All About Stored Procedures - Database Administration Content From SQL Server Pro

12/31/2015
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HOME > DATABASE ADMINISTRATION > ALL ABOUT STORED PROCEDURES
AllAboutStoredProcedures
SQLServerProCommunity
Creating,compiling,andusingstoredprocedures
MichaelD.Reilly|SQLServerPro
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Oct21,2000
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AstoredprocedureiscompiledcodethatyoucancallfromwithinTSQLstatementsor
fromclientapplications.SQLServerrunsthecodeintheprocedureandthenreturnsthe
resultstothecallingapplication.Usingstoredproceduresisefficientforseveralreasons.
First,SQLServerhasalreadyparsed,optimized,andcompiledstoredprocedures,sothey
runquicklywithoutneedingtorepeatthesestepseachtime.Also,storedproceduresrun
ontheSQLServer,usingthepoweroftheserverandreducingtheloadontheclient
(whichmightbeamuchlesspowerfulcomputer).Finally,usingstoredprocedures
reducesnetworktraffic.InsteadoftheSQLServersendingallthedatatotheclientand
havingtheclientrunaquery,theclientsendsarequesttotheservertorunthe
procedure.Theserverreturnsonlytheresultdataset,whichisusuallyalotsmallerthan
thefulldataset.
Onceastoredprocedurehasrun,itremainsinmemory,sothenextusercanrunit
withoutincurringtheoverheadofloadingitintomemory.SQLServer6.5andearlier
releasesrequiremultiplecopiesoftheprocedureinmemoryifmorethanoneuserwillbe
runningtheprocedureatthesametime.SQLServer7.0improvedonthissituationby
lettingmultipleusers,eachwithadifferentexecutioncontext(includingparametersand
variables),shareonecopyoftheprocedureinmemory.
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Youcanusestoredprocedurestoenforcealevelofconsistencyinyourclientapplications.
Ifalltheclientapplicationsusethesamestoredprocedurestoupdatethedatabase,the
codebaseissmallerandeasiertomaintain,andyourunlessriskofdeadlocksbecause
everyoneisupdatingtablesinthesameorder.
Storedproceduresenhancesecurity,too,becauseyoucangivetheusersonlyEXECUTE
permissiononthestoredprocedures,whilerestrictingaccesstothetablesandnot
allowingtheusersanydirectupdateprivileges.Whenotherusersrunastoredprocedure,
theyrunitasiftheyhadthepermissionsoftheuserwhocreatedthequery.
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Youcandoalmostanythinginastoredprocedure,includingCREATEDEFAULT,
CREATEPROCEDURE,CREATERULE,CREATETRIGGER,andCREATEVIEW.You
cancreatetablesbothpermanentandtemporarybutanytemporaryobjectsyoucreate
withinastoredprocedurevanishwhenthestoredprocedureiscomplete.Andyoucan
neststoredproceduresupto32levelsdeep,sothatoneprocedurecancallanother,
whichcallsathird,andsoon.
keepitcleanovertime....More
Definitions
Properlyimplementedsecuritypoliciesalsoaccountfor
InSQLServerBooksOnline(BOL)andelsewhere,youmightseereferencestoseveral
typesofstoredprocedures,butthereareonlytwoprimarytypes.AstoredprocedureisT
SQLcodethatSQLServerhasparsed,optimized,andcompiled.Anextendedstored
procedureisaDLL(typicallywritteninCorC++)thatleveragestheintegrationofSQL
ServerandWindows2000/NTtomakeOSlevelcallsandperformfunctionsthatare
beyondTSQL'sscope.Bothtypescanacceptinputparametersandreturnoutputvalues,
errorcodes,andstatusmessages.Withinthetwoprimarytypesofstoredprocedure,you'll
findseveralothers.
organization....More
Localstoredprocedure:astandardstoredprocedure,executedonthelocalcomputer.
