern Gargarus, the summit of Ida

or,

when
the

of obser\'ation, or unsuccessful

no argument against the existence of the

research, afford

Bruce

objects sought.
dress,

Want

the plain.

town of Bonarbashi, and

arrived there, to behold the

rivers in

of that

have visited the plain of Troy without

Travellers

city".

could

he wore the Arab

relates, that, as

he was under no constraint, but walked about the

worn

Travellers have often

he pleased.

city as

that dress,

but they have not found themselves sufficiently disguised

to pass for

when

Mahometans, and

they lived in the houses of Franks,

But there

mendations to Consuls.
to be considered,

which

at

is

especially

with recom-

another circumstance

once explains the reason

Tomb

Bruce did not see the

sea

mosques

to enter

of Alexander.

why

He was

at

on the morning of the twentieth of June, when the

city of Alexandria

which he

sailed

for Rosetta ''.

inquiry?

As

became

and

What
for

first

visible"

in the afternoon

he quitted the place

possible opportunity

liis

walking

"

See the Third Appendix.

Bruce's Travels, Vol.1, p. 7.

from the ship in

about,

had he of making
he acknowledges

"

Ibid.

p. 13.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

87

the plague had raged in the place from the beginning of

March, and the inhabitants had only opened

two days
would a

before his

their houses

Under such circumstances,

arrival.

anxious to penetrate to the source of the

traveller,

an association with Arabs and Turks

Nile, risk

evident he did not; for he says, " I

left

It

is

with eagerness the

threadbare inquiries into the meagre remains of this once

famous

Rosetta, and

by

cited

is

was

him'',

having attested

as

in the year

that Irwin,

who came

ninth of September,

St.

1546: and

it

remains

saw

after Bruce,

in

that

it

Marmol

he saw

now

to

this

show

on the twenty-

the year 1/77.

Tomb, by venturing

visited the

Mosque of

then went to Aboukir and

at Cairo in the beginning of July.

monument

Irwin

He

Egypt."

capital of

Athanasius, without the

secretly into the

company

or cogni-

zance of the natives, and of course without their information

concerning

it.

The

whom

Janizary,

key by

to Alexandria, procured the

he brought with him

stealth;

and

his curiosity

being privately gratified, he thus describes his adventure

"

We

which
to

soon came

is

still

habitable,

the service of

some

difficulty

to

to

length procured

an antient temple,

'

a part of

and has been long appropriated

Mahomet.

On

this

obtain admittance.

by our Janizary,

into the neglected quarter.

<i

'

This

is

account

But the key was

and

at

we were shown

a square of very large

Bruce's Travels, ibid. p. 13.

Irwin's Series of Adventures, &c.

we found

p. 367.

^^'^^ ''"'

^^^^Z^a
Mosq.te,

thrxomb.

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

88
diameter, which

surrounded with triple

is

PILLARS of the

CORINTHIAN

ORDER.

and support a roof which

lofty,

is

rows of granite
Thesc

in a

still

are

pillars

good

state

of

preservation.

" The inside of the walls of

this

temple

is

inlaid

which, for their richness

tables of marble of various colours,

and novelty, cannot but engage the admiration of a

In the area of the square

mould.

It

from a

rail

some

which

stranger.

a stone cistern of very antique

is

on

inscribed

is

with

all

inclosed

sides

it,

with hieroglyphics, and,

appears to have served for

religious purpose."

Sonnini resided more than once in Alexandria, and, as

c.s. sonnini
sees the

Tomb,

Yie

published a

relates',

observations,

made

at

without any attention to the order in which

different times,

,they

number of

were made, or

to

their

By this means the

Tomb cannot be noted

dates.

exact time in which he visited the

but his travels ended in the year 1/80, and he appears to

have been in Alexandria a few years

extract

from

his

work'

is

and

attention, as

it

and accounts
sepidchre.

European

A
who

it

Irwin.

The

rather long; but, except a short

passage from Mr. Browne's Travels,

be made

after

it

is

the last that will

contains observations worthy of particular

proves the difficulty of entering the Mosque,

for the

Duke

silence of travellers

of Braganza

discovered

'

Sonnini's Travels in

Ibid. p. 121.

is

concerning the

mentioned as the

it.

Upper and Lower Egypt,

p. 67. edit.

Lond. J800.

first

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

"I had

heard of a curious monument, a sort of anciekt

TOMB, that was

was assured

me

in vain expressed a

which

walls

wish

to see

The French Consul and M. Adanson

earnestly

However M. Auguste,

to relinquish the idea.

me

conducted thither

pri-

and without the knowledge of the other Frenchmen.

Janizary belonging to the factory accompanied us;

by the Turks,

sheick of the Mosque, called inian

the Christians,
little

we

it

was not only dangerous, but

undertook to have

less timid,

vately,

that such a thing

impracticable.

requested

Mosque without the

in

enclose Alexandria ".

I

89

money

was waiting

vicar

the

by

and by means of a

for us;

that ^I. Auguste had agreed to give this priest,

had an opportunity of examining every thing

at

our

was constructed by a

leisure.

This temple

caliph";

the walls are incrusted with marble of different

colours,

and some beautiful remains of mosaic were

is

ancient;

it

stiU

to be seen.

" The Tomb, which was the object of our researches,

and which may be considered as one of the Jin est pieces of
antiquity preserved in Egypt,

Mahometans^
to contain

had been converted by the

into a sort of pool, or reservoir, consecrated

It is very large,

water for their pious ablutions.

and would be an oblong square, were not one of

"

That

"

Its

is

to say.

its

shorter

Modern Alexandria.

being constructed by a caliph would not prove

its

antiquity.

M.

Sonnlni

of course intended, that a caliph converttd into a mosque the building he found;
wliich, as
y

Or

Denon

relates,

Christians;

for

was formerly

it is

a primitive church.

impossible to say

who

first

made
771

the holes in

its

sides.

go

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

sides

rounded off in the shape of a bathing-tub.

probability

of
is

it

all

it

was formerly covered by a

are at present to be seen, and

lid

In

but no traces

entirely open.

it is

all

It

of one piece, and of a beautiful marble spotted with

green, yellow, red, &c.

renders

it

upon a

fine black

particularly interesting,

of small hieroglyphics with which

and without.

copy them

month would

faithfully

the prodigious quantity

is
it

covered both within

is

scarcely be

sufficient

to

and no correct drawings have been

taken of them to this day.

my return

ground; but what

from Egypt,

That which

saw

at Paris,

upon

at the house of Berthin the minister,

could only serve to give an idea of the shape of the

monu-

ment, the hieroglyphics having been traced by fancy, and

at

random.

It

would be much the same

vouring to copy an inscription,

we were

to

as

be

if,

in endea-

satisfied

with

writing the letters without any order or connexion:

It

however, only by exactly copying the

sym-

bolical writing,

that

we

can attain

figures of this

is,

the knowledge of a

mysterious language, on which depends that of the history

When

of a country formerly so celebrated.

shall be

known, we

shall learn the origin

this

language

of the Sarcophagus,

and THE HISTORY OF THE GREAT MAX WHOSE ASHES

CONTAINED.

Till

then

all

IT

conjecture must be vague and

uncertain.

' At the side of the Tomb, upon a piece of gray marble,

serving as pavement to the Mosque, I perceived a Greek
Inscription, but in

Roman

letters

as

it

was

half efl'aced.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

more time would have been required

we

could spare.

was

Ql

to decipher

able to distinguish, at

it

than

first sight,

only the word Constantinon ^

"Formerly

was impossible

it

to enter this

Mosque; and

THIS ACCOUNTS FOR THE SILENCE OF TRAVELLERS CONCERN-

ING

THE SEPULCHRE THAT RENDERS

A Duke

of Braganza

or rather discovered

He

chance.

\\'as

to

SO

INTERESTING.

European ivho

had passed in front of the temple

go

it,

the door

perceiving nobody about, he had the

Some

in.

visited

he was directed thither by mere

tor

it,

was wide open, and

curiosity

the Jirst

IT

collected together, and

who had

children,

came shouting round him

seen him,
:

had their

shouts been heard, there would have been an end of the

Portuguese prince
children,

he took out

his purse,

by throwing them some pieces of money, which

procured him a free and peaceable

ISIontague, of

had

whom

But some time

formed by a sheick whose

laws of fanaticism,
could pay a sequin.
andria, several

sum

after,

murmured

loudly.

inscription.

the duties of

it

being per-

fanc}- for gold prevailed over the

was open

to

The same year

every foreigner that

that I arrived at Alex-

The commandant of Alexandria hastened

of the inscriptions belonging to

it

for permission to enter the

some of the common people saw them, and

converted

Since then, Mr.

Englishmen had gone thither viithout any

precaution

One

it

retreat.

have already had occasion to speak,

in vain offered a large

Mosque.

and silenced the

into a

mosque.

Some

tlie

future

primitive cliurch before the Arabs

traveller

may

obtain

more of

this

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

g2
to reprimand

The

Christian.

was yet

admit no

to

noise that this affair had Uke to have occa-

where Europeans

too recent not to leave

prudently planned, that nobody

live in continual fear,

some uneasiness on

our excursion to the

but

and ordered him

sheick,

in a country

sioned,

minds

the

ISIosque

knew any

their

had been

thing of

it,

so

and

no notice was taken."

Browne

^^^-

^'''ad'i-^IT'

arrived in

Egypt on the tenth of January,

The Sarcophagus was almost

1792.

the

The

attracted his notice in that country.

keepers rendered

so difficult for

it

other travellers, he

first

him

which

vigilance of

to see

compelled to notice

is

object

it

that, like

it,

in a cursory

way, and apologizes

for

minute account.

any person could have succeeded

If

its

not being able to give a more

in

obtaining the history, and in giving the description of the

Tomb,

it

w^hose

work

would have been the cnterprizing

appeal

inquiry, greater than

is

now

any of

With

made.

his predecessors,

traveller to

genius for

a knowledge

of the language of the country, patient investigation, and

unabated

zeal,

he superadded the advantage of being always

in the national habit,

natives.

time,
is

and of mixing

familiarly

Yet the danger of betraying any

with the

curiosity at that

which might awaken the jealousy of the Mahometans,

evident from his narrative

" There

is

also

*.

a sarcophagus or chest of serpentine

marble in the great Mosque, which

Browne's Travels

in Africa,

is

used for a cistern.

Egypt, and Syria,

p. 6.

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

of the same kind with that so minutely described by

It is

Kabsh

Kahira ^, and seems

Niebuhr, at Kallaat

el

almost

hieroglj-phics.

rich in

as

advantage of being
It

is

said

on

since,

moval of

this

to be

in

and

who

It has

the

precious
vessel,

to

be

additional

injured

little if at all

by time.

farmed the customs some years

from Egypt, had negotiated

retiring

present to the

was

entire,

one of those

an European

it

y3

monument of

for the re-

on board of

antiquity,

with the intention of carrying

On

Emperor of Germany.

it

the night

as a

when

embarked, however, the secret being disclosed,

the citizens clamourously insisted that the property of the

Mosque was

inviolable.

The

projected removal

was accord-

ingly relinquished, and the chest has ever since been ivatched

uncommon

ivith

vigilance, so that

to obtain a sight of

European even

now

it is
it

difficult for

which must be

my

excuse for not having been more minute in

monument

of a

an

my

description

that seems not to have been particularly

observed by former travellers."

The

eighteenth century terminated with the memorable

Expedition to Egypt.

On

J^^"""*"''

the fourth day of July, 1798,

Tombf
A

Denon and Dolomieux beheld

the

Mosque of

St.

the

Tomb

The

Athanasius.

of Alexander in

description given

by

the former, of the state in which they found the Sarcophagus,

has been already

inserted''.

He

ornaments observed among the

*'

It

is

now

in

the British

also

ruins'".

Museum.

Denon's Voyage en Egypte, Tom.

speaks of the Pagan

It

is

'

I.

p. 33.

moreover

See page 25.

to

rj

l'"98

TESTIMONIES RESPECTING

94

be noticed, that although his words respecting the

exactly correspond with

he

Sandys,

is

those of

Leo Africanus, and of

mention the tradition which prevailed

adoration paid to
text of

The

does not

and

this is

rendered

his Plate,

which,

b)'

Tomb,

affords

comment on

It

has accompanied

the

representing the
the

Leo ^
evidence

may now

the Sarcophagus

thousand
that

who

the only one of the three

more remarkable by

Tomb

through

be closed.

Alexander's

years.

of more

period

body arrived

in

two

than

Eg}pt, at

memorable epoch, when the Samnites compelled the

Roman army

to pass beneath the

yoke

at

While

Caudium.

Ptolemy was celebrating the funeral of a hero, with

whom

expired the glory of the greatest empire in the history of

mankind, the inhabitants of a small

territory in Italy

were

beginning to establish a dominion, which ultimately super-

As they

seded the conquests of Alexander.

the page of History attracts

all

rise to

notice,

our regard to another country,

and the memory of Egypt and of the Eastern World

|)artially

obscurity

the

vsho

Antioch,
ut

this cause

we may

attribute the

which involves the history of the Ptolemies and

Seleucidie.

kings,

To

obliterated.

is

is

The

series

of Egyptian

and

of

Syrian

the splendid thrones of Alexandria and

filled

almost as

difficult to

determine, as the

number

sumptuous works they constructed, and the purposes

which they were

'

raised.

.'ice

the

It

View of

is

not therefore

the Mosque.

for

surprizing

THE TOMB OF ALEXANDER.

that a single

Monument, secluded from

jealousy and superstition of

its

05

observation by the

guardians, should in later

ages have escaped the notice of Europeans.

History has proved, that the shrine of the Son of

Ammon

stood within the precincts of the regal palace at Alexandria

and

tradition, supporting history, points to his

a building which in
description of the

of antient

relics

authenticated.

its

within

present state agrees with Strabo's

Soma of

the Ptolemies.

The

identity

has been rarely established by facts better

The tombs of Hesiod and

on the plains of Orchomene and

traveller in

Tomb

Pella,

Euripides moulder

while the

classic

vain requires of Albanian shepherds that oral

testimony which might confirm the truth of the historian

who

has

guided him to those

interesting

objects.

But

THE Tomb of Alexander was acknowledged and venerated

by

Barbarians, while

it

remained unregarded by the most

enlightened and distinguished nations of the earth.

ADDITIONAL NOTES.
X AGE

12.

Seleucus

I.

Dlane's

Plates of

" The

line 13.

placed

Selcucida:

his

own head

is

is

Philip

&c.

Aridseus,

any other medal of Seleucus,

not seen on

is

Secondly, Because the features do not

really expressed.

res^Tible tho.se of Seleucus, but agree with

Lysimachus,

exhibited

those

the same

In

work,

been indiscriminately considered

It
to express it on his coins.

as the

portrait

of Alexander, dressed

skin, according to the custom of the Macedonian kings.

Porphyrog.

lib.

ii.

where the

ii.

As

pp. 85, 86.

a distance from the University,

Note, though at
of Goltzius,

thenia

I will

enumerate

Portrait of

all

Fig. 17.)

In this manner

it

it

has

any sovereign who happened

portrait of

the

is

the medals of

on

(Plate 3.

again represented as a portrait of Antiochus the Second.

lion's

In the

death.

Because the reverse of the medal

First,

on the coins of Alexander; and

where

of his successors."]

his

which opinion there are two reasons

is the same that appears

Plate I. p. 15. Fig. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.) from

for dissenting:

after

given as a portrait of Seleucus the First, (See

is

it

God

Alexander tvas the tutelar

deified

image of Alexander on medals

the

am
to

enabled,

with the

See Constantin.
while adding this

procure a copy of the works

the instances, in his collection of Greek Medals

Alexander seems

be represented.

to

COUNTRIES, CITIES, AND KINGS.

1.

bronze medal of Acarnania,

with the lion's skin.

Tom.
2.
3.
4.

5.

A
A
A
A

III.

Goltzii Opera,

bronze medal of Thebes.

EBH.

Insc.

Tab.

Ibid.

medal of Lysiinachia.

Ibid.

silver

silver

medal of

Philip Aridieus

some other

the father of Alexander.

6.

7.

Ditto, ditto.

Ibid.

8.

Ditto, ditto.

Ibid. N". 10.

9.

bronze medal of

ditto.

Tabula sexta, N.

3.

Ibid.

Tab. xvi. N".

N".

xviii.

8.

9.

Tab. xxvi. N". 7.

;

insc.

B.'lsrAEns *IAinnOT; which

authors, has erroneouslj- attributed to Philip

Ibid.

Ibid.

Tab. xxx. N".

Tab. xxx. N".

5.
S.

N". 9.

bronze medal oi Alexander

BASIAEnS AAEHANAPOY.

XPYSinnoXSnsi.

De Re Nummaria.

bronze medal of the Locri.

Goltzius, as well as

10.

represents the head of Alexander dressed

Inscription,

on the reverse of which

Ibid.

Tab. xxxi. N".

is

the inscription

3.

gold medal of Alexander, on which the portrait of Alexander appears

with the horn, as oa the medals of Lysimachus

inscription

AAEHANAPOY j an

and, on the reverse, the

indisputable proof,

that

when expressed

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

g8
on the

latter,

could not be intended for the portrait of Lysimachus.

it

Tab. xxxi. N.
11.

