Re-cap from previous session

Coastal Planning & Management

VCB 4233

Overview of basic oceanographic

data and environmental forces

Lesson 4

Introduction to typical field

investigation

Assoc. Prof. Ahmad Mustafa Hashim

Example of field measurement and

data analysis
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12:00
2002-03-26

Overall Learning Outcomes

CLO1

Assess the influencing environmental factors and

related coastal processes, and analyze causes of
coastal erosion/sedimentation

CLO2

Develop skills and knowledge for the planning and

management of coastal zone in respecting the
principles of sustainability

CLO3

Evaluate application of different coastal stabilization

schemes and the governing factors for their selection
and impacts

PO2

Identify, formulate and solve complex civil engineering

problems using creativity and innovativeness

PO3

Design and develop solutions for complex civil

engineering problems

Why Coastal Hydraulic Studies?

Understanding hydraulic phenomena/problems

Planning/design of mitigation/improvement
works (design parameters)
Impact assessment of coastal development
Monitoring feedback

12:00
03-28

12:00
03-30

12:00
04-01

12:00
04-03

12:00
04-05

12:00
04-07

12:00
04-09

12:00
04-11

12:00
04-13

12:00
04-15

Coastal Planning & Management

Coastal Modelling & Case Studies
Purpose of coastal and marine studies
Overview of hydraulic and coastal
modelling
Example applications and case studies

Scientific Requirement vs
Engineering Application

Scientific investigations of sediment transport in

tidal areas can provide the crucial information
needed
to
understand
and
predict
the
morphological changes
In most of the existing sediment transport and
morphological models, analysis are made based on
several assumptions, probably due to lack of
available data or as part of the simplifications
approach in making realistic modelling assessment

Often these assumptions are made with respect to

most engineering application, thus require careful
judgment

Important Appreciation

Coastal processes is generally very complex

Various factors influencing the behavior and the
corresponding responses

Why Modelling?

Resources constraint (time, money, spatial

coverage)
Knowledge deficiency/gap (regression using field
data; analytical solutions)

Responses cannot be simply generalized and it is

very site specific

Physical scale modeling

Knowledge is progressively developing especially

in fine sediment dynamics

Hybrid modeling (regional numerical modeling

feeding into local physical modeling)

Guidelines
Guidelines on Erosion
Control For Development
Projects In The Coastal
Zone (Garispanduan JPS
1/97), aims at ensuring
proper planning &
implementation of coastal
development projects
obviating need for
expensive coastal
protection works in the
future.

Caution about Modelling

Guidelines

Guidelines For Preparation of

Coastal Engineering Hydraulic
Study and Impact Evaluation (For
Hydraulic Studies using Numerical
Models - Fifth edition (December
2001))

Between Data Adequacy

And Accurate Prediction

Just a word of caution:

A model is a useful, understandable, schematic

representation of a piece of the reality (Prof dr.
Huib de Vriend, May 1995)
"...it is very necessary to distinguish the
circumstances in which a model differs from nature,
otherwise a model is more able to lead us from the
truth rather than towards it (Smeaton, 1759)

In the event of inadequate information/data for a

thorough study
acknowledge this fact
predictions used especially in relation to
structural design should be as a guide only
Even if accurate past and current conditions are
available for better prediction, the projected
changes may be vastly modified by future
unregulated human activities along the coast or in
the hinterland