Youdefinestoredprocedureswithinadatabaseandtheybecomelocalobjectswithinthat
database.Youcancalllocalstoredproceduresfromanotherdatabasebygivingthefull
name,includingthedatabasename,ownername,andprocedurename.Youcanalsocall
themfromotherapplications,includingcommonclientapplicationssuchasMicrosoft
http://sqlmag.com/databaseadministration/allaboutstoredprocedures
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AccessandVisualBasic(VB)applications.Typically,youusetheQueryAnalyzertocreate
localstoredprocedures.(YoucouldusetheEnterpriseManager,butitsnotveryhelpful
youstillhavetoknowhowtowritethecode,anditseasiertotestfromtheQuery
Analyzer.)
Temporarystoredprocedure:justlikealocalstoredprocedure,exceptthatthename
startswitha#symbolforaprivatetemporarystoredprocedureanda##foraglobal
temporarystoredprocedure.Aprivatetemporaryprocedureisgoodonlywithinthe
sessionitwascreatedinaglobalprocedurecanbeseenandrunfromothersessions.
Notethedifferenceinterminologybetweentemporarytablesandtemporaryprocedures.
Temporarytablescanbelocalorglobal,buta"local"storedprocedureisanyinthe
currentdatabase,soweusethewordprivatetodenotestoredproceduresthatarelimited
tothecurrentsession.
Remotestoredprocedures:astandardstoredprocedure,runonaremotecomputer.As
Einsteinmighthavepointedout,toanobserverontheremotecomputer,thisisactuallya
localstoredprocedurethathasbeenactivatedfromanothercomputer.Thestored
procedureexistsontheremotecomputeryoujustsendacrossthenetworkthesetof
instructionstorunit.InSQLServer7.0,distributedqueriesofficiallyreplacedremote
storedprocedures,buttheideasarethesameoneserverasksanothertorunastored
procedureandreturntheresultstothecallingserver.
Systemstoredprocedure:astoredprocedurethatyoucreateintheMasterdatabaseand
thatisavailabletoanyotherdatabase.Systemstoredprocedurenamesstartwithsp_the
term"systemstoredprocedures"isusuallyunderstoodtomeanthestoredprocedures
MicrosoftsupplieswithSQLServer.Youcancreateyourownsystemstoredprocedure
simplybycreatingastoredprocedureinMasterandprefixingitwithsp_.However,
Microsoftrecommendsthatyoudon'tusesp_whenyounameastoredprocedure.Ifyou
do,regardlessofwhereyoucreatedit,SQLServerlooksfirstinMaster,theninthe
databaseyouspecifiedinyourcallingstring,andfinally(ifyoudidn'tspecifyadatabase)
inthelocaldatabasewiththeDatabaseOwner(DBO)astheowner.Yes,SQLServerchecks
Masterfirst,evenifyousupplythedatabasename.Notonlyisthisinefficientifthe
procedureislocal,butaprocedurewiththesamenamemightexistinMaster,leadingto
confusion.
AnextendedstoredprocedureisaDLLthatiscodedinaprogramminglanguageother
thanTSQL.Anextendedstoredprocedure'snamebeginswithxp_.Microsoftsupplies
withSQLServersomeextendedstoredprocedures,suchasxp_readmail,whichhandles
readingemailmessagesonbehalfofthesp_processmailstoredprocedure.Oneespecially
versatileextendedstoredprocedureisxp_cmdshell,whichexecutesacommandstringas
anOScommandshell.(Essentially,youcanrunfromxp_cmdshellanycommandthat
youcanrunfromtheWin2K/NTcommandline.)
CreatingaStoredProcedure
Tocreateastoredprocedure,youmustbetheDBOorsystemsadministrator(sa),orbea
memberofthedb_ddladminrole.Userswiththepermissiontograntpermissionscan
grantotheruserspermissiontocreateproceduresusingTSQLcommands.Youcan't
grantthispermissiontospecificusersfromtheEnterpriseManagerinterfaceyouneedto
placetheminthedb_ddladminroleinstead.Whenyoucreatetheprocedure,youmust
havepermissiontoperformallthestepslistedinthequery.Thesestepsmightinclude
accessingothertablesorperforminginserts,updates,anddeletes.
