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P ag e date 28-03-2010

‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘‘
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‘É is an element, non metal, and present in very small amount in atmosphere.
In Atmosphere É 0.02% and in Air - 0.03% as CO2 gas. All living things plants and animals are
made up of carbon compounds called organic compounds.


 

its electronic configuration is K L. it is not possible to remove 4 electrons
2 4
From its outermost shell, also not possible to gain 4 electrons to complete its octet. Therefore it
shares 4 electrons with others. Therefore bond formed is covalent.

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  É carbon can link or combine with one another by means
of covalent bonds to form long chains of carbon atom. This property is also called
Catenation .-C-C-C-C-C-c-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-
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V V
‘ ‘‘‘ 
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‘V ‘ 
 Valency of carbon is
four(which is quite large). Due to this a carbon atom can form large number of carbon
atoms with a number of carbon atoms as well as with a large number of other elements.
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1.‘ ‡ydrocarbons
2.‘ ‡aloalkanes
3.‘ Alcohols
4.‘ Aldehydes
5.‘ Ketones
6.‘ Carboxylic acids
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Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon mainly are called ‡ydrocarbons.( ‡ydrogen + Carbon).
Methane (C‡4), Ethane(C2‡6) etc. it is of two types.

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É a hydrocarbon which is connected by only single bond.it is further
divided into one part.

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a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by

single covalent bond. Methane (C‡4),ethane (C2‡6)

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P ag e date 28-03-2010

Saturated

‡ DROCARBON

Unsaturated

‘   
  
É the hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are connected by

 
 or ͞
 
 . it is further divided into two parts.

ii.‘
  

a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a
double bond. ‡2 C=C‡2 called ethane. C‡3-C‡=C‡2 called as propane.
‘
 
a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a
triple bond. ‡C C‡ as ethyne.

NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX

1 MET‡
2 ET‡
3 PROP
4 BUT
5 PENT
6 ‡EX

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P ag e date 28-03-2010

a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single covalent bond. Methane
(C‡4),ethane (C2‡6).It͛s general formula is Ì! .

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MetÝ ‘ C‡4

Ethane(2) C2‡6

Propane(3) C3‡8
Butane(4) C4‡10

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A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. ‡2 C=C‡2 called ethane.
C‡3-C‡=C‡2 called as propane. It͛s general formula is Ì
.

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Ethene C2‡4
Propene C3‡6
Butene C4‡8
Pentene C5‡10
‡exene C6‡12

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A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. ‡C C‡ is known as
ethyne. Its general formula is Ì

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Ethyne C2‡2
Propyne C3‡4
Butyne C4‡6
Pentyne C5‡8
‡exyne C6‡10


 

  
É a group of organic compounds having 

  



 

    in which the every successive compound differ by Ì




 
  




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MetÝ ‘ C‡4

Ethane(2) C2‡6

Propane(3) C3‡8
Butane(4) C4‡10

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P ag e date 28-03-2010

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%the organic compounds having same molecular formula but structures are known as Isomers.
Isomers are possible for 4 or more than four carbon atoms. Isomers of compound Butane are possible.

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Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are already discussed above. They are also the types of
functional group.

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Cl É Chloro
Br- Bromo
F- Fluro
I-Iodo
‡alogen are written as R-X (Where are is alkyl group and X can be halogen)
Example- C‡3-Cl chloromethane,C2‡5-Br bromoethane, C2‡5-F fluroethane etc.

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Methanol Ì)


Ethanol
Ì*

)
Propanal
Ì)+

,
Butanal
Ì)+Ì

C‡3-O‡ methan+ol (͞e͟ is removed from all alkane names) and becomes Methanol
C2‡5-O‡ ethanol, C3‡
-O‡ propanal, C4‡-O‡ Butanol etc.
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& 
Ì

Suffix for aldehyde is É




Ì

‡C‡O methan+al written as Methanal

C‡3-C‡O Ethanal, C2‡5-C‡O propanal, C3‡
-C‡O Butanal etc.


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Methanal ‡C‡O

Ethanal C‡3-C‡O
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propanal C2‡5-C‡O
,
Butanal C3‡
-C‡O

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P ag e date 28-03-2010

Ketone consists of one carbon and one oxygen atom. It starts from the three carbon
atom.


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Propanone C‡3-CO-C‡3

Butanone C‡3-C‡2-CO-C‡3
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Propanone C‡3-C‡2- C‡2-CO-C‡3
,
‡exanone C‡3-C‡2- C‡2-C‡2-CO-C‡3

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Methanoic acid Ì



Ethanoic acid Ì)Ì

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Propanoic acid Ì)
ÌÌ

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Butanoic acid Ì)
Ì
ÌÌ

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