Present Technology

New tools in predicting and accessing coastal

engineering projects / problems

State-of-the-art modelling software available

Name of
Software

A Sample
of Coastal
Hydraulic
Software
Packages

Type

Developer/
Vendor

Knowledge
Domain

Physical
Domain

SMS

proprietary

USA

Estuarine / Coastal
hydr

Estuaries/
coastal seas

AQUASEA

proprietary

USA

Coastal hydraulics

Estuaries/
coastal seas

QUAL2E

Non-proprietary

US EPA

Water quality

River/coastal
seas/ocean

MIKE21/
MIKE3

proprietary

DHI

Coastal hydraulics

Estuaries/
coastal seas

DELFT3D

proprietary

DHL

River/coastal/
ocean hydraulics

River/coastal
seas/ocean

TELEMAC

proprietary

LNH of EDF

Coastal hydraulics

Coastal seas

SEAWORKS

proprietary

HR Wallingford

Coastal hydraulics

Coastal seas

EFDC/
HEM2D

Non-proprietary

John M.Hamrick,
Tetratech, USEPA

Estuarine / Coastal
hydr

Estuaries/
coastal seas

GEMSS

proprietary

J. E. Edinger
Associates, Inc.,
37 Wayne, PA
19087, USA

River/lake/
estuarial/coastal
hydraulics

Rivers/lakes/
estuaries/
coastal seas

GCOM3D

proprietary

GEMS Australia

Coastal/Ocean
hydraulics

Coastal
seas/ocean

SBEACH/
GENESIS

Non-proprietary

US Army Corps of
Engineers

Coastal profile
change/evolution

Coastal seas

software

MIKE21

LITPACK

HD Hydrodynamic model (simulates currents and water level

variations)

NSW Near Shore Wave model (simulates propagation of waves

taking into account wave breaking, shoaling, refraction, etc.)

MT Mud Transport model (simulates movement of cohesive

material on the bed)

ST Sand Transport model (simulates movement of non-cohesive

material)

AD Advection Dispersion model (simulates spreading of heat,

salt, coliform & xenobitic compounds)

WQ Water Quality model (simulates spreading of DO, BOD,

ammonia, nitrate & phosphorus)

Impacts of Development
Development
Projects
sand mining
surface water
withdrawals
groundwater
extractions
gas & oil
extractions
coastal protection
works
land reclamation
ports & harbours
coastal resorts
industries

Problems/
Phenomena
water/
sediment
pollutants

subsidence

IMPACTS

flooding

coastline
changes
erosion/
accretion

littoral
transport

terrestrial
environment
human &
socioeconomic
environment
tourism &
recreation
agriculture

pollution of
coastal areas

Additional Factors
River Sea Interaction
Suspended Sediment Dispersion/Water
Quality
Sedimentation at river mouths
Upstream flooding
Nutrient outflows
Backwater effects

Sea Level rise

erosion
coastal protection

aquatic
environment

Hydraulic Modelling

Extent of Impact
Direction of Impact

Areal Extent

Beyond project
area?

Turbidity plume
Water column depth

General Modelling Concept

Determination of Relevant Modules

Defining Model Area

Duration

Sensitive resources

Frequency

Coastal fisheries

Sedimentation

Navigation

Data Collection
&
Field Work

Model Setting-up
& Simulation
Calibration & Verification

Erosion

Flow modification

Production Run

Coastal protection

Flooding

Interpretation of Results

Drainage channel

Modelling Technology

Stage 1:
Field Investigation Works

How many dimensions?

Which model?
GIGO Garbage In, Garbage Out

Data Collection
and Analyses
Waves, Currents
Winds
Sediments
River discharges

Coastal
Hydrodynamics
Flow Regime
Wave tranformation
Advection/Diffusion

Coastal
Hydraulic Study
Work Flow

Stage 2:
Modeling Works

River
Hydraulics
Back-water flooding

Hydrographic
Survey
Horizontal Control
Vertical Control
Tidal Gage Setup
Bathymetric Survey

Coastal
Morphology
Sediment transport
Coastline Changes

Stage 3:
Interfacing with Sub-Components

Coastal Erosion Studies

Typical Coastal / Marine Study

& Example Applications

When: Lives or coastal properties are threatened.

Typical causes:
Interruption of longshore sand transport, reduction in
river sediment supply, dredging in the nearshore etc.
Main Goal of Study:
Identify cause of erosion and propose options for
shore protection.
Main Model/s used: LITPACK, MIKE21
Project Examples:
Pantai Sabak Coastal Erosion Study, Kelantan

2D Sediment Transport

Coastal Protection Works at Pantai Sabak, Kelantan

Classified as a Category I (critical erosion) area
(NCES, 1985).
Scope of work:
- primary & secondary data collection
- comprehensive hydraulic study of the coastal
area using numerical models
- propose feasible defence options & carry out
technical and financial evaluation of the
proposed alternatives
- detailed design of the selected option

The Proposed Beach Protection Scheme

Series of Offshore Breakwater

Existing Condition

Most of the transport

bypassing Pengkalan Datu
breakwater travels on a bar
parallel to the coast prior to reattaching to the surf zone 1.5
to 2 km further along the coast