Whenyoucreateaprocedure,youcancreateitonlyinthecurrentdatabase.Soyouneed
tospecifyonlytheprocedurename,notthedatabasenameoreventheownername.The
exceptiontothisruleistemporarystoredprocedures,whicharecreatedintempdb.
Procedurenamesmustbeuniquewithinadatabase,butyoucanusethesameprocedure
nameindifferentdatabases.Ifyouwantaproceduretobeavailableineverydatabasebut
don'twanttomakeitasystemstoredprocedureinMaster,addittotheModeldatabase.
Itwillappearineverynewdatabaseyoucreatethereafter.
Youcan'tcombinetheCREATEPROCEDUREstatementwithanyotherstatementinthe
samebatch.Thatrestrictionsoundsminoryoumightthinkthatyoucanjustputina
GOstatementandmoveontothenextpartofthescript.However,youcan'tputaGO
statementinthemiddleofaprocedure:AssoonasitreachesaGO,theparsertreatsthat
astheendoftheprocedureandcompileseverythinguptothatpoint.
Thesyntaxforcreatingastoredprocedureissimple:
CREATEPROCprocedure_name\[@parameterdatatype\]\[=default\]\[OUPUT\],\[@param
Youspecifyinputparametersas@parameter_name,andyoumustdefineadatatypefor
eachparameter.Optionally,youcanspecifyadefaultvalueforanyparametersthe
defaultmustbeaconstantorNULL.Procedurescancontainupto1024parameters
thesearelocaltotheproceduresoyoucanusethesameparameternamesforother
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procedureswithoutriskofinterference.Ifyouwantaparametertoreturnavalue,you
mustspecifytheparameterasanOUTPUTparameterwhenyoucreatetheprocedure.
Youdon'tnecessarilyalwayshavetoaskfortheparameterasareturnedparameter,but
unlessyouhavedefineditasapotentialoutputparameter,youcan'taskforaparameter
toreturnavaluewhenyouexecutetheprocedure.Parameterscanactasbothinputand
outputparameters,soasimpleprocedurecouldhaveonlyoneinputparameter,withthe
valuebeingmodifiedandpassedbackasanoutputparameter.
TheWITHENCRYPTIONoptionpreventsothersfromreverseengineeringyour
proceduresbylookingatthecodeinthesyscommentstable.Italsopreventsyoufrom
lookingatthecodebecausethereisnowaytoaskforthecodetobeunencrypted.SQL
Servercanunencryptit,becauseitcanrecompilethecodewhennecessary,including
whenyouupgradetoanewreleaseofSQLServer.Butyoucan'tsupplyakeyorpassword
tounencryptthecode,sokeepacopyofyoursourcecodesomewheresecure.
Ifyouneedtochangethedefinitionofastoredprocedure,youcandosobyrerunning
theCREATEPROCEDUREstatement,changingCREATEPROCEDUREtoALTER
PROCEDURE.SQLServer7.0introducedtheabilitytoALTERdatabaseobjects,soyou
canchangeobjectswithouthavingtodropandrecreatethemasyouhadtodoin
previousreleases.Droppingtheobjectalsoremovesallpermissionsonthatobject,so
whenyourecreateadroppedobject,youalsohavetorebuildthepermissions.(Scripting
thepermissionsonanobjectbeforeyoudropitisalwaysagoodidea.)
TheCreationProcess
Whenyoucreateastoredprocedure,SQLServerplacesanentryinthesysobjectstablefor
thedatabase,listingthenewobject.SQLServerparsestheTSQLcodeandchecksitfor
syntaxerrors,thenstorestheprocedurecodeinthesyscommentstable(initsencrypted
form,ifyouchosethatoption).AprocesscalledDelayedNameResolutionletsyoucreate
storedproceduresandrefertoobjects,suchastables,thatdon'tyetexist.Theparser
doesn'tgiveyouanerrorbecauseitassumesthattheobjectreferencedwillexistbythe
timeyouexecutethequery.