12.

A
A

medal of

silver

Tab. xxxi. N.

Tab. xxxi. N.

Ibid.

ditto.

medal of

gold

Nineteen silver medals of

Fifteen bronze medals of ditto.

AAEHANAPOY.

Because

The cap is
same mode

it
it

Ibid. Tab. xxxiii.

showing the head of Alexander

Ibid.
face,

full

inclined to think
First,

Tab. XXXV. N.

head of Alexander,

for the

the same worn by Albanians at this day

which

of wearing the hair;

also

Tab. xxxiv. N.

The

AAEHANAPOY.

18.

Three bronze medals of Cassander;

19.

lion's skin, strongly

it

now

exists.

and they have the

the snake-like

From

the remark-

Tab. xxxv. N.

2.

exhibiting the portrait of Alexander,

all

expressed.

without any reason, seems to assert).

as

reverse bears, moreover,

Ibid.

Ibid.

medal of Alexander (not the son

we have

lam

two reasons

for

agrees with
Secondly,

I.

able inclination of the head to one side.

the inscription of his name,

silver

1.

shows the costume of the Macedonians,

in

a helmet.

in

with something of the Medusa character.

was intended

appearance of the hair

with the

Ibid.

Ibid. Tab. xsxii.

ditto.

bronze medal of ditto;

Insc.

diadem.

the

Ibid. Tab. xxxiv.

15. Seventeen ditto, ditto.

17. Ditto, ditto.

with

6.

I'l'.

5.

Alexander's head,

ditto:

13.

It).

Ibid.

4.

It is

Tab. xxxv. N^3,

4,

of

Goltzius,

Cassander,

as

and?.

exactly the same face which

referred to so often, with this difference

The head

is

dressed

with the skin of an elephant, as appears by the ears, tusks, and proboscis
of that animal

the proboscis

brought

is

to the top of the forehead,

then turned back over the crown of the head.

cularly interesting, as

Eastern expedition

it

shows

it

to

have been struck during Alexander's

no elephants having been seen

in

For the same reason, Goltzius proves that

event.

Alexander king of Epirus.

and

on that account parti-

It is

If the features

Europe prior

to that

cannot belong to

it

be compared with those on

Alexander's medals, in Tab. xxxii. and xxxiii., they will be found exactly
the same.

Ibid.

Tab. xxxvi. N.

20. Thirteen silver medals of Lysimachus, exhibiting the portrait of the deified

Alexander, according

made

for

this

Tab. xxxvii. from N.

21.

to

work.

the example from which the engraving has been

Ibid.

to

Tab. xxxvi. from N". 7

to

N". 12.,

and

N. 7. inclusive.

medal of ditto, showing the portrait of Alexander with the lion's

which has equal pretension to be the head of Lysimachus, with that
which bears the horn. Yet both one and the other have been proved to
silver

skin,

exist

22.

on medals of Alexander.

silver

Ibid.

medal of Ptolemy Ceraunus.

lion's skin

Tab. xxxvii. N".

9.

Here the same head occurs with the

and from the passages of Goltzius already

cited,

it

has been

ADDITIONAL NOTES.
shown

that author does himself allow

the Great.

it

QQ

be the portrait of Alexander

to

Tab. xxxvii. N. 10.

Ibid.

A silver medal oi Antipater, with the same head. Ibid. Tab. xxxviii.
A silver medal of Sosthenes, with the same head finely expressed.

23.
24.

Tab. xxsviii. N.

Two

25.

Ibid.

3.

Head of Alexander with

medals of Antigonus Gonatus.

silver

Tab. xxxviii.

diadem.

N". 2.

the

5 and 6.

N''^.

GRECIAN ISLES
which expressed the

of Alexander on their Medals.

Poi'trait

26. Corcyra, a bronze medal.

Ibid.

Tab.

N. 4.

i.

27. Cos; four medals of silver, and one of bronze:

the face of Alexander in front, which

No^

I,

and

2, 3, 4,

the

last

very uncommon.

is

of which show-!

Tab. xxi.

Ibid.

6.

2S. Caipatkus, a bronze medal.

Tab.

Ibid.

N.

xxiii.

3.

ASIA.
29.

Galalia, a bronze medal.

30.

Piusa,

Tom.

R'^.

Ibid.

Tab.

Syracuse, bronze.

31.

33.

Bruttia, bronze.

34.

Brundisium, bronze.

If, in

have been paid to

and

iii.

iv.

N".

xxiii.

N. 7.
7.

instances, a slight difference should

let it

struck

in

Asia

appear

in the represen-

be remarked, that they were the works of different

so striking,

is

They appear

it.

1.

I.

all

to

that the utmost attention seems to

have been taken from one

In viewing the representations of Alexander's Portrait,

medals

N.

N. 9.

vi.

Tab. xxxiii. N.

Ibid.

Yet the resemblance

artists.

Tab.

Tab.

Ibid.

some of these

tation of the features,

ii.

N. 10.

v.

AND MAGNA GRAECIA.

SICILY,
32. Messana, bronze.

Tab.

Ibid.

Tab.

Ibid.

ditto.

so exactly correspond with

it

is

original.

truly wonderful that

others struck

in

the

most

western colonies of Greece, that they would seem the result of the same coinage,
if

it

were not

for the

difference

expressed on their reverses.

"

Apuleius,

forma

ide}n vigor

viridis juvenla,

P. 28.

1.

the

of their inscriptions,

all

It

and the various subjects

of them, to repeat the beautiful observation of

acerrimi bellatoris, idem ingenium maximi honoris, eaden

eadem gratia

relicin<B frontis, cerneretur."

" Which, being converted

18.

was La Cause.

In

was of 64 guns, and,

into

an

hospital."']

in the division

The name

of the ship

of the prizes, was allotted to

Capoudan Pacha.

P. 46. Note (r).

also vessels, &c.]

"

By

Tliei/

contained with the deceased, his armour

referring to society in a savage state,

we

and weapons

frequently discover

ADDITIONAL NOTES

100

customs which were practised among the

Western Canada have a

he was buried with the usual

warrior,

a scalping-knifc, tomahawk, beads, paint,

and a bark cup

drink out

to

Voyages and Travels,

may be

they

appearing

paved

(s).

Note

Ibid.

in his

of,

honours peculiar to

journey

Wherever mounds of

pairs

the savages

some pieces of wood

6(C.

savages

in

" Having been a famous

interment.

to

viz.

make a

fire,

See Long's

to the other countrj/."

p. 4-9.

distinguished from tombs;

in

The Chippeway

antieiits.

mode of

similar

there

being

that

in

kind were used to mark distances,

by being smaller; and secondly, by

this

first,

one

case

on either side the antient

They may be observed in all the route from Constantinople to

The wildest savages in Southern Africa, of the tribe called Bosjes" It is custo/nary with them to inter the dead,
heaps over the dead.

roads.

Salonichi.
tnans,

raise

Some of

and, like the Hottentots, to cover the graves with piles of stones.

were so large, and on qrassy plains where not a stone was naturally
that the amassing

these

found,

to he

of them together must have occasioned a very considerable degree

Thus we find, that from one extremity

Barrow's Travels, p. 283.

of labour."

of the globe to the other, the practice of heaping mounds, as tumuli, cither has

may

prevailed, or

"

P. 47. 1.1.

be observed.

still

Tliis

mode of interment belonged to persons of the highest rank."'\ The

at Mycense near Argos, is beneath an immense conical

tomb of Agamemnon,

mound of

The

earth.

slab of

largest, perhaps, in the world,

discovered there.
18.

1.

we except

is

it,

the

the pillar and obelisks at Alexandria,

Characters, resembling the hieroglyphic writing, have lately been

and elsewhere.

P. 53.

Egyptian granite, over the entrance of

if

See Cell's Topography of Troy, p. 122.

" That nothing but the length of the description prevents its insertion."]
work was printed, it has been suggested by a friend,

Since the former part of this

that the

whole account given by Diodorus of Alexander's Funeral would be grati-

many

fying to

I have therefore

readers.

given

it

verbatim, accompanied

by

the

Latin Translation, from the Wetstein edition, printed at Amsterdam, in the year
171-j.

APPIAAIOS^
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101

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

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ri^^Buq,

avm-nuv^

xa*

*Akq}^qv9(o;

i^aAd'
^l

w^o-

txvtv}

ttj

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

102
^yXo7r^7rta,

iti^Tovruv,

tffX^Qoj

AX/|ato^o, aT^fTJiffE fitm

xaT

OE

^n;v,

t?;

^^OKTi^o; if ii7e.

ftEyia-TJ!,-

XTis-^E'ni>

T))

a7ro9cr8a(.

W^ETTES-E

Ot ^v ya^

3vta,fA,euf

o(a

ecuB^ciiToi^

Tijn

a^Biviv

T?)

ArrhidcBUS,

ij

%'ero

v^X^S

Uteris

varum

ita

to

'C7acTf to:;;

Si/j-Ixi;

aXXa

xxi

nra^i

E^^acKjTov

^iXof;

erat

xai

jam

perfecto,

concinnatum

illud

artificii

rjo^i)Xi

Eicoyo-iw;

erat,

gesfis

lapillis

run fAEyirruv

ex

in

enlm

flores,

KtyoCyut

fuit,

in cujus

alia

aliquid

medium

fastigio

In

fuit,

longe

du

eo

summum

quod

erat

aromatis,

Supra capulum,

circumquaque ambitum

chlamys punicea perquam decora,

Tum

et

eo consiiio, ut speciem illam

quo funus

pilentum,

vertice aureus fornix,

trans-

squamam habens

nobilibus coagmentatum, octo cubitura latitudine et longitudine

renidebanf.

Seoi,

waoa^o^wj

Principio autem cadaveri loculus mallei

duodecim

subjectum erat solium ex auro, figura quadratum

summo

aurei

iisque

unde corolla ad pompam conciunatse,

'iiTut,

Oi

coiistabat)

talentis

defiincti posueraut,

quo tragelaphorum capita expressa,

aunexi

xai /xiyxhut

Alexandri majeslate digiiuni

ut

accommodarent.

admoveruiit

Huic

eXx^ev.

ad translationem ejus se prseparabat.

(inultis

Supra hoc circumjecta

totam rebus ab eo

exstructus erat.

[t.iya.>ji-

a^oi^i;

OT!fi7ro>ic7ai'7o.

quoque excellentia celeberriuiura

quam arma

xaratijxEvi)*

aywai

raaEi;^oro, xxittej t?; 0ao-iXix?{

xi^i/>w

:7ijiy.?iai',

legmen exacte adaptatum,

erat,

tvjp

oixow-

t>i

Alexandri deportation! praefectus, curru, quo regium

erat,

auro variegata, juxta

veliendum

Tij;

majaxo/Ai^Eir,

xxTa

xjii

xiXa;

Siiv

fabricatus erat, ut probe quadraret, quern usque ad

complecteretur.

Tipij tof

Js

xai /AjyaXovJ/vyoi', trvviT^i^pv tuxjno^sf

Mviitot;

iiloii;

ijijixarf

qUiB et fragrantiam et durationem cadaveri praberent, referserant.

aureum

fti

xara

xal

fAiyi^o^

xai

commendare honestum judicamus.

ductura

xatra

nToX/Aaro'

7o{

nee solum magnificentia impensarura

superavit,

ei; /xe> " AfAft,atx

atTov,

iMtav,

auTn^iat rotf

corporis

opus

ita

roajoifTo,-

Iwi^ajsoTaTJiv ouo-av ax^^^' Ti tSf

T/xtoj

xtidEi/o-a;

to T^f

cadaver traiisvehendum

Quia

tou

sffi

nroXEjiiaroj

e'^ywi^

isa^aXaB!^' to ci/xz,

"*'

-''?'*?5

<F3e^a-

ruv

xaia^'XEL'jjy

t>]V

AiyyTToi.

S15

''^>

ruf 5Te*TiWTw?

dl

e't

'BTt^\

r^o6i/f<ot; eosutou; 15 t>i ffTjaxiiav

Toi/Tou

xa*

ev

woXEfiitV

fiEXXoi/OTi;

asa7E{

"

fficx.

ov

avQjwffDK

57Kg

AX!|xJ^nf, xai

i; Tii

ojAu;

ow

yaj

ir' airoD tvoXiv,

Ka^TStrx.svao'ev

Tl/xvo-a;,

BajStXiJxj}

Jvra^EW; f^EX?'

"Exjive

AAaJgot |)i; alior,

T>lf

Ix

(3aiTi>i'w;

dyaXuffx;

avo

eri)

nyjuruvy

xat

o^oxotut

[Am ovf ff^saor

o-S^a toC

TO

aTExo/xiCTE

'Stx^koXovHs^

ApptoaTo^

binorum palmorum

variis coloribus

fimbria exstabat

circuli

pulcherrime, tanquam

reticularis,

tintinabula

eximiae

magnitudinis continens, ut ex iongiore intervallo sonus ad propinquantium aures

perferrctur.

Ad

fropceum geslans

angulos testudinis fornicatae, in singulis lateribus Victoria stabat

:

peristylium,

lonica capitella habebat.

quod fornicem

Intra quod

aureum

excipiebat,

ex auro conflatum

rete crassitudine contextus digitali,

tabulas ex ordine quatuor signiferas, ct parietibus aequales, prseferebat.

"

In

prima erat currus

cuelo elaboratiis,

et

manu decorum tenens.

Circa regem
hinc Macedonum, inde Persarum Melofororum:
trumijiie

residens

in

hoc Alexander, scep-

satellitium erat armis instructum,

et ante hos armigeri.

In secunda.

ADDITIONAL NOTES.
stipatores sequebantur elephantes,

bellico

103

exornati

ritu

qui in fronte Indos, in

tergo Macedones, armis consuetis indutos, vehebant.

In tertia, visebantur equitum

turmae, qui conglomerationes acierum imitarentur.

In quarta, naves ad pugnara

Ad

expeditae stabant.

Medium

testudinis ingressum aurei leones ad intrantes respectabant.

columnce uniuscujusque aureus obtinebat acanthus, paulatim ad capitella

Supra cameram, circa

se usque extendens.

auream

subdialis,

suis verberans,

erat tapes

quam

radiis

sol

fulgidum tremulumque efficiebat splendorem, ut fulguris ex inter-

vallo speciem exhiberet.

volvebantur

medium, aureus

verticis

coronam habens magnitudinis eximiie

olete

Persicae

Sellae testudini subjectas

rota;

quatuor

axes duo suberant, quos circum

quarum modioli radiique

Pars autem terram allapsu contiugens, ferrea.

inaurati

erant.

Extrema axium prominentia con-

stabant ex auro, leonumque facies hastam mordicus tenentes praeferebant.

mediam

vero

longitudinem,

in

medio

fornice

mechanica arte Polus

Circa
(cardo)

adaptatus erat, ut per hunc testudo in succussionibus, et iniquitate locorum sine

temones

cum

erat, quaternis mulis

jugo

jactatione esse posset.

quadruplex adjunctus

Quatuor

unicuique ordo jugorum

essent,
alligatis,

ita

ut

omnium mulorum

nuraerus esset sexaginta et quatuor robore ac proceritate corporis selectissimorum.

Quisque horum corona deaurata

ex auro,

redimitus erat,

monilia gemniis constipata,

et

collis

" Hujusmodi apparatum currus habebat.

celebritate

nificentior,

ubique pervulgata

utrique

et

pompam

Atque

deducerent, multitude comitabatur.

Ptolemaeus in honorem regis,

cum

clarissima,

exsequiarum
veneratus,

deponere secum constituerat.

justis

et

Illud

est.

Ubi

deportavit.

obviam

enim

processit,

ad

praesenti

in

sacrificiis

heroicis,

cum mag-

Quapropter delubrum,

ludisque

dignum,

illi

fecit

magnificentissimis

in

quo

sepultum

non ab hominibus tantum, sed Diis etiam remunerationem praeclaram

Homines enim

liberalitate ac

Alexandrian! confluebaut, niagnaque

(cum tamen

magna jam

Arrhida;us biennio in

non transvehere, sed in condita ab iUo urbe, omnium fere per totum

nitudine, turn structura, majestate et gloria Alexandri

accepit.

sic

Aegyptum

exercitu ad Syriam usque

acceptum corpus maxima cura prosecutus

Hammonem
orbem

Utque con-

potuit.

erat tantae magnificentiae, ingens opificum et aliorum, qui vias aperireiit,

operis structura consumto, corpus regis e Babylone in

et

Nam

spectatores.

catervatim occurrit, et

esset,

rursum funus deducens spectandi voluptate exsaturari non

et

tintinabula

Qui aspectu quam descriptione magmultos attrahebat

populus ex urbibus, ad quas identidem perventum

sentaneum

maxillae

appensa erant.

animi raagnitudine Ptolemaei

aulmorum

alacritate

regius Ptoleniaso exercitus bellum

pericula manifeste imminerent

pronite, ut salus ejus integra maneret.

inferrct)

invitati,

undique

nomina sua ad militiam

profitebantur.

Et

licet

suo tamen discrimiue omnes efficiebant

Dii vero,

propter virtutem et a;quitatem

erga omnes, maximis ereptum periculis conservarunt."