Main Components of The Proposed Scheme

Six (6) offshore breakwaters along Pantai Sabak covering

from the northern of Sg. Pengkalan Datu breakwater to
just north of the landfill site (including river training
allowing a new outlet of Sg. Raja Gali)
An initial beach fill is required together with construction of
offshore breakwaters. This is because formation of a
tombolo behind the breakwater would likely lead to
significant erosion between the breakwater if no
nourishment was performed as part of the overall
construction

Morphological Impact

Optimized Breakwaters Option:

Sediment Transport Averaged Over 5 Yrs
Erosion

The protection of the Pantai Sabak coastline will lead to

accelerated erosion rates along the coast to the
northwest, downdrift of the proposed Breakwater 1
The area is much less densely populated than the area
presently suffering the brunt of the erosion. It therefore
makes sense to protect the Pantai Sabak area knowing
that it will not solve but only transfer the overall erosion
problem
Hs = 1.5m, = 45oN

Hs = 1.5 m, = 67.5oN

Hs = 1.5 m, = 90oN

Coastal Processes Study

Net downdrift transport rate

Erosion of P.Sabak Coastline

Bypass Pengkalan Datu

Scope of work:
- collect, collate and calibrate data for hydraulic study;
- hydraulic modelling for analysis of currents, waves &
sediment transport
- identify sources of siltation material, predict volume
& rate of siltation within,around the channel due to
deepening
- analyse, propose requirements for
capital & maintenance dredging
and devise optimum dredging
strategy for the future
- hydrodynamic impact study on
to the ports future development
plans
- financial analysis
\\SHARIDZ\LPK\5122lpk(temp)\hkj_06Sep02\Mike21\Data\MedGrid\mtlm22.dfs2

55

-5

50

-2 0

-5

-150

-5

20

40

50

50

50

45

-100

-20

-5

-5

20

35

Net Sedimentation (mm)

-20

20

When: Navigation channels on muddy coast

(predominant on West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia)
Typical causes:
High sedimentation from surrounding area especially
from Sg. Klang
Main Goal of Study:
Identify cause of siltation and estimate rates of
siltation. Propose dredging requirement.
Model/s used: MIKE21
Project Examples: North Port Hydraulic Study, Port
Klang

North Port Hydraulic Study, Port Klang

(kilometer)

Mud Siltation Studies

30

-5

15

20

-20

10

20

-20

25

-20

-5

-2

25
30
(kilometer)

35

Above 100
50 - 100
20 - 50
5 - 20
-5 5
-20 - -5
-50 - -20
-100 - -50
-150 - -100
Below -150

40

04/03/02 12:00:00

River Mouth Siltation Studies

When: Navigation through river mouths is made difficult
because of frequent siltation.
Typical causes:
Imbalance between river sediment supply and ability of
waves to move sediments away from the river mouth.
Main Goal of Study:
Identify cause/s of problem and propose mitigating
options.
Model/s that can be used: MIKE21
Project Examples:
National River Mouth study by JICA.
Setiu River Mouth Improvement Works, Terengganu.

Setiu River Mouth Improvement Works

Improvement works in the form of dredging and provision of structures to
stabilise the Setiu river mouth is to be carried out. A fish landing complex is
also to be constructed to cater for the growing fishermen population.
Studies include:
collect, collate and review relevant data necessary for the design and
modelling works;
identify various river mouth improvement alternatives;
conduct a hydraulic study using numerical models to assess
effectiveness and impacts of the improvement works on the hydraulic
regime and select the most suitable option;
determine environmental parameters for the detailed design;
perform detailed design for the river mouth improvement works.

Sediment Dispersion Studies

When: Reclamation and Dredging projects
Typical causes:
Sediment re-suspension during dredging operations and
sediment losses during dumping.
Main Goal of Study:
Identify extent of sediment plume and propose mitigating
options if necessary.
Model/s used: MIKE21
Project Examples:
Proposed Penang 2nd Bridge.
Proposed Tg. Langsat Port Expansion.

Penang Second Bridge - the longest bridge in Southeast Asia.

