Conservation Laws
Maxwells Displacement Current; Maxwell Equations
Amperes Law:
B 0 J
In general case
J 0
0
t
t
J 0
E
t
B 0 J 0
(ii) E
B
t
(iv) B 0 J 0
B 0
B
t
E
0
t
A
t
as
2
2A
( A ) / 0
t
(1)
1 2A
1
A 2
0 J
2
2
c t
c t
(2)
We can find that the electromagnetic fields are invariant under the gauge
transformations: A A A
1
0
c 2 t
2A
1 2
c 2 t 2
1 2A
c 2 t 2
/ 0
(3)
0 J
(4)
with solution,
(x, t )
1
4 0
(x, t ) 3
d x
x x
1 2A
c
0 J
c
t
1
A (f ) d 3 x
da
fA n
f ( A) d 3 x
where A(x)
( fA) d 3 x
( fA) d 3 x
da
fA n
A (f ) d 3 x
f ( A) d 3 x
A (f ) d 3 x
da
fA n
f ( A) d 3 x
d(x) and curl H = c(x). If d(x) and c(x) approach to 0 faster than r as r
1
4
d (x ) 3
d x
x x
A ( x)
1
4
c(x)
x x d
Proof :
3
H(x) 3
d x
x x
1
x x
H(x)
d 3 x
1
H(x)
x x
1
x x
d 3 x 4
d 3 x
H(x) x x d
H
da 4H(x)
n
x x
1 3
d x
x x
H(x )
H(x)
1 3
d x
H(x)
x x
x
x
H(x) 3
H(x)
d x
n da
x x
x x
H(x) 3
d x
x x
H 3
d x
x x
H(x)
x x d
H(x) 2
H(x) 3
d x 2
xx
H(x)
3
d x Let x x r ,
then we have
H(x)
H
d 3 x
4 x x
H(x) 3
d x
4 x x
So that H(x) = + A
where
( x)
1
4
d (x ) 3
d x
x x
and
A ( x)
1
4
c(x) 3
d x .
x x
The vector field H(x) can be written as the sum of two terms,
H(x) = F(x) + G(x)
where F(x) is call the longitudinal or irrotational field and has F = 0,
while G(x) is call the transverse or solenoidal field and has G = 0.
charge density
b P
Theres just one new feature to consider in the non-static case: Any change in
P involves a flow of bound charge (call it Jp), which must be included in the
total current. If P increases a bit, the charge on each end increases
accordingly, giving a net current
dI
b
P
dA
dA
t
t
P
t
P
dA
P b
t t
t
In view of all this, the total charge density can be separated into two parts:
f b f P ,
three parts:
J J f Jb J p J f M
P
t
1
f b 1 f P
0
0
D f
or
where
D 0E P .
B 0 J f J b J p 0 0
or
H J f
where
E P
E
0 J f M 0 0
t
t
D
t
H B / 0 M .
written as follows:
(i) D f ,
(ii) E
(iii) B 0,
B
t
(iv) H J f
D
t
Some people regard these as the true Maxwells equations, but please
understand that they are just only the approximate formula, they are in no
way more general than the original Maxwells equations.
Boundary Conditions
(i)
D f
D da Q f
D D2 f
(ii) B 0
B da 0
(iii)
B1 B2 0
B
t
(iv)
H J f
E dl dt B da
c
E1 // E2 // 0
D
t
d
dt
H dl I
H1 l H 2 l I f
H1 // H 2 // K
D da
S
If there exists a continuous distribution of charge and current, the total rate of
doing work by the EM fields in a finite volume V is
dW
dt
J E d 3x
D 3
E ( H) E
d x
V
t
we have
J E d 3x
D
B 3
(E H) E
H
d x
V
t
t
(5)
1
(E D B H )
2
If we denote the total energy density of the charged particles within the
volume V as umech (the mechanical energy density), so that
dW d
dt dt
u mech d 3 x
u mech 3
d x
t
u mech 3
d x
t
u em
(E H) d 3 x
V
t
u mech u em S
t
S da
where
8
dE mech
dt
J E d 3x
and
E field
u em d 3 x
Example
current density is
V
L
0 I
2a
VI
2aL
Therefore the energy per unit time passing in through the surface of the wire
is
S da S ( 2aL ) VI
dt
( E J B) d 3 x
(6)
0 E( E) E
c 2 B ( B) 0
(E B)
t
t
E J B 0 ( E)E
0 E( E) c 2 B( B) E ( E) c 2 B ( B) 0
(E B)
t
dt
dt
0
(E B) d x
E( E) E ( E) c
V
B( B) c 2 B ( B) d 3 x
(7)
E B d 3 x 00
S d 3x
S
c2
x
j
( Ei E j
j
1
2
E 2 ij )
the right hand side of Eq.(7) has the form of a divergence of a second rank
10
Tij 0 Ei E j c 2 Bi B j 12 ( E 2 c 2 B 2 ) ij
where T
Physically,
Tij
x j
T d 3x
and
T n da
T ni
(8)
Tij n j
is the force per unit area (or stress) acting on the surface. More
precisely, Tij is the force per unit area in the i-th direction acting on an
element of surface oriented in the j-th direction
Tyy, Tzz) represent pressures, and off-diagonal elements (Txy, Tyz, Tzx,...) are
shears. Eq.(8) can be written in the differential form as follow:
( pmech pem ) T
t
Example
1
e
2 0
0 I
e
2
11
I
e z
4 0 2
2
S da 4
b
a
1
I
2 d
ln(b / a ) IV
2
2 0
S d
0 Il
e z
4 2
b
a
0 Il
1
2
ln(b / a )e z
2
2
Suppose now that we turn up the resistance, so the current decrease. The
changing magnetic field will induce an electric field:
0 dI
ln c e z
2 dt
dI
ln a c e z l 0 ln b c e z 0
ln(b / a )e z
2 dt
2 dt
2 dt
F l
The total momentum imparted to the cable, as the current drops from I to 0,
is therefore
Pmech
F dt
0 Il
ln(b / a )e z
2
its
axis. Attached
to
the
disk
a ring of positive charge fixed on the disk. Initially the battery is not
connected to the coil, no current flows, and the system is at rest. When the
switch is closed there is an impulsive torque on the disk. Is the angular
momentum conserved?
