Chemical Reaction (Read-Only) (Compatibility Mode)

Chemical Reactions
Setia Budi
Gaya elektrostatik-Wenggita Maulani (3215126574)
Jurusan Kimia, Universitas Negeri Jakarta
Water, The Common Solvent

One of the most valuable properties of water is its
ability to dissolve many different substances.

The shared electrons in water molecule tend to spend
more time close to the oxygen than to either of the
hydrogens.
Because of this unequal charge distribution, water is
said to be a polar molecule.
The polarity gives water its great ability to dissolve
compounds.
sb/chemical reaction
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Hydration
A schematic of an ionic solid dissolving in water
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Strong electrolyte
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Strong electrolyte
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Weak electrolyte
In a solution containing 0.1 mole of NH3 per liter, for every 100 molecules of
NH3 originally dissolved, only one NH4 ion and one OH ion are produced; 99
molecules of NH3 remain unreacted
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Electrolytes
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Nonionic substances
Water also dissolve many nonionic substances
The illustration shows us why ethanol soluble in water
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Types of Solution Reactions

Precipitation reactions
2. Acidbase reactions
3. Oxidationreduction reactions
1.
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When two solutions are mixed, an insoluble substance sometimes forms; that is, a
solid forms and separates from the solution. Such a reaction is called a
precipitation reaction,
The solid that forms is called a precipitate.
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The reaction of K2CrO4(aq) and Ba(NO3)2(aq).
a)
The molecular-level picture of the mixed solution before any reaction has occurred.
b) The molecular-level picture of the solution after the reaction has occurred to form
BaCrO4(s). Note: BaCrO4(s) is not molecular. It actually contains Ba2 and CrO4 2 ions
packed together in a lattice.
c)
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A photo of the solution after the reaction has occurred, showing the solid BaCrO4 on
the bottom.
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Precipitation Reactions
Photos and accompanying molecular-level representations illustrating the reaction of
KCl(aq) with AgNO3(aq) to form AgCl(s).

Note that it is not possible to have a photo of the mixed solution before the reaction
occurs, because it is an imaginary step that we use to help visualize the reaction. Actually,
the reaction occurs immediately when the two solutions are mixed.
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Determining the mass product formed
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Determining the mass product formed

Exercise
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Acid Base Reactions

Discussed in Acids and Bases topic
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Volumetric Analysis
A technique for determining the amount of a certain
substance by doing a titration.

Titration involves delivery (from a buret) of a measured
volume of a solution of known concentration (the titrant) into
a solution containing the substance being analyzed (the
analyte).
Equivalence point or the stoichiometric point: the
point in the titration where enough titrant has been added to
react exactly with the analyte
Equivalence point point is often marked by an indicator
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Volumetric Analysis
Indicator: a substance added at the beginning of the
titration that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence

point.
The point where the indicator actually changes color is called
the endpoint of the titration
The titration of an acid with a base.
a) The titrant (the base) is in the buret, and the
flask contains the acid solution along with a
small amount of indicator.
b) As base is added drop by drop to the acid
solution in the flask during the titration, the
indicator changes color, but the color
disappears on mixing.
c) The stoichiometric (equivalence) point is
marked by a permanent indicator color
change. The volume of base added is the
difference between the final and initial buret
readings
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
The reaction of solid natrium and gaseous chlorin to from solid

natrium chloride
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Rusting is an oxidation process
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
Fe
loses 3 electrons
Fe3+
Rusting is an oxidation process
Early chemists talked about
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
reducing compounds
into pure metals long
before they understood the
chemistry of what was
happening
Fe
loses 3 electrons
Fe3+
Pure metal
gains 3 electrons
Redox reactions
Zn(s) + CuSO4 ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
CuSO4(aq)
Zn(s)
Cu(s) deposit
Redox reactions
Zn(s) + CuSO4 ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
We cant actually observe the transfer of electrons, but we know that:
Cu2+ was reduced back to Cu
Zn was oxidized by losing electrons and becoming Zn2+
Oxidation: Loss of electrons. The oxidized element becomes more positive.

Reduction: Gain of electrons. The reduced element becomes more negative.
1) How can we determine if a reaction is a redox reaction or not?

2) If it is, how can we determine which elements are reduced, and
which elements are oxidized?