Tom.
P. 54. Note (s).
those

II.

lib. xviii.

pp. 211,

iVc.

confess myself entirely at a loss to account for the origin of

wonderful catacombs,

unless they

were constructed,

as

they

may have

ADDITIONAL NOTES.

104

been, by the primitive Christians;

etjual

having seen similar works, upon a scale of

and perhaps greater magnificence,

Jerusalem and various parts of the

at

Minor, in the Crimea, and other countries, which have not

any traveller. Those near Alexandria may be consitlered
described
by
yet been

Holy Land,

in Asia

as one of the principal curiosities of the

entirely unnoticed.

They

some of which appear

to

and hitherto they have remained

and beautiful subterranean chambers,

have been the habitations of the living, and others, the

They

repositories of the dead.

city

consist of spacious

would not venture, without

are so extensive, that the guide

who conducted me

a clue of twine, to direct our return;

The entrance

a retreat might be very difficult.

and without

to those intricate vaults is

it,

bv an

aperture hardly large enough to force the body through, which seems to have been

discovered accidentally, and not to have been the original passage.

which seemed more particularly appropriated

the dead,

to

surmounted by a dome, simply but beautifully ornamented.

is

For

mation we must wait anxiously the account, which the French,

will

They have

one day give.

saw copies of them

correct

and

plans

In the part

a kind of chapel,
all

it

drawings

further inforto

is

French Consul, during

in the possession of the

be hoped,

whole.

of the

my

stay in

Alexandria.

Such seem

to

have been the retreats of the

perform the duties of their religion

in secresy

Christians,

first

and

in

when compelled

We

the sepulchres of the Saints, of the Martyrs, and the Fathers of the Church.
find that

the early churches were constructed after the manner of caves,

all

imitation of the holy places in

Those

brated.

rites

which the

first

to

such places, perhaps, were

were

functions of Christianity

in

cele-

were, from necessity, performed by the light of torches and

lamps; in commemoration of which, the practice of burning lights before images,

and upon
erected

altars, still exists in

after

the primitive

dark building,

Christianity
caves.
at the

the Greek and

\^as

tolerated,

The entrance

may be

and one of the principal

defects

the altar.

is

still

in

conform

by a steep descent

is

extremity of which

exactly resembling a cave,

Roman Churches.
strictly

seen

the

The

buildings

character

into an

church of

at Tiberias,

first

to the

of

oblong and

this description,

on the Sea of Galilee

magnificent edifice of

St.

Sophia at

is, that the entrance into it is by a mean descent.

The Alexandrian catacombs might be confounded with the sepulchres of the
Ptolemies, if no attention be paid to the evidence of history.
The words of
Suetonius, when speaking of the Conditorium and the body of Alexander,
" prnlatum e penitrati,," might assist the delusion and there were not wanted

Constantinople

persons who, in their impatience to give

them

name, had adopted such a notion.

But, setting aside the probability of their being the works of Christians, from their

have mentioned, the opinion

exact correspondence with the other excavations

implies a situation directlv contrary to that which

ascribed to the Soinu by Strabo:

MEPOS AE
Africuntis,

TiiN BASIAEiSlN ESTI KAI

who saw

the

Tomb

is

TO KA.\OrMENON SOMA.

of Alexander, describes

it

And Leo

within the chapel where

ADDITIONAL NOTES.
found, surrounded

\va5i

it

105

by the riEPIBOAOS mentioned by

that author

whereas

the catacombs are at a very considerable distance from the city, to the westward,
in a desert place

P. 61

1.

S.

on the shore towards Marabout.

" And dignified by memorials of its fortner greatness."} The following

Remarks of General Regnier, will prove that the Mosque of St.

extract, from the

Athanasius was once a Pagan temple.

Pillars of

been the work of Christians or Mahometans.

porphyry, or granite, have never

" Over

against this glorious relic of

antient architecture stands one of the finest churches in

now

to St. Athanasius,

Of

a Turkish mosque.

more than can be perceived through

Egypt, formerly dedicated

the inside of this

we know

certain openings over the gates

are enabled to say, that the roof of

it

is

nothing

hence

we

supported by four bows of poRPHyRV

PILLARS, as fair and beautiful as can be imagined."

P. 75.

1.

and

At

2.

the invasion of the Saracens, or Arabs, the places which

had borne the name of Alexander, or related

to

if,

retained their original signi-

Alexandria was called Iscitnderia, and Alexandrctta became Iscanderoon.

fication.

His Tomb, therefore, wonld be called the

Tomb

of Iscander

as

it

has acctually

been.

The testimony of Niebuhr

P. 85. Omitted.']

has reference only to the building

which he describes from its external appearance, not being able to enter the
mosque. It might have been inserted before the extract from Bruce, as one
of the

He

many

proofs of the remains of

Pagan magnificence

that

were found

there.

arrived in Alexandria on the twenty-sixth of September 1761.

" The
Empire

finest

vias

building in the city

a church dedicated

with noble columns.

preserved within

I saw only

its

it.

outside."

P. 93. 1.21.

authority of Denon.

great

is

mosque, which in the time of the Greek

to St. Athanasius.

It is

very large, and ornamented

number of Greek manuscripts

are

still

said

to

be

But as no Christian dare exainine any thing within a mosque,

See Travels

have written

it

in

Arabia, and other Countries in the East.

Dolomieux,

instead

oi Dolomieu,

upon the

APPENDIX.

lor

APPENDIX
N"

X HE
in

I.

discovery of an antient Manuscript

the Monastery of Franciscans

him

to

make

He

Work.
Great,

The

a curious

found

if

at

by the Author,

Vienna, has enabled

not important addition to his

there

History

of Alexander

written in Latin, in the oldest Gothic character.

following

Reverend

Extract

Weedon

made from

was
of

Butler,

Chelsea

it

by

the

who,

at

the

Author's request, kindly undertook to copy that

it

which

seems

to

relates

be

Greek author,
absurdities

in

to

of his

Death and

Alexander's
into

translation

own
origin.

time
It

part of

Burial.

with

or else the original

is

evident

the

view some more antient manuscript,

It

Latin of a

barbarous

who mixed

by some monk,

was of Oriental
had

the

it

the

work

Translator

as there are

VPPENDIX,

108

which, being imable to supply, he has noticed

deficiencies,

by a rubrick

in

the same hand-writing.

is

annexed to

No name
probable

the

the same

work

performance;

this

it

is

in their

Note on the Historians of Alex-

is still,"

say they"*, " a manuscript history,

which goes under the name of

in Latin,

but

authors of the Universal History allude to

"There

ander.

1.

.N"

Valerius, stuffed

with these romantic accounts; and for that reason never

Some

printed."

and

Life,

of

their writings

of the earliest historians of Alexander's

who were

those

with

fictions

in

companions,

his

relating

liis

achievements.

Onesicritus, the captain of his galley, wrote a

which

kind,

come

to hfe again,

met with."
of

it

Its author,

Lysimachus,

to

Alexander's

was

War

see

to

it,

to

and

" he should

said

what reception

that

like

book

according to Plutarch, read part

which

an account of

contained

with the Amazons: "

said the king,

I,"

work of this

mentioned in the Note referred

having himself read

Alexander,
to

is

filled

" when

all

And

where,

I pray,

these strange

things

happened?"

The Vienna Manuscript

accounts
a

period

Alexander,

contains

but as they were found

as
it

that

of

the

many

such romantic

authors at so early

in

historians

who

lived

with

might have been derived from a more antient

source than the style of the Latin

Universal Hist. Vol.

I.

p. 413.

would

Note

(p).

lead

edit. fol.

its

readers

APPENDIX,
to

Yet there

believe.

Grecian

origin

is

of demons, which were not

logy of that country.

the

is,

known

Divested of

mony

it

relates facts

of more authentic writers,

manner

we become more

related,

nature of

it.

with his

as

was not

nearly

armour,

The

coffin

body was
receptacle,

carried

as

translator

the whole

in

testi-

entitled to attention

which the same

fact

acquainted with the

and

possible

body of Alexander, when

be conveyed from Babylon

to

decorated with

but covered
the

all

splendor

to be exhibited in the procession

in

the

state

in

which he

lived.

of the antients was the tomb to which the

carried.

to

There

is

no instance of that kind of

which we apply the word

with the body to a

referred to

is

inclosed in a coffin,

insignia of royalty,

and

mytho-

confirmed by the

fully

to suppose the

placed in the fimeral car

to Alexandria,

or

narrative,

it

Thus, from the account given by Diodorus,

was reason

there

the

in

Oriental historian.

because, by the different

is

to the antient

its

extravagant and improbable stories, the

its

when

Manuscript,

made

mention

therefore,

Either,

mixed such machinery with the

was taken from some

109

one strong argument against

and that

N 1.

by the Author

in a

sepulchre.

former part

coffin,

being

The example
of this Work,

taken from the account in Sacred History of the burial of

Joseph, shows clearly that the act of putting
coffin

implied his burial,

funeral ceremony.

It

is

and was the

now

last

him

into a

part of the

the practice at Naples, and

APPENDIX,

110

many

in

are

still

other parts

where antient customs

of Europe,

preserved, to dress the bodies of dead persons in

and

the splendor they can afford,

all

1.

to carry

them, thus

exposed, on a bier to their grave.

"

is

common

to Alexander,

Thei/ bore

1dm barefaced on

With

burthen of our old ballads.

the Manuscript

and therefore

explicit,

his bier,"

is

adds

on

this subject

additional

respect

remarkably

vs-eight

what

to

has been before said against the existence of a gold or

a glass

coffin.

"

If hoi,

therefore,

his princes raised the body,

putting a crown upon

conveying

To

it

its

and

Alexander

clothed

it

in i^egal vestments,

head; and they placed

from Bahylon

dead,

teas

it

a car,

in

to Alexandria.''

give this extract verbatim from the ^lanuscript,

it

has been deemed necessary to insert even the errors of

the original.

Ex :^le;canDri ^agni i^istoria.

'

vet. ms.

Indeque, amoto exercitu, venit in Babiloniam, civiia-

tcm

magnam,

Statimque
toteli

et

scripsit

stetit

ibi

usque ad diem mortis

epistolam Olimpiadi matri

praeceptoi'i suo,

de

prjeliis

et angustiis, hiemalibus et ffstivis,

qu:e fecit

suje,

suae.

et Aris-

cum Poro

rege,

quas passus est in India.

Aristoteles denique resrripsit epistolam,

tali

modo.

.
.

APPENDIX,

Then

folloM

death,

have been effected by poison

Ill

1.

and an account of the

Aristotle's answer,

omens preceding Alexander's

to

which the author

a story not credited by

some years

Plutarch, and invented, according to him,

when Olympias wished

The

odious.

learned Author of the

course of a fever
is

Voyage of Nearchus

and shown very

satis-

from the diary which records the progress of

his disease, that his

which

after,

to render the family of Antipater

has alluded to this circumstance,

factorily,

relates

death was occasioned by the gradual

Alexander then dictates his Will

^.

succeeded by the events that took place at the

time of his death; the manner of his burial; a description

of his person

The whole

built.

age

his

and a

&c.

list

of the

cities

he

concludes with the moral reflections of

the author.

a Prjecipimus

de

thesauro

qvii

servdunt

meum,

mei

nostro
in

talenta

quis recturus

tibi,

sit

in

quo

conditurum

Quia

mille.

vos post

vioni

Testamentum meum.

vobis

quod

filius sit

si

Vincent's

ut

Itei-um

illi

custos

corporis

Non

dico

Voyage of Nearchus,

corpus
cogitavi

erit.

nomen

est

mea

vita

sit

obli-

atque dispono

Rosanna uxor mea genuerit

Imperator, et imponite

'

in

meam mortem,

gubernator vestri Tholomeus

et

carissime,

mandes sacerdotibus Aegypti,

regali

templo
auri

magister

Aristoteles,

filium,

ejus

quale volueritis

p. 476.

APPENDIX,

112
et

si

foemina

fuerit, eligant sibi

Rosanna

voluerint.

facultates meas.

uxor

Nicote

1.

Macedones qualem regem

niea

Arideus,

Peloponnenses.

N"

domina super omnes

sit

Philippi

filius

sint liberi, et eligant sibi

Simeon notarius meus

qualem voluerint.

mei,

patris

sit

in

seniorem

dominus

et

princeps Cappadocite et PaphlagonicC: Lyciae et Pamphilice

princeps Antigonus

sit

Cassander et lolus teneant usque

ad fluvium qui dicitur Sol

princeps Cilicice

Fenicem

Egyptum;

meus

Philippus

Orientis, usque
'

Cum

ei

et

Meneagrus

"
in

cuncti
;

Scitote,

sit

super omnes Satrapas

princeps

Babilonia

tota

Macedones cum armis,

coeperuntque

quod

si

non

vociferare

vociferationes

sunt

autem

omnes

Impcratorem
omnes."

et fulgura horribilia,

tunc divulgata est per

et

mors Alexandri.

Statimque erexerunt
et

ad

venerunt in aulam
principes,

ostenditis nobis Imperatoi'em

hac hora, omnes moriemini."

cipes

Tholomeus Lagi

autem hoc Testamentum scribebatur ante Alexan-

contremuit

palatii

Bactram."

totam Babiloniam
se

Helex-

uxor Cleopatra, quam nupsit pater

drum, time subito facta sunt tonitrua

et

sit

Seleucus autem Nicanor Babiloniam

et Siriam

detur

et

Antipater, genitor eorum,

Syriam magnani Plutoniis teneat

Ponthum Lisimacus;
obtineat

dicentes,

nostrum

Audiens autem Alexander

militum, interrogavit quid hoc cssct

ejus

responderunt

ei,

dicentes,

ISIacedones, et dicunt, Si

nostrum

Cum

ergo

in

liac

audissct

hora,

non

" Congrcgati

ostenditis nobis

intcrficiemus

Alexander

prin-

hoc,

vos

pmecepit

APPEXDIX,

113

1.

militibus suis ut elevarent eiim in triclinio palatii,

hoc

jussit aperiri portas triclinii,

Tunc
se.

coepit

Alexander eos monere, ut

" Maxime

nos recturus

lacrimis clamaverunt ad

volumus

Imperator,

tuam

post

mortem."

meam mortem quem

Deinde

amare

ccepit

omnes Macedones

Sol

magnus

contristatus

prope lectum Alexandri,

eodem

in

et

est,

et

reversus

est

nomen

cui

cum gemitu

magno Impein

eclipsin.

Seleucus, stabat

ac ploratu

magno

" Maxime Imperator, Philippus genitor tuus bene

gubernabat nos,
bonitatem

et

tuam,

aestimare poterit ?"

regnum nostrum

quam

in

Tunc

sue, et dedit ei alapam.

ore

erexit se

Tunc

ille

et

Macedonia minuetur!"

dones coeperunt una voce

flere,

sed largitatem et

opera

et

"Ah, heu me miserum! heu me

moritur,

erat

sed etiam pro tam

ibi,

Quidam homo ex Macedonia,

dicebat,

Credo, equidem, quod non solum

loco, quasi tonitruum.

ratore

omnes, una

illi

osculari, et suspirans flevit

dolor ingens ac ploratus

homines ploraverunt

vobis rex

Tunc, jussu Alex-

erit

regnum ISIacedonicum.

et dedit ei

eum,

Alexander

ille sit

At

vos vultis."

quis

scire

Quibus

voce, petierunt Perdiccam proconsulem.

andri, venit Perdicca

factum.

erat

pacific! assent inter

" Viri commilitones Macedones,

respondit,

post

cum

Macedones, autem,

dicentes,

et praecepit ut ingrede-

eum omnes Macedones, quod

rentur ante

et post

habuisti,

Alexander

coepit flere,

infelicem!

in

quis
strata

et dicere,

Alexander

Tunc omnes Mace-

et dicere,

" Melius fuerat

APPENDIX, KM.

114

omnibus nobis mori tecum, quam tuam mortem videre;

quoniam scimus quod post tuam mortem regnum Macedonicum non

Vae nobis miseris! Ubi nos dimittis,

stabit.

Domine Alexander,
Alexander vero,

et solus

plorans

Macedonibus?"

pergis a tuis

sspius, suspirando

Macedones, amodo nomen

vestrum

super

dicebat,

"

non

Barbaras

dominabitur!" Tunc direxit " Athenas, in templum Apollinis,

proponam aureum indumentum

Similiter

omnibus

direxit

Meldinosiam terram,

mortem

aliquis

trabis,

templis

mirram

et

ex hoc ungeret corpus

vocabatur

qui

Arideus,

ad sepulchrum quod

Cum

autem

corpus,

et

coronam
illud
'

est

in

ut

post

crodociae, ut

hae duae

ejus, quia

fratri

det centum talenta auri

Alexandria pro ejus corpore.

obiisset Alexander,

principes

levavenint

ejus

induerunt illud vestimentis regalibus, ponentes

capiti

ejus

posueruntque

in

curru,

portantes

Babilonia usque ad Alexandriam.