Angular Momentum
The EM fields carry the energy density
u em
1
(E D B H ) ,
2
Example 8.4
Before the current was switched off, there was an
electric field,
E
Q 1
e
2 0 l
( a b) ,
13
( R ).
0 nIQ
e (a R )
2l
0 nIQ
e z (a R)
2l
1
L em 0 nIQ R 2 a 2 e z
2
When the current is turned off, the changing magnetic field induces a electric
field, given by Faradays law:
1 dI R 2
0n
e , ( R),
2 dt
1 dI
0 n e , ( R).
2 dt
1
dI
0 nQR 2 e z
2
dt
1
0 nQR 2e z
2
t0
0
dI
1
dt 0 nQR 2e z
dt
2
0
I
1
dI 0 nIQR 2 e z
2
La
Appendices:
(I) Multi-pole Expansion
1
1 x x
3
x x
x
x
1
4
x x
l 0
m l
rl
1
*
Ylm
( , )Ylm ( , )
2l 1 rl 1
(A.1)
1
4 0
(x) 3
d x
x x
(A.2)
where
qlm
1
0
l 0 m l
qlm Ylm ( , )
2l 1 r l 1
*
l
3
lm ( , ) r ( x) d x
x (x ) d 3 x
15
(3 x x r
2
i j
ij ) ( x ) d
Then we have
( x)
q px 1
4 0 r
2
r3
ij
Qij
xi x j
r5
E micro 0 ,
the
3
4 0 x x
x x
( x, x )
Then
( x)
1
4 0
(x)
1
P(x )
x x
x x
d 3 x
1
( x)
4 0
(x) P(x) d 3 x
x x
1
4 0
P(x) n
da
x x
1
- P
0
b P n
We have
D
and
E /
17
0
4
A(x)
x x
J (x) x x
0
4
d 3 x
J ( x)
x x d
x A
(A.3)
J ( x) 3
d x
x x
0
4
J i ( x) d 3 x
x
x
x J i (x )d 3 x
(A.4)
fgJ d
fgJ n da 0
Then
fJ g gJ f fg Jd x 0
3
(A.5)
( x ) d 3 x 0
18
( x J
i
x j J i ) d 3 x 0
xJ
d 3 x
x x J
j
d 3 x
1
2
ijk
xj
j ,k
x J
1
2
x x J
j
x j J i d 3 x
d 3 x
1
x
2
x J d
(A.6)
Then the vector potential from the second term in (A.4) is the magnetic
dipole vector potential,
0 m x
4 x 3
A(x)
0
4
3n(n m) m
x
8
m ( x)
3
If the current I flows in a closed circuit whose line element is dl, (A.6)
becomes
m
I
2
x dl
19
B micro 0 ,
macroscopic equation
B 0
The large number of molecules per unit volume, each with its molecular
magnetic moment mi, give rise to an average macroscopic magnetization or
magnetic moment density,
M (x)
mi
Then the vector potential from a small volume V at the point x will be
A ( x)
0
4
J ( x)
M (x) (x x)
V
3
x x
x x
J ( x)
M ( x) (x x) 3
d x
3
x x
x x
Then
A ( x)
0
4
M ( x )
da
x x
M ( x ) 3
d x
x x
M ( x ) M (x ) (x x )
d 3 x
3
x x
x x
Then
A ( x)
0
4
J (x) M (x) 3
0
d x
x x
4
M (x) n
da
x x
So that
B 0 J M
1
BM
0
20
(5.84)
21