Track the transfer of electrons

Cl2 + H2
2HCl
The oxidation number of Cl is 1

because Cl pulls an electron from H
The oxidation number of H is +1
because HCl is neutral overall
oxidation number: the number of electrons that an

element has lost or gained in forming a chemical bond
with another element.
Cl2 + H2
2HCl
Cl is reduced because it gains an electron

H is oxidized because it lost an electron
The oxidation number of Cl is 1

because Cl pulls an electron from H
The oxidation number of H is +1
because HCl is neutral overall

The oxidation number is different from the real charge

of the atom

Oxidation number rules

Rule 1
Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Ex: in Cl2, nCl = 0
n=0
Rule 2
Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Ex: nCO2 = nC + 2(nO) = 0
n=0
Rule 3
Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the

charge of the ion. Ex: n for SO42 = 2
n = charge
of ion
Rule 4
Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to

their group. Ex: Group 1A metals (Na, K:) have n = +1
Group 2A metals (Mg, Ca:) have n = +2
n = +(group
number)
Rule 5
For non-metals:
- Fluorine (F)
- Hydrogen (H), except in hydrides like LiH or NaH
- Oxygen (O)
- Group 7A (Cl, Br:), group 6A (S, Se:), and
group 5A (N, P:), respectively
n = 1
n = +1
n = 2
n = 1, 2,
and 3

Rule 1

Ex: in Cl2, nCl = 0
n=0
Rule 2

Ex: nCO2 = nC + 2(nO) = 0
n=0
Rule 3

charge of the ion. Ex: n for SO42 = 2
n = charge
of ion
Rule 4

n = +(group
number)
Rule 5
For non-metals:
- Fluorine (F)
- Oxygen (O)
n = 1
n = +1
n = 2
n = 1, 2,
and 3

Rule 1

Ex: in Cl2, nCl = 0
n=0
Rule 2

Ex: nCO2 = nC + 2(nO) = 0
n=0
Rule 3

charge of the ion. Ex: n for SO42 is 2
n = charge
of ion
Rule 4

n = +(group
number)
Rule 5
For non-metals:
- Fluorine (F)
- Oxygen (O)
n = 1
n = +1
n = 2
n = 1, 2,
and 3

Rule 1

Ex: in Cl2, nCl = 0
n=0
Rule 2

Ex: nCO2 = nC + 2(nO) = 0
n=0
Rule 3

n = charge
of ion
Rule 4

n = +(group
number)
Rule 5
For non-metals:
- Fluorine (F)
- Oxygen (O)
n = 1
n = +1
n = 2
n = 1, 2,
and 3

Rule 1

Ex: in Cl2, nCl = 0
n=0
Rule 2

Ex: nCO2 = nC + 2(nO) = 0
n=0
Rule 3

n = charge
of ion
Rule 4

n = +(group
number)
Rule 5
For non-metals:
- Fluorine (F)
- Oxygen (O)
n = 1
n = +1
n = 2
n = 1, 2,
and 3

Rule 1

Ex: in Cl2, nCl = 0
n=0
Rule 2

Ex: nCO2 = nC + 2(nO) = 0
n=0
Rule 3
Rule 4
Rule 5
Thenumbers
oxidation
number
Sum of oxidation
in an ion
is equalrules
to the
2 = 2
charge of the apply
ion. Ex: in
n for
SO4order
the
they
n = charge
of ion
appear
on the
list according to
Metals have positive
oxidation
numbers
n = +(group
number)
For non-metals:
- Fluorine (F)
- Oxygen (O)
n = 1
n = +1
n = 2
n = 1, 2,
and 3

Find the oxidation number of each element in potassium peroxide (K2O2).
Rule 4:
nK = +1
= 2(nK) + 2(nO)
= 2(+1) + 2(2)
Rule 5:
nO = 2
= +2 4
= 2
But according to Rule 2:

the sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is zero
What steps do we follow to make sure the rule works?

Find the oxidation number of each element in potassium peroxide (K2O2).
1) Rule 2: Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0
2(nK) + 2(nO) = 0
2) Rule 4: Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to their group.

K belongs to Group 1A, so nK = +1
3) Solve: 2(nK) + 2(nO) = 0

2(+1) + 2(nO) = 0
nO = 2 / 2 = 1
Answer:
nK = +1 and nO = 1
Find the oxidation number of each element in carbon dioxide (CO2).

nC + 2(nO) = 0

nC + 2(nO) = 0
2) Rule 5: nO = 2

nC + 2(nO) = 0
2) Rule 5: nO = 2
3) Solve: (nC) + 2(nO) = 0
(nC) + 2(2) = 0
nC = +4

nC + 2(nO) = 0
2) Rule 5: nO = 2
3) Solve: (nC) + 2(nO) = 0
(nC) + 2(2) = 0
nC = +4
Answer:
nC = +4 and nO = 2
Notice that the oxidation number for an element can be different from
one compound to another
In K2O2, nO = 1
In CO2, nO = 2
Find the oxidation number of each element in the nitrite ion (NO2).
1) Rule 3: Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the charge of the
ion
nN + 2(nO) = 1
2) Rule 5: nO = 2
3) Solve: nN + 2(nO) = 1
nN + 2(2) = 1
nN = +4 1 = +3
Answer:
nN = +3 and nO = 2
Find the oxidation number of each element in the compound C3H4.

3(nC) + 4(nH) = 0
2) Rule 5: nH = +1
3) Solve: 3(nC) + 4(nH) = 0
3(nC) + 4(+1) = 0
nC = 4/3
Answer:
nC = 4/3 and nH = +1
Oxidation numbers
can be fractions!