Tholomeus autem pergebat cum curru

Heu me,

Non

tua quantus

ostendisti in

vita

ejus, clara

ad Alexandriam, in qua sepultus

occidit

tibus: reliquis

decoris:

illustribus malis,

membris corporis non

victor

omnium;

mortem

post

eum

usque

est.

Fuit autem Alexander staturas mediocris,

laetis oculis,

voce

Alexander, vir fortissime!

Principes et milites ejus sequuti sunt

tuam."

longa;

afFerri

Deinde praecepit

plorando, et dicendo, "

'

praecepit

et

terras

res observant corpus incorruptum.

suo,

seu auream sedem."

cum

cervice

ad gaudium rubescensine

quadam

majestate

sed a vana carne victus.

APPENDIX,
*

Fuerunt anni

pugnavit
ditate

committere

subjugavit autem

est vi Kal. Januarii;

cavit

civitates

quae

xii,

quae

dicitur

tertia,

vii

et

et

laetitia

annis

jocun-

gentem Barbarorum xxvii anno.

Natus

Jepinporos;

bellum

Octo annis viguit cum

acriter.

Alexandria

A decimo-octavo anno

vitae illius xxxiii.

suscepit

nativitatis

115

N" 1.

Fabri-

iv Kal. Aprilis.

obiit

hactenus
Prosiritas

habitantur

Alexandria

secunda,

prima,

Jepibukephalon; quarta, Recratisti

quinta,

Jaranicon; sexta, Scithia; septima, sub fluvio Tigris; octava,

Babilonia

nona,

Ampciadiada

decima,

Masantengas

undecima, Prosantrion; duodecima, Egyptus.

*
^

Totus non sufRciebat

ulnae.

Populis imperavit

ei

mundus

*
:

hodie quatuor sufRciunt

hodie populus imperat

illi.

Multos

potuit a morte liberare, hodie nee potuit ejus jacula devitare.

Ducebat

exercitus,

hodie sepultus ducitur.

timebant hodie, omnes vilem deputant.

hodie habuit equales.'

Gentes

Amicos

quem

et inimicos

n;

APPENDIX.
N"

Jt

may

II.

not be improper to state, that the Dissertation

on the Alexandrian Sarcophagus had been handed about

in

manuscript a

_)

ear before

it

was printed

in

consequence

of which some objections to the opinions entertained in

it

were publicly

circulated.

These gave occasion

to the

following Remarks, which the very learned Author of them

has permitted to be laid before the Public^

APPENDIX,

118

DEAR

SIR,

My
Work

I leave at

Many
seen

to

points

N 2.

communication on the subject of your

your

disposal.

of the Testimonies

recur

of view,

but,

cited

by Aourself

will

be

being here considered in different

they will not be looked upon as mere

repetitions.

With
first

regard to the other Testimonies

adduced, they,

trust, will

w hich

are

now

be deemed not unworthy

of notice,
I remain,

Dear

Sir,

&c. &c.

August 15, ISOi.

Sajmuel Henlev.

APPENDIX, No 2.

119

REMARKS
CONCERNING

THE ALEXANDRIAN SARCOPHAGUS.

X HE

deification

of Alexander, according to Lucian,

or, in

other words, his association with the Egyptian Gods,

Whoever admits

confirmed by Diodorus.

is

the account of

the former, that Ptolemy transferred to Egypt the body of

Alexander, there to enshrine him as one of

have no doubt but the

sacrifices

its

Gods^;

and games, mentioned by

From him

the latter, were rites essential to the deification.

we

learn,

that Aridaeus, to

consigned, after almost

can

whose

direction the funeral

two years spent

was

in preparations, set

out with the body from Babylon for Egypt

also,

Ptolemy, in veneration for Alexander, came up as

that

far as Syria

with an army to meet him, where, taking charge of his

trust,

and

he honoured the corpse with

after

all

possible reverence

having erected a shrine both for

its

extent and

grandeur worthy of the glory of Alexander, buried him in

"

See p. 49.

The words
tote a,yi,yi

iTao-irijTri;,

'iii

ME 0ATEIN

EKEI,

Tom.

I.

p. 302.

'VJZ

of Lucian

<rJJO^rll'

ocm

rENOlMHN

ruit

'EIS

are

these

So^uSai* Juv

^tinaxKXtai
Toatv,

t;

nroXt/^aro;

ti

AiyviTTov

TON AIIYnTinN 0EnN.

a-!Sa,ya,yiit

Dial. Mort.

APPENDIX,

120

with

it,

the splendor of heroic games and magnificent

all

sacrifices

so that he received not from

the Gods, a glorious reward

Nor was
him

in

it

of lonians

consecrated to him; whilst

different

others are mentioned in

coins,

on the confine of Clazomenas,

Ammianus and

At Arcena,

and terms.

altars

and

jNIacedonia

in

as well as a grove

were paid

and observed by the community

called Alexandrian,

Strabo,

only, but from

that such honours

games

commemorated on

countries

men

''.

Egypt alone

besides the

for

N 2.

Orosius instance

a city of Syria, was a

also,

temple erected to Alexander the Great, and a feast-day kept

to his

honour ".
the Egyptians are recorded by Herodotus'*,

As

been the

who

first

raised altars, statues,

have

to

and temples

to their

gods, and sculp tui'ed animals or hieroglyphics on stone; so

they determined the number of their

*"

'AfpiSxToi

TO aufi* ToS SaaiKiu^

^na

a7r>;>T)crE

0oTiJo4

SKEYHN

Ix

Ba(3i/Xui05

^vvccjxiu;

T^f

i|iu(ri.

f^^X^^

KaT(7XiIaa-

'A^flavJ^ou

Ti){

iio aia.'Kaatx.i ici^i

fiit oZt iTjjf Jo T>I

ot/

Ei(

TEMENOS

Jo|r{ a|<o,

l>

xaXat

a|i*oipaj iJwBi'.

' 'Vte^xeitki it

ArnN

A.OU

cc'JTo

TOP

Lib. xiv. p. 953.

lib. xxii. c. 8.
f|iii

xoivoD

II.

Twit

luifuv

ii.

lib. xviii.

avTov,

c. 4.

Oros.

0YIAIS 'HPniKAIL

xai

xa6iE^ujxroi>

fiovor,

oKKa,

'AXt^dti^i-i

xcxTtxyyE'XAETOEi,

sacraice."

Alexandro Magno
lib.

i.

c, 2.

jwEyi^TJ];

iri^

THN KATAxal

Tra^i

28. p. 279.

c.

AASOS

AXt^xv&^nx

xaTa

airfxofCKT-E

AA'|adjor,

tok

tu ^iXivirnv

crfvTEXot//AVOf

Aminian.

in

Roxalanorum

irra-vQa,

Marcclliii.

" Qua Riphaei monies Sarmatico adversi Oceano Taiiaim

praeteriens aras ac terminos

Lib.

to fiiyt^m xai

na.^ liyfi^wTrw

" Ar;E Alexandro Magno

Maoticos auget paludes."

Tom.

Twr KXa^ojtiviuf XaXxi^EWX

Tiftain

Ta^a^cc^uiv to a^fjta,

***

Kara

ov

be twelve;

rut i^yut,

y.a/taf>tivnt

^To^E/it^o^ s\

Krihia-Ui

KAI ATOSI MErAAOnPEnEZI TIMHXAS,

Cii2

trii

K'lyvjnot.

^^^**f,

'^^'^

divinities to

fuiuhiiU

finibus sitos

Laniprid. in Vit. Alex. Sever, c. b.

APPENDIX,
and Alexander,

121

N" 2.

being ranked with them, was

at his funeral,

Thus Clemens of Alexandria

thence reckoned the thirteenth.

speaks of the Egyptians as having had the temerity to

men from

the instance of Alexander the Macedonian,

though manifestly dead

at

city instances

as

was named by

notorious, that Alexander, the son of Philip,

them

whom,

Babylon, they had inscribed their

and Cyril of the same

thirteenth god*:

deity-

their thirteenth divinity^

Alexander

not only styled by Herodian^ a Hero, which

is

was the known

title, of

was by Augustus

""j

he
of founder of Alexandria with
man, but associated

a deified

in quality

as

whom the Egyptians,

Serapis, the tutelary genius of that city;

devoted to superstitions, worshipped as their supreme divi-

Hence the hecatomb

nity'.

with due honours to

his associate.

altar to Alexander's

monument, there took

and placed them on the

was attended

offered to Serapis

coffin,

Caracal la going from the

off his insignia,

which has been presumed,

because Herodian says not otherwise, to have been, forsooth,

'

0;'^

MaxtJofa

uif^^umv;

ya.^

AHOGEOTN
EON,

avay^apoiPTSj

Sir

TPISK.AIAEK.ATON

TTc.Vi)xa<ri,

Ba0v\uv

'iXiy^i

NEK.PON.

'A^=|'>^s<Jl'

Ton

Clemens Cohort, ad

Gent. p. 77.
f

'AXs^av^^on

xotT 6Xro

T0

Js

Cyril,

xaifoK.

contra Julian,

on Suetonius, where mention

number of the
cities,

belonged

observes,

and those
;

till

Lib. iv.

'

"

Ex

remedium

is

made of

fJo'xet

Julius

EON

Caesar

TOK

ovofxa^i

Casaubon,

p. 205.

lib. vi.

in

notes

his

being referred

to

the

gods, after instancing the different phrases applied on such occasions

by the Greeks,
of

TPISKAIAEKATON

*>A.Vwou

that heroic honours

who had

were decreed

at

first

to

founders

deserved well from the communities to which they

such persons came by degrees to be regarded as gods.

i"

c. 15.

Dio,

lib.

li.

c. 16.

plebe Alexandrina quidam, oculorum tabe notus genua ejus advolvitur,

csecitatis

exposcens gfmitu,

superstitionibus gens ante alios edit."

monituqne

Serapidis

dei,

Tacit. Hist. lib. iv. c.81.

(juera

dedifa

APPENDIX,

123
of glass

But the

known, must have

N 2.

between

difference

and

ttvsXo?

of Plutarch, and the

a-o^ovg

KO$Aroi of Dioscorides, might have shewn that

Thus,

stone.

was

a-o^os

The

how

and

gold"*;

latter

exactly

it

a-o^o)

SAF-

coffins

were

the stone-coffin in

Alexander was enshrined, and TrwXog the

was shrouded.

shell in

which

which he

was formed of hammer-beaten

exhibited the features beneath,

who

may be

seen from Abdollatiph,

times

found over the whole corpse a coathig of gold,

is

if

utterly precluded so groundless an opinion;

whilst the AI0INA2

made of

a-o^og,

He

a cortex or skin."

"some-

that

relates',

like

adds, that articles of gold, of dress, or

of jewelry, were at times discovered with the deceased; or

some

implement to denote

sort of

rZ o-wnBTi x-ateuniviM

lib. xviii.

c.

own

Of

"

et

ambiensque

^r^S"^^

this

L_s^

passage Dr.

quandoque

veluti

White

reperitur

membrana.

v_-n^JOI

Diodor.

*^^^ ^v/J5

J*>^

{^JJ^^

presents two versions, in addition to his

cortex

\^Pococke.'\

aureus,

Ja

operiens

totum

bedeckt

zuweilen

mortuum

eine

Gold den ganzen Leichnam, wie eine Membrane.

ducnne Rinde von

interdura

XPrSOTN Z^YPHAATON 'APMOZON.

this

26.

InjjLH^^ *--'V^'
p. 148.

In

their profession.

solche

[JTa/i/.]

super toto corpore hominis defiincti inventuin esse corticem aureum,

instar tegumciui.

[While.y

The term

cedes: " quin etiam inventam

hominis refers to what immediately pre-

esse lamellam auream, corticis

instar,

mummy,

was overlaid with

super al^oiu

niulifbri."

Bodinus, in his account of a

gold

notices, that

its

and observes, that gold preserves dead bodies, as

and other substances from corruption:

cadavera,

uti

ligna

quoque

et

metalla

" Cutem

skin
it

keeps woods, metals,

reperit inauratam,

aurum enim

a corruptione servat."

et

alia

of

Amjxus, " whose

Fabricii

Bibliograph. Antiquar. p. 1028.

With
iron,

this

and

too agrees the

his skin

like

Zajxi

description

a hammer-beaten colossus."
o-iJaje.')i,

<t)TPHAATO

ia

Theocrit.
xo?i(r<ro;.

flesh

was firm

Idyl. xxii.

as

v. 47.

APPENDIX,
manner was Cyrus buried

and had Arrian been

would thence have appeared

it

two

This, in

123

N 2.

that

jrueAof

places, Suetonius will evince

consulted'",

was not a tomb".

the latter stating

which Caligula sometimes

that the breast-plate of Alexander,

wore, was taken out of the conditory, and not from the

body only, with the perfumes

shell; for in that the

embalmed

it,

royal mantle
">

"

Lib.

vi.

was

inclosed

and adorned with jewels,

p,

with

covered

whilst,

his

vvliich

the

armour was

c. 29.

Sand3's speaks of Alexander's

body

"

as

inclosed in a sepulcher of gold

"
:

an expression which, probably, suggested the mistake.

Interdum

"

Magni Alexaudri thoracem, repetitum

et

e conditorio ejus.

Calig.

C.52.
r

SeeDiodorus, as cited

The
with

loss

own.

his

in

pp.52, 53.

of his chlaiujs and jewels (as

Those of Alexander,

triumph over Mithradates

seen from Herodian) Caracalla supplied

is

it

seems, were worn

he having sent the chlauiys

to

by Pompey,

in

his

Pontus from Cos, with

when he took thence her grandson,

whom, nevertheless, he brought up like one
^ev Kw xaTeVXEt^trE, Kfvwv ccvzov a.crfJLivu^ ^lyo^ivniy'

the jewels and other treasures of Cleopatra,

son of Alexander king of Egypt,

born
ttiti

to

KA09raTg5

flucraujww yal^at

Mto^toaT*]? oi

a throne.

tq

AlyvwTov,

To 'AAelavJjou TcitSx. to? 0x.3-iMvovToi;

To no'rrov

woAAnv,

A\s^xva^ov
ir^a,

xosi Tep^jnv,

xa

Aj'Goi;;,

>^!x,8ovTut.

n ru
c.

a-ii

in

Tom.

Tia-Tov

Icrrtv*

117. p. 822.

toiKS

avTr,v

Hassi Phosphoro, p. 53.

for his learning,

was a native of that

who

island;

ft.a.\i.\A.in

voWa

xal ^^rif^xra

iC^eTv

Iv

The Alexander king

First,

t?;

23. p. 674.

A10OKOAAHTOT, XAAMYAA

iX'-"'>

A^to;
^i ipaan,

Mi^^i^a.Tov^

of Egypt,

Kui^v

whom

and grandson of Physcon.

It is

taken to Cos for the purpose of being there educated.

Chaldean science,

I. c.

hica

tx ri tui KAtoJraTfaj

xai Koa/J-ovi yvvaixiiovq,

Appian mentions, was son of Alexander the

Stemma Lagidarum

ygri^^cn lro^^o^{

h^cCpi /Sao-i^ixw;*

Bell. Mithridat.

ofparo? h, xal toS^e

rod Mxjtsd'svof,

K^soTar^aq

icaea>.tt.&ui.,

Appian. de

f'T/A>J/i'.

Tloi^Ttito; iwi

il

xaTa^6^t^/[Xft6o>',

not unlikely that he

was

Philadelphus, so renowned

and Berosus, the great master of

taught astronomy to the Greeks, resided in

it

whence

may be inferred, that it abounded with the best means of instruction.

As the chlamys of Alexander was worn by Pompey in his triumph, he probably
placed

it

in

the capitol with the jewels taken from Mithradates; whence, perhaps,

Augustus possessed himself of Alexander's signet.

The name of Mithradates

is

here written in conformity with etymology, marbles,

124

APPENDIX,

placed at his side

other passage from

the conditorj, as well as

that

relates,

The

i.

N 2.

the

Suetonius

was

corpse,

examined by Augustus ^

From

by Herodotus of the twelve gods of

the mention

Egypt (whom Leon, an Egyptian

were but

to believe

deified

men')

a,

though the Latin writers (who,

his coins;

to

connexion with their

in

temples and hieroglyphics on stones,

and

who

can doubt that the

Greek proper names, change

in

have brought Mithrzdates into inveterate use.

i)

taught Alexander

priest,

Josephus and Porphyry,

however, retain the true orthograjjhy.

Dr. White, on the passage from Abdollatiph,

that they

relates of the Carians,

their armour.
sliall

not

gone

to hell,

said of the

who

Thucydides,
af-iMtit

v^t

oitlvutf

"They

Egyptians themselves,

of the uncircumcised, which are

with their weapons of war."

a^ov,

it is

the mighty that are fallen

to

the dead, ",

also buried with

In Ezekiel, xxxii. 27,

with

lie

refers

The circumstance of the chlamys on the body, or rather wtlAo;, as mentioned

by Diodorus, will supersede the need of correction suggested by Salmasius, who,
in a passage

and

trt/Xw

from Theophrastus de Lapidibus, would substitute

" Auro argentoque replctum esse crediderat, quippe

of Cyrus.

vteVaw:

for

was the true reading, will further appear from what Curtius

tluit tte'tXw

relates

famd Persae

ita

clypeum ejus putrem, et arcus duos Scythicos, et

Ceterum corona aurea imposita umiculo, cui adsueverat
" Kai 5 t E^^a^T
Lib. x. c.I.
solium, in quo corpus jacebat, velavit."
Quid heic,
h h nEnAHI ^atri xat Aa^uon xudxt.
pjs^h'th; yi.aXoif/.io:.,

vulgaverant

sed

pricter

aciuacem, nihil repent.

ipso,
i'f^oio!

malum, peplus

sibi vult,

Aa^srov

Vel

'

)tEJir9a.

aut

facit

nYEAf2I."