Scope of work includes:

- Extensive hydraulic and
coastal modeling of the
impact of the bridge
construction on coastal
regime within the Penang
channel and adjacent waters using MIKE 21 modeling system.
- Investigation includes assessment on waves, tidal flows, sediment
transport and dispersion of suspended sediment;
- Investigation on the impact during construction based on various
components and implementation stages; and
- To provide assessment input for the concurrent EIA study

Thermal Plume Dispersion Studies

Proposed Expansion of Tg. Langsat Port

Scope of work:
- primary and secondary data
collection
- assessing the current and wave
impacts within the study area
- assess potential rate of coastal
erosion and sedimentation
- propose and recommend
appropriate mitigating measures to
alleviate potential impacts

The Proposed Penang Second Bridge

Project Site

Pulau Tekong Reclamation

Pulau
Ubin

Telok Gong Combined Cycle Power Plant, Melaka

Powertek Berhad intended to convert the existing open cycle plant into a
combined cycle mode at its existing power plant at Teluk Gong, Melaka

When: In connection with Thermal Power Plant projects

Typical causes:
Cooling water for the condensers is abstracted from the
sea and hot water is discharged back into the sea.
Main Goal/s of Study:
Optimise location of intake and outlets to minimise heat recirculation and ensure water temperature at outfall is below
DOE limit.
Model/s used: MIKE 21 AD
Project Examples:
Telok Gong Combined Cycle Power Plant, Melaka

Thermal Plume Dispersion

Siemens Power
Plant, Melaka

A hydraulic modelling study and hydrographic

survey works to evaluate the recirculation of
the thermal plume was commissioned

Scope of work:
- numerical modelling to assess the
recirculation of cooling water
- investigate various options &
recommend the possible optimum
layout and lengths for the CW pipelines taking
into account the influence of proposed two land reclamation projects to
be constructed adjacent to the power plant

Typical Studies in a Project

Hydrodynamic Modelling

Usually, one project will involve many coastal aspects. For

example, a typical Reclamation & Dredging project may
involve the following:
Determination of design wave and current conditions.
Impact of project on waves, tidal flow, sediment
transport and coastal stability.
Sediment dispersion during dredging and dumping.
Possible coastal erosion due to dredging activities. This
is so since borrow area may act as a sediment trap (if
located in the littoral zone) and deprive downdrift areas
of sediments.
Protection of reclaimed land (typically with revetments).

Ranca-Ranca Integrated Port, Labuan

Hotel JAL Fujairah Resort & Spa, UAE

Ranca-Ranca Integrated Port shall act as a hub for activities such as

transhipment centre, entreport or industrial port

The Hotel JAL Fujairah Resort & Spa is built on a 540 m private beach and
is currently under construction. All of its nine buildings will be lined up facing
the beach. As such, the beach is a primary feature and attraction for the
hotel.

The project site shall be reclaimed to accommodate

port facilities & to increase the existing land bank
Tasks:
- overall project planning
- total project management in producing masterplan
& justifying the project based on economic analysis and
other technical studies
- design, port layout, breakwater & wharf construction,
hydraulic aspects, environmental impacts, geotechnical
assessment, ship maneuvering, port management organization and core
activities
- evaluate options to privatise the port construction and management
- advise the client on overall project implementation at macro & micro levels
inclusive of cashflow and financial analysis

Integrated Approach

Scope of work:
- hydraulic model study to derive the main design parameters.
- detailed design of sill structure, groynes & beach nourishment

Project Area

Need for ISMP

Planning
requires
holistic
approach
accompanied by regulatory and legislative
mechanisms (eg. ICZM / ISMP)
avoid independent developments leading
to adverse consequences elsewhere

Discourage development and construction of

structures on highly dynamic coasts
also require prior comprehensive study
or expect remedial measures

Negeri Sembilan

Monitoring
Monitoring should be implemented during & after
any coastal development in the vicinity of the
development

The Future

Continuous development of such numerical models

More good data and records

Monitoring assists in quicker detection of any

discrepancy between expected & effective coastline
response
Some monitoring works may serve as good ground
for continuing research in fostering better
understanding and developing new scientific
knowledge. This is where universities and local
institution can play active role in instituting significant
research, which will benefit the nation as a whole

Conclusions

Coastal processes are influenced by many processess

and mechanisms

Human interference can further add to the complexity

of the present natural processes

The behavior of coastal processes, especially sediment

transport, in coastal areas can be more complex with
the interactions between these processes and
mechanisms

Development for better understanding and predictive

tools greatly assist in the overall assessment for better
planning

Better user-friendliness & physical -based models

Capability of interfacing with other models and
data-bases

Re-cap of todays lecture

Purpose of coastal and marine studies

Overview of hydraulic and coastal
modelling
Example applications and case studies

Any question ??