We can use oxidation numbers to answer these questions

If there is a change in oxidation numbers from reactants to
products, it is a redox reaction

If there is a change in oxidation numbers from reactants to
products, it is a redox reaction
If the oxidation number increases, that element is reduced
If the oxidation number decreases, that element is oxidized
Find the element that is oxidized and the element that is reduced in the
reaction of iron with oxygen resulting in rust (iron oxide, Fe2O3):
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
Find the element that is oxidized and the element that is reduced in the
reaction of iron with oxygen resulting in rust (iron oxide, Fe2O3):
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
Asked:
The element that is oxidized, and the element that is reduced
Given:
The balanced equation, and the oxidation number rules
Relationships:
The oxidation number rules
Solve:
1) Find the oxidation numbers for each element in the

reactants
2) Find the oxidation numbers for each element in the product
3) Find for which element the oxidation number increased or
decreased
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Asked:
Given:
Relationships:
Solve:

reactants
decreased
Rule 1: The oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is zero

nFe = 0 and nO = 0
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Asked:
Given:
Relationships:
Solve:
nFe = 0
nO = 0
reactants
decreased
Rule 2: Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is zero

2(nFe) + 3(nO) = 0
Rule 5: nO = 2
Solve: 2(nFe) + 3(2) = 0 so nFe = +6 / 2 = +3
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Asked:
Given:
Relationships:
Solve:

reactants
decreased
oxidation
numbers
3O2(g) + 4Fe(s) 2Fe2O3(s)

0
+3 2
oxidation
reduction
3O2(g) + 4Fe(s) 2Fe2O3(s)

0
+3 2
oxidation
reduction
Fe is oxidized by O
O is the oxidizing agent
oxidation
numbers
3O2(g) + 4Fe(s) 2Fe2O3(s)

0
+3 2
oxidation
reduction
Fe is oxidized by O
O is reduced by Fe
Fe is the reducing agent
oxidation
numbers
3O2(g) + 4Fe(s) 2Fe2O3(s)

0
+3 2
oxidation
numbers
oxidation
reduction
Where there is a reduction reaction,

there is also an oxidation reaction,
and vice versa.
This is because electrons that are lost
by one element must be gained by
another element
Find the reducing and the oxidizing agents in:

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

Relationships:
Solve:
The balanced chemical reaction and the oxidation number rules
O2(g) + 2Mg(s) 2MgO(s)

0
+2 2
oxidation
reduction
oxidation
numbers

Relationships:
Solve:
The balanced chemical reaction and the oxidation number rules
O2(g) + 2Mg(s) 2MgO(s)

0
+2 2
oxidation
numbers
oxidation
reduction
Answer:
Mg is oxidized by O
O is reduced by Mg
Mg is the reducing agent
Rules to assign oxidation numbers:

- the rules must be followed in the order they are presented
- the oxidation number of an element can be different from
- the oxidation number of an element can be a fraction
Rules to assign oxidation numbers:

- the rules must be followed in the order they are presented
- the oxidation number of an element can be different from
- the oxidation number of an element can be a fraction
Assigning oxidation numbers helps to:

- determine if a chemical reaction is a redox reaction or not
- determine which elements are reduced, and which elements
are oxidized
- determine which elements or compounds are oxidizing agents,
and which are reducing agents
Changes in Substances
Physical change altered appearance but same composition
Water to steam
Glass bottle to broken glass
Chemical change or reaction results in a different chemical
composition
Coal to ashes
Milk to sour milk
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Chemical Reactions

Water, The Common Solvent

ability to dissolve many different substances.

Types of Solution Reactions

KCl(aq) with AgNO3(aq) to form AgCl(s).

Determining the mass product formed

Determining the mass product formed

Acid Base Reactions

substance by doing a titration.

titration that changes color at (or very near) the equivalence

The reaction of solid natrium and gaseous chlorin to from solid

Rusting is an oxidation process

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Rusting is an oxidation process

Early chemists talked about

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)

Oxidation: Loss of electrons. The oxidized element becomes more positive.

1) How can we determine if a reaction is a redox reaction or not?

Oxidation: Loss of electrons. The oxidized element becomes more positive.

1) How can we determine if a reaction is a redox reaction or not?

Track the transfer of electrons

The oxidation number of Cl is 1

oxidation number: the number of electrons that an

Cl is reduced because it gains an electron

The oxidation number of Cl is 1

oxidation number: the number of electrons that an

The oxidation number is different from the real charge

oxidation number: the number of electrons that an

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the

Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the

Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the

Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the

Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the

Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to

Oxidation number rules

Oxidation number of an atom in a pure element is 0

Sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral molecule is 0

Oxidation number rules

But according to Rule 2:

What steps do we follow to make sure the rule works?

Oxidation number rules

2) Rule 4: Metals have positive oxidation numbers according to their group.

3) Solve: 2(nK) + 2(nO) = 0

Find the oxidation number of each element in carbon dioxide (CO2).