?;

Ne

dubita

legere

sv

nVEAni

last

corona aurea imposita, ac floribus aspersis, vencratiis

circumstance

coronis

afficiuiitur

leiiipla

concununi

his libant,

lib. ii.

c. 1.

lares ornare bis

anno

Institut.

" Nunquid

et

And

his sacrificant

c.I 8.

lib. vii.

hos coronanf."

"Ad

originem, veruntamen

ille

vernis lloribus et ajstivis."

sacerdos Acgyptius,

prodif,

ita

lib.

i.

.sertis,

deorura

Lactant. Divinar.

poeta vel academicus

dlversam quidem a Greecorum opinione istorum

Macpdonis Alexandro

Consens. Evangelist,

Arnob. advers. Gent.

sub-

Aug.

est."

Suetonius, in his Life of Augustus, c. 31. " C'ompifales

instiluit,

Leon

xaJ

e penetrali,

" Etiamne Dii

expressive of divine honours.

is

Jioribus f"

et

(pao)

Plinian. Exercitationes, p. 84-8.

" Conduorium et corpus Magrii Alexandri, cum, prolatum

jecisset oculis,

The

tv

c.23.

ut eos hoiyunes

Athenag. Apol.

fuisse declaret."

p. 31.

fuit,

qui

Deorum

Augustiu. de

APPENDIX,

God' was deemed by Severus a

shrine of the thirteenth

monument ?

mystic

125

N' 2.

This emperor, attracted to Egypt by

and the worship of Serapis ",

antiquities, its novelties,

and having taken from almost every temple

divine,

Soma in which he was

that the

buried might no more be seen,

nor these books be read by any one ^.

Alexander, even

This interpretation

was deified by the Athenians whence,

he was Bacchus, Diogenes exclaimed, " Make

his life-time,

in

on passing the decree

to declare

me too Serapis." YHiDISAMENnN 'AinvcaZt 'AXs'lavJ^oF AI0NY20N,

ZAPAniN irmiiraTe, Diog. Laert. lib. ii. c. 3. n. 6.
" Alexandriam

Serapidis,

et

petiit

]Memphini,

et

yxp

'Hy

warTOt

^j3>kia

sibi

eJD),

peregrationem propter religionem Dei

Memnonem,

et

Ka^it,

et

Severus ipse postea

fuisse,

Pyramides,

et

Labyrinthum

dili-

Spartian. in Vita Severi, c. xvii.

genter inspexit."
^

Jucundum

propter novitatem animalium et locorum

Nam

ostendit.

its

them up with the monument of Alexander,

shut

archives,

"

after

whether human or

investigating every source of information

its

Kate Tot/Tow

oio? pijoei" fj.vni uv^^utrnvov utite GeTov aaiE^ivniToy KCCTCc^i'Tru'it*

Ta

uiro^frTor

u^vTUv

aPEiXE,

xal

rZ

roirov

SflMA

ij>i,

(iiTS

t*

^&vTa,

AX^a>d*^ou

Toi/

ra.

Iv

oax.

xat

/xtTi/xEio;

IheUoI(

ev^uv ovvjj0>j,
ZYNe'xXeictei',

yEy^a.ftft.hot

wavTWy

he

^roEi^

I'va

Dio,

ava^s'ltiTai.

<y$

TE

twi*

^jjte

TO

et*

lib.

eI^eTv

Ixx.

C, 13.

p. 1206.

In

the

sepulchral

" The Remedy

edifice

of the Soul."

the Serapeum, where the

Osymanduas was a sacred

of

Diodor.

Hebrew

lib. ii.

c.

open

Scfiptures were

library

inscribed

Ptolemy's library was in

49.

to

the Jews.

Tertul.

Apologetic, p. 182.

The monument
his signet

upon

of Cyrus was closed by the order of Alexander,

moment,

stance of

This leads

prevent violation.

to

it,

that the Chief-priests

guard, and setting their

own

seal

and Pharisees,

what evideuce,

would ascertain the

fact of his resurrection.

may

be

public

ofl'ered,

criterion

of

confirmed.

They

evidence

See

in

St.

3-et

Matthew,

chose,

requiring a

Christ,

placed

circum-

Roman

of themselves

coincidence with the alleged prediction,

than has hitherto been

the Jews.

to

in

upon the sepulchre of

stated, beforehand,

who

to the observation, as a

in

rejected
c. xxvii.

Hence, a more

assigned,
the

the

for

his

satisfactory account

non-appearance in

measures they adopted, their

very

fact,

which

ver. 62, to the end.

these

own

measures

APPENDIX,

126

who

supported by Strabo,

is

Ko 2.

that within the palace

relates,

of Alexandria was an area or court called Soma,

Alexander was entombed y.

ment, for
approve

have been so called

deposited in

be

if Iwjua

right, the structure

thence had

it

Soma of Alexander, and

and

his body,

might
body

his

name, will further

its

appear from what Dio relates of Augustus, "

the

monu-

the

lijtta,

honour of Alexander, from

in

That

it."

to read

which AVesseling and others

the body,

l.uf/.x,

but adds, "

Casaubon indeed, not aware of

from Dio, proposed

this authority

which

in

is

who saw

both

handling

said, in

This name,

the latter, to have broken off part of the nose^."

however, adopted as a convertible term, was derived from a

which held

doctrine originally Egyptian;

entombed
''

Mf05

o\

rut peu-iXiim

xai to xaXotl^sJon

lirri

was

monument^.

the body, as in a

in

that the soul

SfJMA,

Lib. xvii. p. 794-.

o 5rlJl'|3o^o; ?,

Peribolus was the lempli conseptum, or iiiclosure that encompassed the temple.

At Athens
HEPIBOAON
Abstinent,
*

Ka(

0, Te

lib.

Thus

ASjikS;

i'tk;

TO

utrrt Tt t?5

(*

pto{,

Philo, p. 41

xfKX>jxev"

w?

C. 43.

sect. 9.

TO SnMA

Scholiast

in

that

is

;^o{,

/*v

nv

an-sx8oi!aTi{.

/*

X/ysi?

SOMA

as

for a

the s^ftj

new

Lib.

XHMATI

Tw

toi

'Yip'

fCTTt

'enA

i\

Porphyr. de

Aioju^Joi;?,

^iTv

section

without

Ii.

ilh,

ru

SnMATI
It

(but

erroneously)

or monument of

^i^a.^

See

Iliad A',

x^aTovi/,ii/vi<;.y

h^Zt

SHMA.

is

(yuv

Tom. IV.

it.

ot u'JToMi'JrtTix.iy

H'. v. 79.

lib,

Je'^ia;

from

body

soul within

To yaj aCro
TouTioTt

But the

i.

which the

illustrates

in opposition to

departure from

XilMA
and

v. 115.

"that the body

its

TO SHMA

Stoboeo,

in

wa^aysii' otJe 7|afi;i*a'

life,

xa!

ivr'.TviJi0sviA.itn.

tu K^aril^u

and Plato,

AYTOT

kki

p. 647.

C. 16.

miarat

Ttflx^tfti'm,-

xai ouSif

body

xsti

Plato in his Gorgias,

TO

Ayjai;Aoi/ xai

Hence, while J/n*; denotes the detention of the

a-ZfA.* is

^vyrt^ ^tff^Oi

e*

rairu T?; i^f^'? oioi

o'i(*

animated.

the body,

"i

p. .544

E'.

what follows
uses

t?{

AAESANAPOY SfiMA

TOY

H ^vx^

ZHMA

Homer, who

the same Peribolus

w-ilhin

u; ^ri, 6^avff6ritxt.

Also Tlioodoret, Therapcut.

iv

xai

jeo/Jj

5+.

c.

ii.

TavToi

nita.

7rjoi7T)\|/aTo,

were three temples

there

HMA

assertion

t?>xoct

of

monument," most decidedly applies

p. 100.

APPENDIX,
But more

to our point

127

N" 2.

who

the speech of Aristander '',

is

stated to have declared, under the impulse of inspiration,

is

was the most fortunate of

that Alexander

regarded as living or dead

.

whether

kings,

for concerning him,

Gods

the

had pronounced, that whatever country received the body

in

which

hadfirst dwelt, should enjoy complete pro-

his soul

and be for ever impregnable. This declaration excited

sperity,

a general contention
his

own kingdom

Ptolem}%

been exhibited
enshrine

Hence,

should

may

if tradition

describes

solemn pageant, removed

in

it

treasure

that

but

be trusted, after the body had

it

into Egypt, to

Alexander had there founded.

monument became

his

such a

obtain

in the city vshich

it

was anxious

for each competitor

sacred,

and

as such

Lucan

"^

Canst thou with

The

rash vain

altars,

and with rights divine.

Youth of MacedoQ enshrine

RowE.

yitijiita;,

flfo'XiiXTos

MaKioofO^j

xi

ASi^xt^^oi

ytyotctxif

OTi

yri

avTdV

aa^x>iOVi xai

axAn'ou;

xai ftETa (nrmSrii;

lib. xii. c.

'

Lib.

to

itlwvo;.

QxiTiXi'iXTt

TO

Tor

xai

cS^a,

Iv

avm^lai
Tra-vTut

xarairpgsflEj.;,

l|

rutv

airo^atmra'

w to tjiStof

riroAE^ixro,-

AXi^xto^w

^^o^ly,

t>i

a,yiv
Si,

aXufOy

Xiyiit
uxticTEir

TavTct, ftaSovTsj ffoMiii'

aywyi^ov t&^to

o^5o.

Ei; tii

aWrnj

^)?,

^ivra,

xai

aja i vTo^i^ajiivn

ISiUt

t>i){

ccvrovt;

'jr^oq

fcrrai, xa> iojSiiToj Si

trif

i<

i>

i Ixfivou

t^tOi/^a/F,

ilrt

v.

693

Cum

Ixo^i7e.

tibi

sacrato

Macedon

ir^oq

servatur in antro?

to

airov,

'''*suJt/*a'

^l^(l>E>xiy,

j^n ffioTEwr/,

xxt' AiyuToy,

Tciig

tvoxifAoyEffTct7or

Seoi;

'J'''/C'

nisovq

Xha XEi^^XEtof ex*!,

6+.

viii.

^xj-iXtuv

u^a Tov;

eJo-e^s'^ofto

il;

iX6e

(7Ujim

iKCtffro;

te
it{

^ocffiXsixi

e^txxKv^ty

^lian. VaT. Hist.

APPENDIX,

128

And

again,

on the

visit

of

N" 2.

Julias'*:

There the vain Youth, who made the world

That prosp'rous robber, Alexander,

When
To

his prize.

lyes.

pitying Death, at length, had freed mankind.

sacred shrines his bones were here consign'd

His bones, that better had been

With

just contempt,

toss'd

and hurl'd.

around the injur'd world.

But Fortune spar'd the dead; and partial Fate,

For ages, fix'd his Pharian empire's date.
If e'er our long-lost liberty return.

That carcase

Now,

How

it

is

preserv'd for public scorn

remains a monument confest.

one proud

man

could lord

o'er the rest.

it

RowE.

Why the archives

If it be inquired.

of the Egyptian shrines

should have been shut up with Alexander's, in the SoinaP the

answer will be obvious, from considering

which, according to Manetho (who was,
fiarevg

ton

kxt' Al'yuTTTov 'lEPnN aatton,

scribe of these hallowed depositories),

their contents

a'^^iEfei)?,

xoi)

y^af/.-

both chief-priest and

comprized explanations

of the elementary hieroglyphics, sculptured on stone by Thoth

These Agathodeemon, son of the second

before the deluge.

Hermes, rendered into the sacred

dialect,

and consigned

Lib. X. V. 19.
lilic Pellaei

Felix

Raptus

Membra

jacet: terraruni vindice fato

sacralis totum spargenda per orbetn

viri

Manibus,

Nam

proles vesana Pliilippl

pr^do

posuere

adi/tis

et rcgni duravit

sibi libertas

Ludibrio servatus

unquam
erat,

Esse viro.

Fortuna pepercit

redderet orbem,

si

non

Editus exempium, terras

ad ultima fatuni.

utile

lot

mundo

posse sub uno

to

APPENDIX,

the shrines of the Eg}'ptian temples*

served

them

and
This

attested

is

with the history they con-

by Josephus,

that he wrote the history of his

haA'ing translated

it,

where they were pre-

himself having transferred

into that language, together

tained.

"

Manetho

Greek,

in

129

N 2.

who relates of Manetho,

own country in Greek,

he himself declares, from the sacred

as

And: "this Manetho, having promised

language."

from the hieroglyphics, hath

terpret the Egyptian history

Again:

traced thus far the records of these transactions."

"

What Manetho

hath brought together on these heads,

not from the Egyptian records,

from uncertain and mythological

As now

it

was

to in^

but,

is

himself admits,

as

originals

the object of Severus to subvert the funda-

mental institutions of Alexandria, and substitute his

own ^

what happier expedient could he have adopted, than

to con-

sign these archiA'cs to oblivion, in the shrine of

'

rabilibus

prffinotatos

partim

capreolatimque condensis

Metamorph.

lib. xi.

Tiy^a^i ya^
j*ETiygao-a?.

^Ec

f'-'X?*

Tfcv

partim

apicibus,

EAAAAI

<J>nNHI

Tr,v

Joseph, contra Apion.

TofTwv

'TTo.^

r:xoXoi;6>jj"E

AlyvTrioit;

nodosis,

curiositate

in

et

modum

profanorum

sermonis

rotae

tortuosis,

lectione

munita."

801.

tn* AlyvTTianiiy la^o^iccv

oyTo?,

p.

ciijuscemodi animalium, concepti

figuris

compendiosa verba suggerentes

^EVWV

Founder;

That the sacred records in these shrines were of this nature, is clear from the
" De opertis adyti profert quosdam libros, litteris igno-

testimony of Apuleius

EX

its

TccTi;

Ix.

Tr.-cT^iov

lib.

twj

i.

iVro^iav,

c. 14.

tt^ain y^atjiXjtiaTwv

a.yay^a.^suq.

y^a^^xTwv, aM* w;

Again,

ex T

And

Tuy U^avy w;

c.

2S

16:

ctvTo^ or^oXoyuxEV,

Ik

auTof,

MafsQwj

vTreff^fxevo';,

jw9E^/A>]Vt'iv

C.

tptiatv

"O yag

"Ytte^

Mccvtaun ovK

uv

tw aoiaiToibi^ ^I'QoAoyoi;-'

TT^OiTTE'SEiKEl'.

" Alexandrinis jus buleutarum

dedit,

qui sine concilio, ita ut sub Regibus,

antea vivebant, uno contenti judice,

quem Cssar

jura mutavit,"

See also Tacit. Hist.

Spartian. ubi supra.

dedisset.
lib.

Multa prseterea
i.

c.

11.

his

APPENDIX,

130

Tomb

whose

contained in mystic symbols so striking a

and

record, both civil

sacred,

To

could serve to explain?

revolt

have destroyed

inclosure, the prejudices of the people

aim

his
It

once these

at

instant incitement

by committing them

but

which such documents alone

would have been an

precious deposits,
to

N" 2.

to

this

hallowed

were consulted, and

same time obtained.

at the

hath been remarked as singular, that the Saracens should

have respected the

singular

would

it

Tomb

have been

among them?

existed

how much more

if no knowledge of his Tomb had

of Alexander; but

And, what can be

so inconsistent as

to urge the silence of Furer, Boucher, Vansleb,

and Niebuhr

or the doubt entertained by Bruce, whether, from Marmol's

account, there were such a

Tomb,

in

direct opposition to

uniform proofs?

The

testimony of Pococke, " that the Mahometans have a

great regard for the

are travellers

who

memory

of Alexander," and that " there

relate that they

have his body

in a Mosque,^'

are traditions at once coincident with those of antient date,

and the recent discovery of the

persons of

whom Pococke inquired,

not, conduct

him

As Norden

known

or

to

itself;

although the

either could not, or

would

it.

testifies, tliat

the

Tomb

of Alexander was both

to the Saracens in the fifteenth centur}',

by them
tence

Tomb

this assuredly

and respected

can be no argument against

or proof that time had devoured

it.

its

exis-

If either Pococke

Norden had been acquainted with the " Relation of a

APPENDIX,

131

N" 2.

Journey" by our countryman Sandys, they woiild have

learned, that, at Alexandria,

" within a

serraglio called Somia,

belonging to the palaces, the Ptolomies had their sepultures,

;" that " the glass covertogether with Alexander the Great

ture" substituted for the golden one, from which his body

was taken by Cybiosactes, " remained

Saracens;" and " that there

within,

chappell;

little

much honoured and

a tombe,

by the Mahometans,

almes

supposing his body to

the time of the

yet (l6ll) here to be scene

is

visited
;

vntill

where
lie

they

bestow

in that place

their

Himselfe

reputed a great Prophet, they being so informed by their

Alcoran."

p. 112.