RunningaProcedurefortheFirstTime
Whenyouexecutestoredprocedureforthefirsttime,thequeryoptimizerbuildsan
executionplanfortheprocedure,thencompilestheplanandusesittorunthe
procedure.SQLServer2000and7.0don'tstorethisexecutionplanpermanently.The
planremainsinmemoryunlessyourrecompileoptionsspecifyotherwise.Theprocedure
cacheisanareaofmemorywhereSQLServerkeepsstoredproceduresandcached
queries.SQLServer6.5andearlierreleasesrequiredyoutoconfigurehowmuchofthe
availablememorytoallocatetodatacacheandhowmuchtoprocedurecache.SQL
Server2000and7.0allocatethememorydynamicallytoeachcacheasSQLServer
requires.
RunningtheProcedureAgain
Oncetheprocedureisinmemory,otherclientapplicationscanuseitwithoutanyaction
ontheirparttheysimplyruntheprocedure,andifitisfoundinmemory,theyuseit.If
theprocedureisn'tinmemory,SQLServermustreoptimizeandcompileit.MostSQL
Serverswithadequatememorykeepfrequentlyrunproceduresinthecache.Butif
memoryusebecomesaconcern,SQLServercandropsomeproceduresfrommemory.It
usesasophisticatedalgorithmtodecidewhichtodropandwhichtokeep,giving
preferencetothemostfrequentlyusedprocedures,buttakingintoaccounttheeffort
necessarytorecompileaprocedureifitwereflushedfromthecache.Inotherwords,the
algorithmcalculateswhethertodroponelargeprocedurethathasn'tbeenusedforalong
time,orseveralsmallproceduresthatareusedoccasionallybutnotfrequently.
Userscanshareacopyoftheprocedureinmemoryaslongastheirenvironmentthe
server,database,andconnectionsettingsisidentical.Differentconnectionsettings
requiredifferentcopiesoftheprocedureinmemory,sotrytostandardizeconnection
settings(SEToptionssuchasANSIPADDING,forexample).Andhere'saheadsupfor
databasedesigners:Userscan'tshareacopyofaprocedureifareferencedobjectrequires
nameresolution.Suchasituationcanoccurwhentwoobjectshavethesamenamebut
differentowners:forexample,thesalesandengineeringdepartmentsmighteachhave
addedatablecalled"budget,"withdifferentowners.Oraprogrammermighthavemade
acopyoftheemployeestable,andownthecopybutnottheoriginal.Havingrulesin
placeaboutobjectnamingandownershipideallyallobjectshaveuniquenamesandare
ownedbytheDBOwillpreventthisproblem.
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RecompileOptions
Onebenefitofstoredproceduresisthattheyremaininmemoryandcanbereuseduntil
theserverisrestarted,sotheycouldbeinmemoryformonths.Insomesituations,you'll
wanttorecompileaprocedure.Forexample,youmighthaveaprocedurethatproduces
radicallydifferingresultseverytimeyourunit,suchasaproceduretoreturnalistof
customernamesandaddressesforarangeofZIPcodes.Ifyourunthisprocedureona
fewZIPcodesinNewYork,youmightgetbackseveralthousandnames.Butifyourunit
onalargerrangeofZIPcodesinWyoming,youmightgetonlytwoorthreenames.For
suchastoredprocedure,considerputtingthekeywordsWITHRECOMPILEinthe
CREATEPROCcode.SQLServerwillthendiscardthecompiledexecutionplanevery
timetheprocedureisrun,andrecompileitagainforthenextuser.
