RELATED STUDIES

On the study Digital Identities and the Promise of the Technology Trio: PKI,
Magnetic Cards, and Biometrics Al-Khouri and Bal (2007) presented that organizations
will be better able to protect their systems and assets with the application of biometrics,
magnetic cards, and PKI, that provides them with a better verification of both physical
and virtual identities. On the plus side, the principal advantage to be gained is more
reliable authentication of identities. Without a doubt, strong user authentication must be
viewed as the foundation for any e-government and e-commerce initiatives

Based on the study Are Smart Card Ticketing Systems Profitable? Evidence
from the City of Trondheim, Welde (2012) has demonstrated that economic evaluation
of smart card ticketing schemes using the principles of social cost-benefit analysis is
desirable and possible. Even if all effects are not monetized and included in the
analysis, the main costs and benefits are, and because the non-included non-monetized
effects mostly would have increased the net benefits of the scheme, they consider the
analysis to be robust and, if anything, erring on the pessimistic side. Because
commercial non-viability often constrains the implementation of smart card schemes,
these findings provide valuable information to those currently working on smart card
ticketing strategies.

Based on the study entitled Using Smart Card Technologies to Measure Public
Transport Performance: Data Capture and Analysis Alguer demonstrated that smart
card ticketing technologies are a more convenient way of collecting fares compared to
other, traditional methods. The advantages could be mainly summarised in a more
dynamic passenger movement when entering and alighting vehicles, also by reducing
the amount of work the driver of a bus has when having to sell tickets and having to
drive the vehicle at the same time. And especially, the simplicity of usage for the
passenger, who does not need to worry about different kinds of tickets and fare zones,
because it is just as simple as having a valid smart card and topping it up with money.

On the study Oecd Policy Guidance On Radio Frequency Identification

Allen(2008) stated that the complexity of RFID technologies, their technical variety, and
the very large range of possible applications they enable make them prone to being
misunderstood. Like any information technology, if RFID were implemented without
appropriate consideration of how to address privacy and security risks, it might damage
the organisation that has deployed it, and cause harm to the individuals involved.