In the extract adduced from Sonnini, a satisfactory reason

why

occurs,

Boucher, Vansleb, Pococke, Norden,

Furer,

Niebuhr,

and Bruce,

because

was

but

at

it

at

of

large;

prompt an inquirer

not

see

Tomb

this

namely,

Mosque, which no Christian could enter

hazard

the

inhabitants

in a

did

his

life

want

of

whilst ignorance in the

previous

or of curiosity in the

information to

many who

travel

are considerations to obviate the difficulty raised.

As Norden
the

refers to a writer of the

knowledge of Alexander's

the veneration in

direct

and most

narration

is

Tomb

which they held

cited of the sixteenth,

ffteenth century, for

it

to the Saracens,
;

and

so another writer

Leo Africanus, whose testimony

strikingly pointed:

and

that of a spectator, there

is

is

is

as the cast of his

further ground to

132

APPENDIX,

believe he described

what he saw

in his

own

himself at

was immediately open

time being a

that

what follows

therefore,

which appears,

for that

phrase, not to be passed by,

to his view,

When,

N" 2.

Musleman.

taken in account, " that

is

a great crowd of pilgrims from distant countries resorted

of worshipping and sJiowhig revere?ice to

thither, for the sake

the

TOMB

on which

were frequently conferred

large alms

good reasons must be given before we can

reject

hath thus recorded; what Sandys, in the century

what Denon hath represented

firmed; and

Mosque,

which

in his

;"

what Leo

after,

con-

View

of the

exhibits the chapel, the worshippers,

and

the tomb.
It is further observed, that the

was noticed
But
that

is it

the

monument

which he saw

is

his

is

whence

deemed

own.

of

paradox,

this

that

it

has been

evidence of the existence of other such

a singular difficulty

to be insurmountable

priation of the very

was

him might not be

affirmed, that there

;

on the same authority,

told,

described by

In abatement, however,

which

by Benjamin of Tudela.

in the twelfth century

not rather strange to be

monuments

Alexandrian Sarcophagus

monument

to

namely, the appro-

Alexander which actually

But the evidence thus

ticularly required, has not yet

stated to arise,

is

alleged,

been produced

other large coffin in the British

Museum,

materially from the one in question

but,

it

and so parfor as to the

not only

diffiirs

though brought

APPENDIX,

could not have been seen

from the shore of Alexandria'^,

there

by Benjamin,

since

133

N" 2.

M^as originally placed at Cairo,

it

where Niebuhr inaccurately drew

and was removed to

it,

Alexandria by the French, for the purpose of transferring

Yet, were the fact otherwise,

to their National JVIuseum'.

and that the monument answered

description,

Alexander

it

could not have

in general to Benjamin's

been the Sarcophagus of

because that remained, alone, in the chapel, as

Leo and Sandys

relate,

and so continued
violated

it

till

any but a Musleman,

invisible to

the building that contained

by Denon, who, having

was

it

from a Greek

intelligence

of the monument within, caused the door, in defiance of the

be

natives, to

hewn down by

But, to aid the

last

having been the

as

soldiers

with axes

''.

objection against this Sarcophagus,

Tomb

of Alexander,

it

not

is

onlv

questioned, whether he were buried according to Egyptian

rites

but,

that he was,

is

asserted

be an unverified

to

position.

With

How

respect to

Alexander,

the doubt

who was

it

may be

certainly

transferred

asked.

from Babylon

to

Egypt, there to be admitted as an Egyptian Divinity, could

See note

()

in

page 78.

The

conjecture,

some antediluvian king had been buried

notion that the hieroglyphics upon

it

in

this

which Benjamin mentions,

monument,

were considered

is

that

grounded on the

as the writing of

Thoth,

and invented before the deluge.

Another engraving of

this

monument,

as

it

stood

at

CaVro,

is

given from

the drawings in Sir Robert Ainslie's collection.

I'

it

This fact

is

given

from a communication

was related by Denon himself.

of General

Turner,

to

whom

APPENDIX,

134

N" 2.

consistently have obtained that honour, and yet have been

buried as a Greek

It vv^as as the benefactor

of Egypt that

he there was enshrined, and, as the thirteenth God of that

country, received adoration.

But

reverting

demands,

Alexander, the Greeks burned

were buried

body but

his

Herodotus

assertion

obvious to remark, that, long before the age of

it is

therefore

which the

the verification

to

manner of the Greeks, not

in the

his ashes

If Alexander

their dead.

all

must have been

carried into Egypt.

and

that the funeral rites of Babylonia

relates,

of Egypt were the same'; and Quintus Curtius'", that the

Egyptians and Chaldaeans,

who had

the charge of embalming

common

Alexander, in the manner which was

both, scrupled at

to touch his corpse, lest, as

first

change had appeared, some spark of

within
Lib.

'

"

c.

i.

Lib. X.

"'

but

after praying

it

no

them

exterior

still

linger

might be lawful and

198.

Mgx/pdi, Chaldwique jussi corpus suo more curare, primo

c. 10. 13.

nori sunt ausi

that

might

life

to

admovere velut

moitalibus adtiectare

eum

spiianti

manus

deinde precati, ut jus fasque esset

purgavere corpus, repletumque

est odoribus

aureum

solium, et capiti adjecta fortunae ejus insignia.

"

Lucian,

in

his

Dialogue between Diogenes

on the THIRD DAY after Alexander's death

'hmepaN'
da)js

unburied,

however
and

but,

it

is,

Du

was not

ht

it

and

Alexander,

hxBuXun

xir^xai

fixes

its

date

TPITHN TATTHN

from the mention of jElian that he had remained there thirty

Soul

is

disposed to think

that to complete the process of

for the assertion,

ill

till

t^'itw,

the third, erroneous.

embalming,

</>(j/ (/ny

the third day that this process began

The

fact

were required,

which may account

that Alexander's body, having been left so long untouched, was,

the opinion of the Greeks, neglected.

It

may

not be improper to observe in this place, that on the third

the crucifi-Kion, the

come and anoint

two Maries and Salome brought sweet

the body.

St.

Mark,

xvi. 1.

spices, that

day

after

they might

APPENDIX,

washed and placed him

right to handle a God, they

formed of hammered gold

shell

according to Diodonis,

135

N" 2.

which was

with

half-filled)

in the

filled

odours

(or,

This

p.

being duely done, the symbols of his fortvme were annexed

to

head

his

What

these were,

that Alexander

Clemens

adjecta fortunce

[capiti

it

is

easy to find

himself

called

of that god

As

now among

Amnion % the Jupiter of

ram were

Tom.

AEKATON

That

I.

Ol'Jt

MaxsJova

'O^utraq to

Tom.

5.

p. 77.

'A^'|avJol To

Also Lucian

XIV.

I.

yij

is

EON,

Thus, Clemens

deum.

but)

AnOQEOYN

a'vfifwTroi;;

aWy^a^ovTs;

NEKPON

Deum

peculiar

Alexander himself wore

as

(not eum,

ut jus fasque esset adtrectare

Alexandrinus,

and

horns must have formed the

the horns of this god"^, ram's

"

Egv-pt; as the Egyptian statues

him with them'; and

exhibited

of Jupiter

*>,

the symbols appropriate to

the different divinities, the horns of the

to

relates

were distinguished by the horns

that his statues

"^j

Son

the

^lian

for

insignia.]

ejus

tt

TsTo^ftwas-i,

TPI2KAI-

Ba?v?.w r,Xi7^^

NEKPOM.

EOT hrxhf xsifiEjot. Dialog. Mort.

true reading, may be inferred not only

tou

the

from the prayer of the embalmers that it might be permitted to mortals to

but, if Alexander were considered as no more than a
perform the office
;

mortal, the object of their prayer

P

This Egyptian custom occurs

solio,

juxta

NEKPOS,

'O ToC
Je

AIOS

oilro

TaiJfou Je,
'

'AXiim^^o;

xai

ii xai

ru Atontru'

EOS.
It is

"EXXji!

x. t. X.

<pr,ai>,

jjXt

" Cleopatra

iv.

lib. xii.

lib. xii.

differto

odoribus

c. 64-.

'TIGS Jvai

^ar.u,,

xal

KEPAZ<l>OP02

Cohort, ad Gentes, p. 48.

TOT AIOS

TOT AIOS

i? 'AXs'la.Jjo;

in

c. 11.

ayi.>.f/.ent,

Porphyr. de Abstinent,

r^aX/io.

Athenasus,

Lib.

"AMMnNOS

a.ya'Kft.a.-nnrtiiuv.

oi

KPIOnPOSnnON

'ElpfTmo; SI

*0

Florus

Var. Hist.

X/yav.

c>'rXaTT-9ai T^o; tut

^

in

suum coUocavit Antonium."

'V.&oihiTo

'

was absurd.

I^o'je.

ironZtrt

KPIOY

lib. iii.

AJytWioi.

p.

srgOirS-v^ai'

KEP ATA*

284.

Herodot.

lib. ii. c.

42.

TOT 'AMMnNOS KEPATA, KAQAHEP

p. 537.

observable that, under a print of the same head ou the tetradrachm of

APPENDIX,

136

one part of

Alexander deified

on

rising

represented with both^.

is

known

less certainly

from

whilst the diadem completed the

his msignia,

Hence, on the coins of Lysimachus the head of

other".

which

N 2.

Nor

Son of Jupiter by the

as the

he

is

locks,

bend downward, and writhing

his forehead

his temples in separate curls invariably

and

infallibly

distinguish this Divinity^.

Lysimachus, prefixed

edition of Quintus Curtius

to the

the following inscription of Heinsius

subjoined

is

EIAOS AAEHANAPOT TOAE HN,

EK TENEHS, GNHTfiN, TOY

Among

other ensigns of royalty, Alexander in his car

TO l57i<r/*i>

eltxt 'i^xvtorra,

Dial. Mort. XIII. 4.

The

KOZMOIO TPOnAION'
EK KEPATON.

AIDS,

is

described by Lucian,

conspicuous by the white bandage, or diadem, that surrounded his head:

as chieflv

xxJ

by Janson, ClO lo XLIV,

u-hite fascia,

Tom.

I.

AIAAEAEMENON TAINIAI AETKHI THN

Macedon was

or bandage of the kings of

ornament assumed by Alexander, but,

Thus the

of royalty.

old

Sia.hfi.

Grammarian, speaking of the causia or hat worn

it

Kava'm

iipo^ovt,

^r^^of

ir^arv^,

rir

not an arbitrary

BanXnot, the patrimonial ensign

by the Macedonian kings adds, that they bound

on

KE<J>AAHN.

p. 393.

MaXEJijHxoi

oi

^xiriT^Ui

round with a

diadem

ivhite

AEYKON

hi^nfLO,

ai-if

Hence, Casaubon acutely observes, that the imputation on Pompey

of affeciing royalty, from his leg being bound with a white bandage, arose not

w5ll^oD^Ttc.

from the bandage

but from

itself,

its

being a white one.

Pompeio Candida

crus alligatum habenti Favonius, non refert, inquit, qua in parte corporis

dema.

Valerius

(diadema) was to

Max.

in a

kingdom

but because

it

not only for that Lysimachus had succeeded

was

foretold of

Lysimachus, that himself should be

a King, from having had his wound bound up with Alexander's diadem:
Afii^cctS^ot,

a^ofia TiAajUufof, Tfil

fi?ai /x ai'f^aTo;

ih

xcii

lib.

To TjaiJfi*

BASIAEY2EI

MEN "OTTOS

'O

iri^tSij<rai'

(fs^oiiitu

'ANHP.

To

S:l

xai ifiirfaia-

tu

Ai/i7>pixp^u,

Appiau. de Syr.

xiv. p. 633.

Alessandro

distintivo

AIAAHMATI AYTOY

to Jia^ijfta" tot Je 'AXE|a>^^ou jj-xttit 'AfioTavJjoi',

txon', 'iTHTTu,- iVi,

Tom. L

dia-

Pompey's excuse for wearing this bandage

hide an unsightly wound. See Causaubon. in Sueton. August, c. 82.
2.7.

lib. vi.

This device was aptly chosen

him

fascia

sit

il

suoi

Grande ha
capelli

egli

pure nelle sue

a somiglianza

teste

un constante e infalliblb

di quel di GiovE,

di

cui

voleva esser

APPENDIX,

When

a body had been washed by these embahners,

remained thirty days

thirty days precisely

putrescence

that

It

is

corse

remarked
to

who had mentioned

and Herodotus,

kept^.

enables

it

it

was complete; and

the process

till

was Alexander's

Phny of honey,

by

137

N" 2.

resist

that the

of the dead in Babylonia and Egypt were the same,

rites

hath noticed

as the practice of the latter, to use

it

Abdollatiph, likewise,

in preserving' them''.

that the dead of

Egypt were

antient

thick coffins of sycamore

adds,

after relating

some

interred,

in

sarcophagi of white

in

and others

in troughs full of

upon the authority of a

credible voucher,

marble, basal tes, or granite

honey

some

honey

an account of a party, which, in search of treasure near

the p}Tamids, having met with an oblong vessel carefully

opened

closed,

it

and on finding that

it

contained honey,

creduto

figlio,

son dalla fronte ripiegati indietro, e cadon giu serpeggiando dalle

tempie

divisi

in

varie ciocche.

indietro vien detta da

che questi portava

Questa maniera

Plutarco utaa-zoX^ tS?

xofiri?,

capelii a somiglianza

portare

di

the

Arte

God

Wiukeliuaan,

of

c.

TPIAKONTA 'HMEPAS

ys

it,

from

Paiofimv
qiva-ixrii,

a-vfiffixu

be the son of

lib. v.

xaTtX/Xsurro

5i.

sect. iv. 5.

jElian. Var. Hist.

ijt.!^^;.

64.

Porphyry, de Antro Nympharum,

iuruiita;,

to

Antholog.

I"

Scoria

dall'

'AXX' ouTo'i
lib. xii.

ripiegati

ove nella vita di Pompeo dice

d'Alessundro.

Abbate Fea, Tom. I. p. 359.

Hence may be seen in what form Alexander was shewn

delle

capelii

xal

its

purifying

crinrTUflTixij;.

Ti>iu

which
TiGEtTKi,

xxi

ett*

as

well

tZ ya^

xafla^fioS

as

/xsAiTt

tuv

c.

little

proposed also by l.usac.

before,

p. 15. refers to the like application

preservative
aoiHTTa
xai

ftE^iTo.-,

evidently a corruption,

is

xv.

f*E'v(.

liri

power: ete! xaSajTixij; lar)

And, again, C. xvi. Aa/x(pva-ixvii

Ruhnken, from

substitutes

(rrjiri^itiK;

to

OYAAKHS THS

where

for

OYAAKTIKON
an

emendation

APPENDIX,

138

began to

eat,

some

till

which clung about the

hairs

being drawn forth,

of one of them,
discovered,

and

limbs entire

his

N 2.

a joung

flesh

finger

boy was

decked with

soft,

an ornament and a jewel''.

modes of

Lucretius, in allusion to the different

burial,

hath

same preservative

specified the

Grant the corse torn by ravening fangs a curse.

Is

hence no

ill

in funeral flames to

burn;

Or, pent in cold obstruction, stiffening

Immers'd

V.-'VM^^rh

U-<

{^y^

ij>

L^

0*^J^y-

while entomb'd in stone ?

in honey,

Oyuljj'

Nam

in

si

Tractari
Igiiibus

Aut

in

Compend. civ.

morte malum

est,

impositum

calidis,

in

summo

'^'^^.^

(J-fP^

p. 146.

sit

IS

gelidi cubat

aquore

saxi

iii.

V.

901.

whom Pompey's

by poison, lay buried in honey (xal S kxjo,- auTou iKtno h MEAITI

Antony sent him to the royal cemetery in Judea. Antiq. lib. xiv. c.7.

partisans took off

till

*:sr^

atque rigere

recorded by Josephus, that Aristobulus the Jewish king,

Mixn^tvuhoi)

accrbum

Lib.
It

jjt

J^r^'

mails morsuque ferarum

torrescere ilanimis

situra suffocari,

cum

'

U^^

^-^J^J

non invenio qui non

melU

Frigore,

3^\jy9

^^'^

Histor. jEgypt.

lie

APPENDIX,
honey,

In

preserv^ed

Thus

also,

Alexander

is

13y

N" 2.

recorded

have

to

been

^.

of being reduced to ashes, in the

treated, instead

manner of the Greeks

according

o iA.lv"EKkriv

remained entire

Diodorus,

to

and

eye-lashes, eye-brows,

EKATSEN,

each limb,

and even the

features, retained their

symmetry,

them might be knov^n

so unchanged, that the very air of

whence, many of the Egvptians kept the bodies of

their

ancestors in costly repositories, for the purpose of surveying

and indulging

persons,

their

StatiusSilv. lib.

<

Due

carm.2.

iii.

et

strange

the

in

delight

of

v. 117.

ad Aemathios manes, ubi belliger urbis

Conditor Hyblcco perfusus nectare durat.

