Tire Mechanics
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
6.3.1.
6.3.2.
6.3.3.
6.4.
6.5.
Fundamentals
Requirements and evaluation criteria
Safety aspects
Cost effectiveness
Comfort
Adhesion performance
Influence of surface pressure
Forces acting on tires
Tires on dry road surfaces
Free rolling wheel subjected to slip angle
Straight ahead rolling wheel while accelerating and decelerating
Combination of slip angle and slip
Tires on wet road surface
Tires on wintry/icy road surfaces
0226 / 1103
Sidewall
Bead
reinforcement
Bead core
Interior
insulating layer
Bead
0229 /0903
Trend
Limited high speed capacity
Increased substructure loading
Minimal heat up
Thin sidewall
Mixture with marginal damping
Marginal smoothness
Marginal service life
Increased running noise
0227 / 0802
Driveability in winter
Off-road
capacity
Trend
Big volume
Low inflation pressure
Massive bar tread profile
Adaptable carcass
Increased heat-up
Limited high speed capacity
0228 / 0903
Primary criteria
Safety
Economy
Maximum attainable comfort for
driver and load
0230 / 0903
Safety criteria
Mechanical strength
Tire force fit
Adhesion on dry, wet and icy road
surfaces, when decelerating and
accelerating
0231 / 0903
Service life
Rolling resistance
Dimension and weights
Tire/chain compatibility
0232 / 0903
100
90
Service life
Laufleistung
Laufleistung
80
74
74
70
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
100
110
120
130
140
%
150
Prozentsatz
Percentage
Prozen tsatz
des Lu ftdru cks
der Beladu n g
of inflation
pressure
of load
0233 / 0903
Comfort criteria
Springing behavior
Response- and re-aligning behavior
Uniformity and running noise
Ease of assembly
0235 / 0903
Spring stiffness
Slip angle
0373 / 0802
Measuring axle
0237 / 0903
0238 / 0903
300
Coefficient of adhesion k
Passenger
cars
Commercial
vehicles
0,5
100
200
N/cm2 2
N/cm
300
Surface pressure pm
0239 / 0903
rdyn
B
R
v0
B
Q
B
f
M
M
n
kN
mm
Nm
Nm
mm
pi
Q
R
rdyn
S
v0
bar
kN
kN
mm
kN
km/h
Term
braking force
tire rebound force
re-alignment torque
camber torque
distance between resulting
force and vertical axis
tire inflation
resulting force
wheel load
dynamic tire radius
lateral force
road speed
slip angle
angle of resulting force Q
camber angle
0240 / 0903
Lateral force
Wheel load R
Slip angle
Re-aligning torque
0241 / 0903
Lateral force
11 R 22.5
Inflation pressure = 7,75 bar
Speed = 40 km/h
Wheel load R = 40 kN
Dry road surface
Slip angle
0374/ 0903
Lateral force
Slip angle
0375/ 0903
Lateral force
Tread condition
Slip angle
0376/ 0903
Michelin
XZA
Braking force B
kN
Wheel load R = 40 kN
30
11 R 22.5
pi = 7,75 bar
v0 = 60 km/h
Dry road surface
20
10
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
Slip
0,5
0392/ 0903
Wheel load
Slip angle
Braking force
Lateral force
Wheel load R
Slip
0377/ 0903
T endenz
Tendency
0
0
5
5
Camber angle
increases
Sturzwinkel nim m t zu
10
Schlupf
Slip
0378/ 0903
Braking force B
30
20
Michelin XZA
10
11 R 22.5
pi = 7,75 bar
R = 40 kN
v0 = 60 km/h
dry road surface
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
Slip
0379/ 0903
Braking force
Driving force
Slip
Slip angle
Braking force
0253 /0903
11 R 22.5
Slip angle
pi = 7,75 bar
R = 40 kN
v0 = 60 km/h
dry road surface
Braking force B
0380/ 0903
Michelin
XZA
11 R 22.5
Lateral force S
pi = 7,75 bar
v0 = 60 km/h
dry road surface
Braking force B
0381/ 0903
Direction of travel
Water wedge
0255 / 0903
Slip
(Slip angle)
Braking force
Braking force
Speed
Tread depth
0256 / 0802
Water depth
(mm) increases
0.5
1,0
1,5
Braking force B
Driving force A
0393 / 0903
Tire sizes:
Dimensionen:
175 R 14
Kraftschlubeiwert
Coefficient of adhesion k
0,5
185 R 14
185
R 14
175 R 14
215 R 14
0,4
215 R 14
205 R 14
205
R 14
B
300 %
300
0,3
300%%
300
0,2
E
D
E
E
0,1
Test Conditions:
Water
Speed
100km/h,
Wheel load 2kN
Produkte
A, B, C,
D, depth
E, F 2mm,
bestim
m ter
Reifenhersteller
0258 / 0903
-4
- 2
-2
- 1
- 0
-1
S eLateral
i t e n k r a f tforce
- 4
Lateral
S
S e i t e n k rforce
a ft
Ice Eisoberflchentemperatur
surface
temperature
nimmt zuincreases
Road speedGeschwindigkeit
increases
nimmt zu
(fallend )
Eisoberflchentemperatur
Ice surface temperature
Schrglaufwinkel
Slip angle a
0259 / 0903