Heat capacity, or thermal capacity,

capacity is the measurable physical quantity of heat energy required

to change the temperature of an object or body by a given amount. The SI unit of heat capacity is
joule per kelvin, J/K and the dimensional form is M1L2T21.
Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter, meaning it is proportional to the size of the
system. When expressing the same phenomenon as an intensive property,, the heat capacity is
divided by the amount of substance, mass, or volume, so that the quantity is independent of the
size or extent of the sample.
The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per mole of a pure substance and the
specific heat capacity,, often simply called specific heat,, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a
material.
________________________________________________________________________
Thermal conduction

In physics, thermal conductivity (often denoted k, , or ) is the property of a material

mate
to
conduct heat.. It is evaluated primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction
conduction.
Heat transfer occurs at a higher rate across materials of high thermal conductivity than across
a
materials of low thermal conductivity. Correspondingly materials of high thermal conductivity
are widely used in heat sink applications and materials of low thermal conductivity are
ar used as
thermal insulation.. Thermal conductivity of materials is temperature dependent. The reciprocal
of thermal conductivity is called thermal resistivity.
In SI units,, thermal conductivity is measured in watts per meter kelvin ((W/(
/(mK)). The
dimension of thermal conductivity is M1L1T31. These variables are (M)mass, (L)length, (T)
time, and () temperature
The one dimensional heat flow equation
eq
:

Which is the heat equation, where the coefficient (often denoted )

is called the thermal diffusivity.

Thermal conductivity of a Bad conductor using Lee's method

AIM: To determine the thermal conductivity of bad conductors such as card board, ebonite, etc.
Apparatus:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Lee's disc apparatus

a brass disc and a metallic disc of large diameter compared to its thickness
sample of bad conductor in the form of the disc with same diameter
two mercury thermometers
stop watch
vernier
screw gauge and
a balance.

Experimental Set up:

The experimental set up is shown in Figure 1. The brass disc B is hung from the stand with the
help of three strings. On the brass disc, the bad conductor sample disc 'S' is placed and over that
a metallic disc M is placed. On the metallic disc, a heating chamber, H with facility for steam-in
and steam-out is placed.

Theory:
When a steady state is reached, let T1 and T2 be the temperatures of metallic disc M and
brass disc B. So, the temperature difference between the two ends of bad conductor is (T1- T2 ).
The rate of heat conducted through the bad conductor is,
........................ ( 1 )
where, d' is thickness of the bad conductor and 'A' is the area of cross section.
The rate of heat lost by the brass disc to the surrounding under steady state is,
........................ ( 2 )
Where m-mass of the brass disc, C is the heat capacity of brass disc and
at T2

is its rate of cooling

From equn(1) and (2),

.................... ( 3 )
By measuring,
determined.

and

using Lee's apparatus the thermal conductivity K can be

Procedure:
(1) Measure the mass of the brass disc using a balance and take it as m kg.
(2) Measure the diameter and hence the radius of the sample, S using vernier callipers.
Calculate the circular
area of the disc,
(3) Measure the thickness of the sample S using a screw gauge and take it as d
(4) Arrange the brass disc, sample disc and metallic disc as shown in the Figure 1. Insert the
thermometers into
the grooves of metallic disc and brass disc, which measure the temperatures T1 and T2
respectively.
(5) Place the heating chamber on the above assembly and suspend it as shown in Figure 1.
Start the heater, by
sending steam through the heating chamber.
(6) Monitor the temperatures T1 and T2 at a regular interval till they reach the steady state.
Note the steady state
temperatures T1 and T2
(7) The next part is to determine the rate of cooling of brass disc. Lift the heating chamber and
remove the metallic plate M and sample disc S, then place the heating chamber directly on the

brass disc, B.
(8) Allow the brass disc B to heat atleast about 10 0C above the steady state temperature T2
measured in the first
part of the experiment. Remove the heating chamber.

(9) Switch on the stop watch and measure the temperature of brass disc at an interval of 30 sec as it cools down.
Allow the brass disc to cool down to at least 5 0C below the steady state temperature, T2. The suggested table
is
as follows..
Table : Cooling rate of Brass disc

Sl. No

Time t (min.)

Temperature of Brass disc T( 0C)

1.
2.
3.
4.
---

0) Plot a graph of temperature T of brass disc as a function of

time. A typical plot is shown
in Fig. 2. Draw tangential line
to the curve, corresponding to the temperature, T2 and
determine its slope. The slope is equivalent to

(11) Calculate thermal conductivity, K' using equn (3) and by multiplying a
factor

correction

Here, h is the thickness of the brass disk. The correction factor is introduced because the
cooling measurement was not exactly the same environment of steady state measurement.

Web reference:
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Guwahati/engg_phy2/md07_experiment/module16/thermal-conductivity-leesmethod/slides/slide1.htm