The

like application of nectar to fluid honey

Thus

Virgil,

^neid.

lib.

i.

was common both

in

Latin and in Greek.

5.

Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura

Exercet sub ^ole labor

Educunt

flores,

aut

cum

cum

gentis adultos

liquentia mella

Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas.

And

Euripides, Bacch. v.

Per o olfUf

NEKTAPI,

The

exhalation

characteristics

of

1-4-2.

fsT dl

jLtEXtj-^aii

Yu^ix^ J i; XtSccvov

with which

this

y.x'Trioi.

of Syria not

libanus

the

country

only

appropriates

represented

is

as

other

the

abounding,

but

identifies them with those by which Moses designated, and the spies confirmed,
its

" And

fertility.

people which

which

the

Lord

said

unto Moses,

Go up

hence,

thou hast brought up out of the land of Egypt,

sware unto Abraham,

and

to Isaac,

unto a land^ouin^ with milk

thou and

the

unto the land

Jacob, saying. Unto thy seed

to

Exod. xxxiii.

1.3.

" And they went, and came to Moses and they told him, and said,
came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floiveth with

millc

and honey; and [pointing

stall"

will I give

it

diXid

honey."

between twoj This

is

to the cluster

the fruit of it."

of grapes, which was borne on

N-umbers,

xiii.

26,

'27.

We

APPENDIX,

140

contemplating their faces, as

state

X" 2.

they

if

still

were

In

alive.

this

was Alexander found, A\hen taken from the tomb

to

be viewed by Augustus; and thus he remained when seen

'

by

on inspecting the corpsCj

This emperor,

Caracalla.

ordered himself to be called the

being so deluded by the

his

of his

flatteries

neck toward the

left

the most perfect resemblance

and thence

to affect the

correspondence of

* Tlie

preserved on

this

roPrnnON "EAPAN
"Hie corpore Alexandri

trait

with the forehead of Alexander

of Lysimachus

in the

humerum conversa

and

Rhesus of Euripides,

most

is

with

corresponds

the

v. 8.

Macedonis conspejto. Magnum, atque Alexandrim

se jussit appellari, assentantium fallaciis eo

lajvum

between them,

same mien and deportment^

coins

the

Phitpi^uv
*

his

shoulder, as to persuade

himself of

distinctly

from

train,

frown on Alexander's brow^, and the

notice of the stern

bend of

and Alexander;

Great,

cerpice,

quod

fidem vuitus similhmi pursuaderet sibi."

perductus, ut truci

in ore

fronte, et ad

Alexandri notaverat, incedens,

Aurel. Victor, p. 211.

PauUis, the civilian, affords proof that Caracalla assumed the epithet of Great,
in reference to the law vvliich

pepercit

Fragment.

he enacted against adultery

Tit.

HI. de Adulterio.

" Maguus Antoninus

he imagined that

at a future

Veter. Prudent.

Whilst Spartian observes that in his early

youth, whether from the advice of his father, his

own shrewdness,

because

or

time he might rival Alexander, he became more

more grave, and assumed a greater ferocity of countenance than was

him: " Egressus vero pueriliam, seu patris monitis, seu calliditate

reserved,
natural

qui adulteros inconsulto calore ducti inferfecerunt."

eis

to

ingenii, sive

gravior,

quud

tiillu

se

Alexandre Magno Macedoni aequandum putabat,

etiam truculentior factus est."

person that affected to resemble Alexander.

studiously imitated

His satraps, as Thomistius

the turn of his head toward his

the cut of his hair; another his dress;

re.trictior,

But Caracalla was not thy only

left

relates,

shoulder; one adopted

a third his deep tone of voice:

whilst

Sevcrus, emperor of the Romans, thought that the trim of his beard

was most

worthy of

his imitation.

Zar^xwai

iri^ov

^a^ilriixa

T>i

a^iol^r,x6icttoi

ii)ft.'\airi,

t?>

'A>is|aJ;OU

(puni'

Urat.

f/.tt

T^tPi^ou

xiii.

yaj ^laxiSotif

Si

p. 17^.

a^y(ano;

^i^Ero-Bai cviri^ivoy ol

1'ufA.XiUf

to

xofxai'

trit

yimxSa,

APPENDIX,
In the Egyptian

offered, in his

made known,

"

from

translated

'

name,

all

men

injured.

have

But

if in

eating or drinking

body

neither

my

have

set before

nor

in

rest

have

manner

have sinned either by

pointing

and which

The

me,

any

what was not permitted,

cast into the river.

on man,

have always reverenced.

life-time I

bowels,

life

have lived in the world,

killed,

of myself, but through these,'

contained the

confer

with the gods below

to inhabit

religiously regarded as long as I

my

who

ye Gods

whom my parents

and the authors of

by Euphantus

Eg}ptian

me

receive me, and grant

Other

a prayer

him an abode with

to obtain for

the

sovereign Sun, and

for the gods

of

Porphyry has preserved to us the form,

the infernal gods.

as

after the merits

of sepulture,

rites

the deceased had been weighed and

was

141

N" 2.

at the, chest that

these

at

smned not

words was

of the body, as being pure,

was embalmed."
" The Egyptians," according to Diodorus, " regarded
the

duration

of

this

life

but

by

the glory of the future, acquired

they called

them;

but sepulchres,

praised

by the

benefactors

GW6'

as
e

De

lodgings,

from the short stay

everlasting
historian

for

c. 10.

p. 329.

we make

mansions."

They

in

are

" for their gratitude to

deeming them,
lib. iv.

Our houses

virtue.

and their Kings they appear

Abstineiitiji,

that none

same

competition with

in

little,

to

through
It

is

have reverenced
the

observable

were emboweled, but persons of high birth

favour

of

from the context,

tut eS yiyotoTm,

APPENDIX,

142
Providence,

to

N 2.

have reached the summit of power, they

regarded them, from their ability and inchnation to confer

as

benefits,

Hence, the
dria;

vs^ho,

of

partakers

actually

the

deification of Alexander,

divine

founder of Alexan-

and even dead,

w^hile alive,

nature ''."

v^-^as

revered as a

God'.

The

grief of Olympias, aggravated

so long unburied,

son's remaining

the subject of a chapter in vElian''.

is

The

length of time,

not,

as

however, there dwelt upon,

refers

imagined, to the thirty days requisite

Perizonius

for the process of embalming',

Pella

by her

(which the distance between

and Babylon must evince,) but

years in preparing the pageant "";

the body, though in

to

the almost

two

for during that interval,

golden coverture, lay unentombed

its

a circumstance most abhorrent to the feelings of a Greek

as with the Greeks

it

had been a rooted opinion,

the body were interred,

the

Thus

region of happiness.

could

soul

not

that,

enter

Lib.

'

^lian, Var. Hist.

>

i.

c.

Diodor.

90, 91, 92.

lib. siii.

lib. xviii.

Ov

fCEV

A^A

30.

Chrysostom, Tom. X. p. 625.

'

Diodor. as cited before.

c. 28.

}Jt.lV

QiIOVTQ; UHTiSh:,

AHTE ME
Trihi

c.

fte

0}^%

OftfOI'TO;*

'OTTI TAXISTA,

(I'^yofjji

the

the ghost of Patroclus addresses

Achilles":
>

till

-^v^ixi,

nYAAS

uSu^cc xa/xocTWF,

avruf aTuxXo^i an fv^vxvXs; 'AVJo; SZ.

'AIAAfl HEPHSn.

APPENDIX,
Thou sleep'st,

The most

Achilles! and PatrocluSj erst

belov'd, in death forgotten

give

nie burial

Of Hades ;

for the

Shadows of the Dead

me from

their fellowship afar.

drive

And

the wide river interpos'd, I

marble "

love,

mother,

still

tradition

v^'as

so

that

substituted

remains,

as

the gates

roam

Cowper.

of Tartarus, alone.

circumstanced,

and the term 'ata^OD

the Arabic

eyes,

Now

grief of a

natural;

I would pass

lies.

Haste

The yawning gulphs

The

143

N" 2.

the

in

by Olympias

the munificent

See

page 81.

perfectly

iElian accords

Tomb

and of the glory of Alexander.

is

of
;

-vsdth

" Egyptian

which, to our

monument of her

APPENDIX,

J44

P. S.

" The

last

N" 2.

instance of devotion paid to this Sarcophagus

departure from Alexandria in His Majesty's ship

Rear- Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton;

when

act of adoration,

Tomb

whilst the

monument remained

for each individual.

On

taking

his

by a
leave,

Providence would never suffer the Tomb,

These

interesting

particulars

in

it3

The Madras, commanded

by-

his suite

for the express purpose,

with their tongues.

obtained from the Iinan of the Mosque,

at

the Capitano Bey, with

and many Turks of distinction, came on board

solemnly touched the

was

The
in

former

all

render this

privilege to
its

and

situation,

was

contribution of six paras or medins,

the Capitano

Bey

declared,

our hands, to go safe to

were obligingly

communicated

that

England."

by General

Turner.

S.

H.

145

APPENDIX.
N"

LETTER

the

to

the Antients in

Author on the Substances employed by

Egyptian Monuments brought

the

Museum

the British

III.

drian Sarcophagus

and particularly

in the

to

Alexan-

BY

JOHN HAILSTONE,

F.R.S.

AND

WOODWARDIAN professor

DEAR

in the university of CAMBRIDGE.

SIR,

This morning, and

not before, I had an

opportunity of examining the Egyptian

Monuments

at present in the court-yard of the British

particularly

requested

my

Sarcophagus

celebrated

the

Museum, and

of

which

you

opinion with regard to the nature of the

rock from which

it

has been wrought.

These monuments, both with respect

which they

placed

are

composed and the

carry, are truly Egyptian.

kind of stone which

to the materials of

inscriptions

which they

In general they consist of that

Werner

and the German mineralogists

t

146

APPENDIX,
by the name of

distinguish

N" 3.

Syenite, supposing

be the

to

it

same which Pliny describes under that denomination.

The

constituent parts of this rock are feldspar and hornblend;

quartz and mica are sometimes

and not

sparingly,

as essential to

the red and grey varieties

and

found,

not

The

specimen.

of

hornblend,

are

associated

when

fresh,

is

indifferently

are

in

general

and blended together

and

intimate,

composition,

the
it

is

constantly of a

hornblend

uniformly

seems

crystallized

antiquaries

prevail

to

Werner's primitive

griinsfein,

is

very

in

the

and,

by the name of

goes

If the state of aggregation

Eg}^ptian or antient hasaltes.

be minute, and of course the texture

fine,

and

an uniform appearance,

presents

These two

and when the combination

what among

believe,

pretty

same

the

in

black colour, or some dark shade of green.

substances

but

Both

composition.

its

feldspar

unfrequently

though

introduced,

the mass then

frequently sur-

is

charged with large crystals of feldspar of a green colour

in this case the rock

found

is

and

But

is

in

in

becomes porphyritic, and

such abundance

known by

the

geological

comprehend

all

among

name of

that

the ruins

porfido

point of view,

these varieties,

is

of Capri,

vcrdc

am

which

antico

inclined

and some others,

*.

to

under

the same specific rock, and ascribe the whole to one and

This formation

the same epoch of formation in nature.

Ferber's Italy, p. 225. var. A.

and lumps near

Ostia,

who

relates that

it

is

found

in

large blocks

the old harbour where the Egyptian ships unloaded.

APPENDIX,

in all cases be considered as a crystallized aggregate,

must

varying proportions and colour of

mode of

their

component

more

monuments of which

inspection of the

we may

aggregation, as

its

the red

there see

or less distinctly

and grey

am

rocks of

in

this

In

substance

is

its

what colours the

described;

it

more

indefinite

increase

When

the

toughness

of

it

in

is

the

case

and

seems

(lib. xvii.)

to
to

that

characteristic in

some

the rocks that belong to this formation.

Strabo mentions

It

which

as constituting the foundations

and lower half of one of the pyramids, and

as

it

gives

stone,
is

it

fossil

doubtless one of the darker varieties of this rock,

him

the varieties

usual for this

which

uniform dark greenish hue which

is

composition

the constituent parts of the rock are

whole mass

all

This green

and frequently as some of

the

degree of

its

which

feldspar in the antient porphyry just

intimately combined,

pervade

in

to

sometimes appears in distinct masses resem-

bling steatites,
chlorite.

fossil,

speedy decomposition.

somewhat

the

fact,

very liable

is

be surcharged with a mixture of a greenish

seems to occasion

running in

varieties

formation,

an

speaking, as

veins interchangeably through each other.

hornblend,

fossils,.

This opinion receives confirmation from

crystallized.

of

its

appearances are to be attributed merely to the

different

is

and

of the two substances above mentioned;

chiefly

and

1-17

N" 3.

a hard and black stone,

difficult

is

to

described

by

be worked,

and brought by the Egyptians from Ethiopia; and from

APPENDIX,

148

which they used

also,

which he

same kind, arranged,

But
This

fore,

his

are

of them

all

determinate simple

to

famous Sarcophagus.

the

they, as

crystallized

fossils

of course

belongs

seems

resembling

be

to

chlorite

pellucid quartz

the

to

whereas

class

this

of

greenish

earth,

observed
of

aggregates

the

cement of the whole,

it

The

breccias.

substance

small

grains

and minute fragments of a black

This agglutination forms as

certain

of rocks, and

argillaceous

connecting

be-

an indefinite

is

concretion of fragments of various species

rock.

his

manner of a Stonehenge.

in the

length

at

one can judge from

as

far

have been describing:

basis

journey from

a rock of a different nature from any of those

is

which

as

somewhat

come

to

on

traversed,

seems to have met with rocks of the

Philae,

description,

This author,

to fabricate their mortars.

in the plain

Syene to

N" 3.

of

schistus

were the paste and

surrounding and

including

innu-

merable larger fragments of other stones, among which,

however, jasper and hornstone seem the most prevailing

The

species.

shades of

principal

brown

varieties

are green

and

different

some of the former colour might

nearer examination prove to be jade, while the dark

varieties resemble the

common Egyptian

besides, fragments of a dark coloured

I

can determine no nearer than that

kind of schistus.

among

the

vipon

brown

pebble.

It contains,

softish

rock, wliich

it

seems to be some

observed no limestone of any sort

fragments.

All

these

fragments

are

with

.APPENDIX,
sharp

edges,

little

if

at

their

general

size

is

not

149

X" 3.

worn away by

all

seldom

large,

attrition

exceeding

in

diameter an inch, taken according to the greatest dimen-

There are

sion.

and masses somewhat rounded of

white quartz pebbles,

the red variety of

must

Syenite

the

enumeration as well
kinds of

but very rarely, some

also interspersed,

necessarily be

This

above.

of

determination

as

fossils that are

described

the

different

included in this interesting breccia,

considered as defective

perform

to

the task completely would require more time and better

than

opportunities

had

I consider this rock as

grauwache of
geological
enterprising

But

we must

relations,

mineralogists

with

wait

may

be

have ventured

uncommonly fovmd running

rocks of decomposed

from

this

Syenite

which

it

may with
have

limits

of

our

explore

the

and layers through

porphyry

and that

great quantity

of

contains, the local affinity of our

breccia to the rocks described

rocks

and

to

its

hornstone are not

circumstance, and from the

chlorite earth

letter,

veins

in

some

to

In the mean time

that jasper and

remarked,

respect

till

higher parts of Eg}^t and Ethiopia.

it

In general

disposal.

bearing a striking analog}^ to the

Hartz.

the

my

at

some

in the

justice

generally been

be

observed

former part of

my

inferred.

Breccia

situated

upon the

of mountains which belong to different formations;

and, accordingly, I should conjecturally place the Egypti:in

breccia

upon the confines of the Syenite

class,

where the

APPENDIX,

150
transition

is

constitution.
I forbear to
like yourself,

made

to

hills

N* 3.

of a

different

substance and

These however are mere conjectures, which

press

who

any

further,

especially

to

a Traveller,

has gone over a more extensive

field

of observation in this branch of knowledge than any of

your predecessors,
I remain.

Dear

Sir,

Yours, &c.
London,
July 25,

1S0-1-.

John Hailstone.

151

APPENDIX.
N IV.

A HE

Ruins of Tltliorea are at the base of Parnassus, on

The

the north-east side of that mountain.

called

Felitza.

was

and

them the

called

hy

led to the discovery

of Ldhadea, and other Greeks,

who

which

found

Spon and Wheler were

sight of Felitza,

of

Tiryns

stones,

in

consist

descends in a torrent from Parnassus,

which the

Cachales, in the

word

ruins.

it

The

of very massy

The
still

river,

bears

its

which
antient

Cacole and Caco Rami,

natives say signifies the Evil Torrent

have a tradition that

remark-

entire, and, like those

put together without cement.

appellation

It is

Turco Chorio, within

at

still

the Peloponnesus,

the Arclion

sanctuary of

in the

and knew nothing of those

walls of the antient forum are

now

Their position, toge-

the church, will determine their real history.

able that

is

described their situation,

ruins of Thebes.

ther with an inscription

place

once destroyed Thebes

and they

not Thebes

APPENDIX,

152
in

but

Bceotia,

now

Paleo Castro,

called also

showed me between

the traces of

Ledon, which was abandoned

the

Tithoreans

city

that

is

as

but near

ruins of their city,

The

prodigious

precipices

of

not

the

in

manner

which

High up those

run

precipices

be seen their remains, and even one of their

still

There

is

among

a cave

ascend.