Youmightusuallyrunastoredprocedurewithcertainparametersforexample,ifmost
ofyourbusinessisinNewYork,youexpectalargenumberofnamesperZIPcode.When
youneedtosendamailingtoWyoming,youcanrunthequeryagain,usingthe
EXECUTEprocnameWITHRECOMPILEoption.SQLServerdiscardstheplaninthe
procedurecacheandcompilesanewonewiththeatypicalparameters,soyourprocedure
runswiththequeryoptimizedforthismailinglist.Asacourtesytothenextuser,you
shouldrunthequeryagain,usingatypicaldatasetandtheWITHRECOMPILEoption.
Ifyoudon't,youratypicalplanwillsitinmemory,andthenexttimesomeonerunsthe
procedure,SQLServerwilluseit.
Youmightalsoconsiderrecompilingyourprocedureifyouaddanindextothetable.
Recompilinggivesthequeryoptimizerachancetocalculatewhetherthenewindexmight
beuseful.Thecommandtousehereissp_recompile.Youcanspecifyaprocedurename
fortherecompile,oryoucansupplyatablenameorviewname.Ifyouspecifyatableor
view,SQLServerwillrecompileallproceduresthatreferencethattableorviewthenext
timetheyrun.
AutomaticRecompile
BOLsaysthat"SQLServerautomaticallyrecompilesstoredproceduresandtriggerswhen
itisadvantageoustodoso."Actually,allSQLServerdoesiskicktheprocedureoutofthe
cache,soithastorecompiletheprocedurethenexttimeitruns.SQLServerrecomputes
thestatisticsonanindexwhentherehavebeenasignificantnumberofchangestothe
data.Withnewstatistics,recompiling(andthereforereoptimizing)thequerymakes
sense.Ifyoudropanindexthataprocedureused,theprocedurewillneedrecompiling.
Anytimeyourebuildindexestoreclaimspaceinthedatabase,SQLServerrecompilesthe
procedurewiththenewindexstatistics.Soit'sunlikelythatanyprocedurewillremainin
memoryindefinitely.Infact,bynotstoringoptimizedqueryplans,SQLServer2000and
7.0lookforopportunitiestorecompilewiththelateststatistics.
TemporaryStoredProceduresvs.CachedQueries
AsImentioned,youcancreateatemporarystoredprocedurebystartingtheprocedure
namewith#or##,andtheseproceduresarebuiltintempdb.Aprivateprocedurecanbe
usedonlyinthesessionwhereitwascreatedaglobalprocedurecanbeusedbyanyone
withtherightpermissions,butitvanisheswhenthesessionitwascreatedinis
disconnected.Fortunately,SQLServerletsanyonerunningtheprocedureatthetime
completetheprocedure.Also,ifyoucreatestoredproceduresintempdbdirectly,you
don'tneedtostartthenamewith#or##.Youjustrunthefollowingcommandfrom
yourdatabase
EXECUTEtempdb.dbo.procname
andthestoredprocedureremainsintempdbuntiltheserverrestarts,evenifyoulogoff.
Ifyoudon'twanttocreatetemporarystoredproceduresintempdb,youcancreatethe
procedureinyourdatabase,useit,thendropit.
SQLServer2000and7.0cancachequeries,soSQLServercanspotaquerybeing
repeated.Itcanalsodetectaquerybeingrunoverandoverwithjustonedifferent
parametersaysomeoneinsalesiscallingupcustomerdataandtheonlydifferencein
eachiterationisthecustomerID.SQLServercantakethisquery,treatcustomerIDasa
parameter,andusethesameexecutionplanwithdifferentcustomerIDvalues.Thatway,
SQLServeravoidshavingtoparse,optimize,andcompileeverytime.(Thisprocessis
sometimescalledautoparameterization.)Youalsohavetheoptionofusingthe
sp_executesqlsystemstoredproceduretotellSQLServerthatyou'regoingtokeep
sendingitthesamequerywithdifferentvalues.Thisoptionisgreatifyouhavealoopin
yourcodeanduseittostepthroughalistofupdatestoatableoneatatime.
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SoifSQLServercancachequeriesanddiscardthemwhenitisdonewiththem,what's
thedifferencebetweenatemporarystoredprocedureandacachedquery?Notalot,
really.Bothareparsed,optimized,compiled,used,anddropped.Thebiggestdifferenceis
thatthecachedqueryusesspaceinyourdatabase,andthetemporaryprocedureisbuilt
intempdb.Thatdistinctionmightbenotbeimportantunlessyou'reworkingonaserver
withmanyotheruserswhoarecompetingforspaceintempdb.Microsoftrecommends
thesp_executesqlapproach,andIagreebecauseofthereducedpossibilityofcontention
intempdb.
AutomaticStoredProcedureExecution
SQLServerhasalittleknownfeaturecalledautomaticstoredprocedureexecution,which
letsyouspecifystoredprocedurestorunwhentheserverstartsit'slikeanautoexec.bat
fileforSQLServer.Tomakeaprocedurerunatstartup,runthesp_procoption
procedurewiththesyntax
sp_procoptionprocnamestartuptrue
Youcanusetrueorontomaketheprocedurerunatstartupandfalseorofftoremoveit
fromthelistofprocedurestorunatstartup.(InSQLServer6.5,yourunsp_makestartup
andsp_unmakestartuptoaddprocedurestoorremovethemfromtheautostartlist.
Theseproceduresdon'texistinlaterreleases.)Becarefulaboutaddingmultiple
proceduresbecausealltheprocedureswillstartatonce.Ifyouneedtheproceduresto
runinasequence,buildoneprocedurethatcallsalltheothersintherightorder,then
makethatoneanautostartprocedure.
StoredProcedureGuidelines
Youmightprefertouseaprefixofusp_foruserstoredprocedures,butthere'sno
acceptedindustrywidenamingstandard.Microsoftrecommendslimitingeachstored
proceduretoexecutingonetask.Ifyouneedtoperformmultipletasks,youcancreate
oneprocedurethatcallsalltheothersinthecorrectsequence.Ifyou'veusedthetasksin
thesequenceelsewhere,modularizingthecodemakessense.Butthere'snoreasonnotto
haveasequenceoftasksinoneprocedure.Youmightencounterproblems,though,ifyou
buildbranchinglogicintotheprocedureorifyouhaveaprocedurethatperformsoneof
severaldifferenttasksdependingontheinputparameters.Ifyouruntheprocedurethe
firsttimewithasetofparametersthatcauseittoactivatebranchB,SQLServercan't
optimizethecodeforbranchesAandC.Andifyouusebranchinglogic,youloadinto
memorycodethatyoumightnotuseveryoften.Soforastraightthroughsequencethat
SQLServerprocessesfromstarttofinish,youmightbebetteroffwritingitwithmore
stepsinfewerprocedures.Forbranchinglogic,havingeachbranchasaseparate
procedureandcallingthemasneededmightmakemoresense.
GroupingStoredProcedures
Groupingstoredproceduresisoneofthosefeaturesthatnobodyseemstouse,which
makesitalikelyexamtopic.Ifyouhaveseveralassociatedprocedures,perhapsforthe
branchinglogicIdiscussed,youcangroupthembynamingthemwiththesamename
andindividualidentificationnumbers,withasemicolonbetweenthenameandthe
number.Theprocedurenameswouldlooklikeprocname1,procname2,andsoon.The
benefitofusingthisnamingconvention,apartfromconsistency,isthatyoucanusea
DROPPROCEDUREprocnamecommandtodropalltheproceduresatonce.However,
afteryougrouptheprocedures,youcan'tdropthemindividually.
StoredproceduresareapowerfulpartofSQLServer.Theyofferbenefitsinbothsecurity
andperformance.Anyclientapplicationyouusewillalmostcertainlyrunbetterifyou
addsomestoredproceduresrunningontheserver.
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