It

Corycian Cave,
Forty Courts),

from

must

now

not

called

be

but as the weather

Delphi''.

"

Pausanias,

Ibid. p. 671.

lib.

is

now

to

with

(the

describes as

That cave

the other side of Parnassus,

difficult,

confounded

Sarand' auli

which Pausanias

of which

those rocks,

was very unfavourable, and the approach

stadia

is

speaking

reside

Parnassus,

the peasants related marvellous stories

not

river

them^

behind the village of Velitza.

turrets.

their

walls of Tithorea extend in a surprizing

up the

may

by

tradition of

Pausanias,

did

inhabitants

the

says

The

the inundation must

have originated from the Cephissus.

of Ledon,

walls; every other

its

ploughed up.

of probability

entirely destitute

falls

time of Pausanias.

the

in

was destroyed

it

about

beUeve to have been

Nothing remains but the marks of

memorial of the

which they

where the Cachales

either,

This place

Cepkissits.

name,

this

and Turco Chorio,

Tithoi^ea

an hour's distance from

into the

which they gave

to

city

N" 4.

Cave

did

the

of

being thirty

be seen on

by taking guides from Delphi.

x. p. 675. edit.

Xy laud.

Hanov. 1613.

APPENDIX,

The Tithorean Cave

Adytum

sacred to

Pausanias

'^.

be forty stadia from

to

M'hich

was

eighty

itself

Adytum;

of

unless the

direction

Temple of

Esculapius,

In

his text.

utters

is

all

he

states to
is

its

and, as he describes

difficult,

visited

miles

fifteen

to

word he

every

present appearance

be remarked, although the approach to

path^,

the

His description of the Corycian Cave

a treasure.

extremely

is

'',

therefore,

attention cannot be paid

the district of Parnassus,

exactly corresponds with

may

states

known from

is

Adytum may be

the

Too much

from Tithorea.

from Tithorea

distance

his

he

as

Temple of Esculapius

the

stadia

the

very obscure in his

is

determination of the position of the

it

may be

and

near Velitza,

is

Isis

153

N 4.

it

in

his

way

to

and

it

it

from Delphi

it,

without any

which he

Tithorea,

have been eighty stadia from Delphi, to one

who

travelling through Parnassus .

on

Delphi and Tithorea,

different

sides

of

Parnassus,

were the halting places of those passing the mountain

*

Pausanias,

made

lib.

'

x. p. 673.

Ibid.

inquiry respecting the Corycian Cave, at Delphi,

and found that

it

was perfectly known

exactly corresponded with that of

to the natives,

in

The snow was

Pausanias.

the year 1800,

whose description of
so

deep

at

it

the

time, and the approach to that part of the mountain so difljcult, that the guides

would not go.

By

their account,

it

is

about two hours distance from Delphi

although the time spent in going must depend upon the season of the year

and
I

other

was

circumstances.

there, if the access

of their relation,
but I
it

made

all

would have required many hours

in slating that

it

is

by other

at

the

time

cannot depend upon the accuracy

capable of containing three thousand persons;

the circumstances respecting

has been since visited

f

It

had been possible.

it

known

at

Constantinople,

travellers.

Pausaniasj ibid. p. 671.

Ibid. p. 672.

and

APPEXDIX, XM.

154
as

towns of Aoste

the

Piedmont,

in

Mount

the Fallais, are with I'egard to

The

Alps.
or

guides

in

St.

Bernard in the

who accompanied me

from Rhacovi,

on the

Aracovia,

and Martinach

Delphic

summit

the

to

side,

of

proposed descending the same day to lelitza;

Parnassus,

we remained on

but from the length of time

we

the mountain

the top of

could only reach the monastery of the

Virgin of Jerusalem, beautifially embowered, on the very

bosom of

Parnassus, amidst thick groves, overlooking the

mountains

of

by

watered

the

Pausanias relates that

was once
'^,"

says he,

of

his

history

"
in

which

irruption of the Persians

Aix^o^ot

M^^ou,

'Hpo^otov
l{

T)y

ctx^av.

a\

i;

BxKioi

xa*

Ko^vpriv'

"KotxEf

av(yxio"6)crav

ovof/,a.

avcc

ctTo tuv xufMuvy

" Quod ad uibis nomen

GrsEciam

Parnassi

ut

vicis in

an

iis

tjj

TtOo^e'av
a'Ttaari

iinam se

iTTiff-r^xTtia.

WxXtffiv

oe

Tot;

tiyjt*

fj^nai

quo loco

fjnTo,

tow

av^^anrov^'

et*

Ylix^veccrtnjv

NEwra

agit

di:

ell'ugisse

Quare credibile
contulisscnt,

Pausanias,

lib.

ovouxl^tj^at,

Persariim
I3acis

iuvadente Barbaro

dicit

cum

tjjv

TXLrec iTTitSn

di

in

enim

niilite,

urbenique Kconeni, at
luerit

totara

temporis vero iongiore curriculo

urbem

usus pervicerit Tilhoreau vocari."

E*9aoE

y^u^a.^

"oAi* Ttoooe'ay,

Herodotus vero,

verticem

iv

l^7if/.:vx

qua- Bacidis oraculis prodita sunt.

noniinat.

nuncupatam

from what

Btt^px^of tou^ Itrat/Sat oixo^vTaj avxipvyuf

aij

iKytKria-xi Kcct sTri t>)

the

account of the

T9o^a; Tovj

ttoAei,

/xsv

name of

differs

H^qo^tu T

yi

pertinet, diversa ab Herodoto,

jugum Tithorean

quum ex

Tn

TT^wra

hunc populum Tithorenses vocavil

rcgioncui Tithorean

/*-

^Vicl ToD

iTTtovro^

in nionlis

and

Herodotus, in that part

gives

wq\scii;,

T^f

iriuptione, dicta scio ab

horuni locoruni iucoias

that

he

Baxt^

X^o^ov,

on

district

Delphic

the

to

into Greece,

Newca fAv

ovofjLX

ovv

olax

y^fifffMi;,

CLVTov^ Xoyo^

E?

5'e

to
iv

was

" As

know

whole

plains

the country on the opposite side

all

called Tithorea.

city

The

south-east

the

and

Dryopes,

the

Cephissus.

towards

Parnassus

and

Locri

the

ita

niiquando
accidisse,

quce ISeon antea

x, p. 072.

fueral,

APPENDIX,
is

asserted

but Herodotus says, that

Barbarians invaded this

country,

summit of Parnassus

and

summit

the

therefore that

of

Parnassus,

themselves into one

to

The

when

city,

when

the

inhabitants fled to

calls

the city Neon,

Tithorea.

It

appears

at first called Tithorea

the inhabitants collected

which was once

that

calls these

called

Neon

be denominated Tithorea."

olives of

were sent
still

was

the country

all

the

and he

but that in process of time,

came

For Bacis

in the oracles of Bacis.

people Tithoreiises

the

155

N''4.

as

this

presents

city

to

were so
the

celebrated,

Roman

that

emperors'.

they

They

maintain their antient reputation, and are sent to the

pachas and other grandees of Turkey.

The

which

Inscription

the church of Velitza,

rendered to Nerva,

copied in the

commemorates a

sanctuary

tribute of

with an enumeration of

the citizens of Tithorea,

whose names

by

and the family of the Flavh,

AYTOKPATOPANEPBANKAIZAFA
APXIEPEAMEnZTONAHMAPXIXHX
EEOYZI AZVn ATONTOA
nATEPAnATPIAOSHnOAni:
TieOPEnNKAIT<l>AABI05:za

KAAPOZKAIT<l>AABIOZAnAZ**
KAIA<|)AABIOZnnAArANOZAPIZT0S;
Pausanias,

honour

his titles,

are specified.

of

lib.

x. p. 674.

AP?6NiX,

i56

am

N4.

Parr

indebted to the erudition and kindness of Dr.

whole

for the

am

engagements,

presenting

Where

offer in

In the midst of

Inscription.
literary

able to

it

his

illustration

of this

various and important

he condescended

to

assist

me

in

to the Public.

the reading

which remains,

is

by the

e\idently suggested

by

supplied

the deficiencies are

part

dotted

according to the plan pursued by Taylor, M'hen he

letters,

added the

The

Sandvicense.
peculiar, for

hame of

Marmor

supposed to be wanted in the

letters

of nepban before kaisapa

position

is

KAIZAPA usually follows attokpatopa, and the

the emperor

is

introduced afterwards, as

may be

seen by referring to Gruter's Inscriptions: See N"^ 20, 21,

The words ahmapxixhz ehotsias

62, 64, 65, 6Q, 84, 93, 95.

without a numeral in

appear

Marmora
p.

531

Grceca

The
since

for

inscription

date of this Inscription

Nerva died
less

Spanheim,
3,

6,

&c.

See

vol. II.

TOA

Spon,

is

ibid.

and means the fourth time.

a numeral,

is

little

the same

from

p. 2,

of Spon's

p. 354,

as Trib. Potestas in

Medals of Louis XIV.

illustrated

N 93,

at

the

may be

accurately ascertained,

end of January A. D. 98,

in a

than a month after he had been declared Consul

the fourth

time.

It

was probably thus written

but in the inscription alluded to {^) the line

introduced

and sometimes omitted.

is

a,

sometimes

The numerals

there

are as follow

TO. TOIE TOH TOZ TO0. TOB. NE NE TOB. TOKA TOB TOA.

APPENDIX, N"4.

157

and numerals occurs in

similar enumeration of titles

Latin inscriptions, used by the Attics to the offices holden

by

emperors

the

art. 7,

lo;

9,

8,

their

243,

p!

art.

OAHMOS

OAAMOS,

or

as in

saw

for the

8;
p.

245,

The same
and

inscription

a different order

as

Marmora

on a marble which
on the

Stancio,

called

At

occurs

observed,

the end of the

fifth

want of the

for

a continuation of which

79.

N 45

In

eaohen THI botahi KAI

and sixth
different

is

Till

as

Inscriptions for the

might

also

among

word

names of the

in

is

Flavii,

The Reader

after consulting Gruter's

Flavins,

from page 178 to 180.

be possible to discover what

offices

they

the Tithoreans.

At the end of

the fifth line I have ventured to insert

snKAAPOS being a name

Plutarch

lines the reading

evidently given.

must supply them by conjecture,

ii,

sea.

of Spon.

obscure,

held

in

But sometimes the word noAlS occurs,

AHMni.
1

is

24,

given in Spon (see N 5l);

also

is

instance

similar

art.

H BOTAH KAI

100, of Spon's

now

the Isle of Cos,

in

or

hand of the gate of the town entering from the

left

of

7,

6, 11, 14, 16, 19, 23,

o aamos,

or A botaa KAI

Grceca;

an

6,

nm H BOTAH

39, 42, 43, 44, 64, 65, 66, 67,

It

5,

See also Gruter,

In general, inscriptions

4,

3,

8.

7,

See Gruter, p. 235,

heirs.

of Minerva.

Inscriptions
6,

or

and,

as

Wlieler

that occurs in the Morals

mentions

in

liis

Travels

APPENDIX, N4.

158

he saw

that

at

Phria

an

dedicated

inscription

Titus Flavins Aristus, apiitos in the sixth Hne

one

to

may have

the preference to any other word.

As

to the construction,

understood

upon the

and

this

now

stands

Professor

Library.

signifying

frequently happens.

which

Iliac Pillar,

Troy, and

the verb

in

It

honour
is

is

omitted

brought from the Plain of

the

of the

Vestibule

Porson believed

it

to

Public

be nearly as

The words of

antient as the archonship of Euclid.

that

Inscription appear in the following order'':

AlKOINflNOYZAITHZeYZIAZ

KAITOYArilNOEKAITHZ
PANHrVPEriZ

PVeAN
ZKAMANAPOTIMOYIAIAAA
KAAnZKAIAHinZKANH<I>0

PHZAZANEYZEBEIAZ

ENEKENTHZrPOZTHNeEON
Here the verb signifying honour

same omission appears

24,

53, 65,

of Spon's

omitted in N" 45

also

also

in

N"* 6,

Marmora
of the

is

understood.
14,

Grceca.

Marmora

The

i", 20, 21, 23,

The verb

is

Oxojuensia, part

the second.

''

It

is

given very inaccurately by Akcrblad

volume of Chevalier's Account of Troy.

as

may

be seen in the third

APPENDIX,

The

passage in Herodotus

the city

Neon and

dispute.

The

suggested

itself

for

7r'

luvTr,g

rei^pecting

32)

c.

(lib. viii.

Tithorea has been the subject of frequent

of

alteration

into

yciif/ivti

Dr. Parr,

to

and Valckenaer

Valla,

ioQ

N" 4.

is

by Stephens,

confirmed

and the emendation of

The

uxitt,^

ett'

the whole

proposed by Wesseling renders

sentence clear and satisfactory.

which

kui^-iv^v,

Reader, after perusing

and Wesseling on

the remarks of Gronovius, Valckenaer,

the subject, will be induced to coincide in opinion with

Dr. Parr, that this ought to be the punctuation and reading

of

the

passage

nxpvri(r(rov

ri

CT*

Kopv(pyj

xocTtx

x*

oe

Necovx

oe^ac^a*

eTnTi^oeri

ttoXiv

above mentioned,

the remarks of the critics

In

aurijf.

evr'

KSif^ivniv

tou

'o[^tXov

Reader

the

will observe, that Gronovius having rejected the alteration

proposed

by Stephens,

may

objected,

be

adstmd
that

month

the

first,

solet

situation

advances his

ett'

non

euuri^g

renders the construction harsh

nation afiixed

ingenious

by Valckenaer

than

according to

true

the

for

to

with WesseUng,

vertici,

of

own

to
to

vertex

with

and

iirbi

regard

justify

ett'

the

manner suggested by

secondly,

to

Se^'^crdoci

The

suut^s

usage

that

it

oppidum

that

intricate.

%<ji*1'j;v

which

expla-

more

is

of

critic,

stt)

it

is

APPENDIX, KM.

l60
necessary that

preceded

should

the preposition

by things

which

adduced by him have

are

to,

The

/t*4"^%a.

reference

this

allude

or

be

instances

they consequently

militate against his explanation of the passage in Herodotus,

^\

herein

said

to

stt)

be

alludes to

<?>'

not therefore

lauTwi',

be

It

-n'oXiv.

or

said

to

l-m

<r<puv

be

avruv,

all

but a city

The

difficulties,

Greek historian

embraced by Larcher, M^ho has

reason for the preference.

true that persons are

Ip sxvr^g.

proposed by Wesseling obviates

elucidates the passage in the

is

it

may

alteration

and

fully

has been

not, how^ever, assigned

any

161

POSTSCRIPT.
X HE

Author

acknowledging

To

conclude

cannot

Work

this

without

his obligations

Mr. Tyrwhitt,

his friend

kind indulgence

for the

of being permitted to interrupt his studies, whenever

was necessary

it

be guided by his

to consult his learning or

judgement.

To

the

Rev. Dr. Park,

Professor Hailstone,

jSIr.

of

W.

communications, which appear

for

Sarcophagus,

the

and learned advice

for his judicious

Alexander,

Mr. Alexander's
for

Butler,

in

Work.

the revisal of the

tation

Weedon

Appendix.

To Mr. Mathias,

To

Samuel Henlet,

Rev.

and the Rev.

for their respective literary

in the

the

the

talents

the drawings

which

the very faithful represenin

the

Public

illustrate

Account of the British Embassy

First

are
Sir

to

Plate.

already

To

indebted

George Staunton's

China.

by Mr. Medland

His genius

and accuracy,

assisted

now emploved

in representing the Antiquities sent to this

as EngraA^er,

ai*e

country by Lord Hutchinson, after the conquest of Egjpt.

X'

iK|

P. 42,

note,''.

The Poem

cited

by Gibbon was the production of a Greek

author of the sixth renttiry.

A chronological

error occurs in the marginal note, p. 53, and in note r, p. 77.

Alexander was buried

The Reader
note'';

is

in 321

B.C.

Aristotle died in 322.

requested to substitute an

to erase not before the

words be

Appendix, p. 86, note", to read Appendix,

for

an

i\

in the

word

attributed, p. 76, note';

NJV.

2;)|5?{0{,

and

p. 58,

for third

DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.

N. B.

The References

to

tlie

Plates

relate to the order in

printed in the List at the beginning of the

choose to give them

insert

them

more

appropriate

Work.

But

as

winch they are

many Rciders may

the Binder

situation,

is

directed to

as follows

Sarcophagus

to face the Title.

1.

TJie

2.

T/ts Portrait

3.

View of

4.

Plan and Dimensions of

5.

Ground Plan of

the

of Alexander

Mosque of

St.

page 23.

page 28.

Aihanasius

the

the IMosque

Sarcophagus

of

St.

....

Aihanasius

page 41.
page 61.

-NTER

V=y%

TltM

V'K-

v-

>.^

"91