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© 2014, Mike Parker http://bit.ly/ldsarc For personal use only. Not a Church publication.
Background on Isaiah
The author
·
He is identified as “Isaiah, the son of Amoz”(1:1; 2:1; 13:1; 20:2; 37:2, 21; 38:1).
·
His name,
Yesha-yahu,
 means“Jehovah saves.”
·
He lived most of his life in the southernkingdom of Judah.
·
He was born into an influential, upper classfamily, knew royalty, and gave adviceconcerning foreign affairs of the nation(7:3, 4; 8:2; 30:1–7; 36:1–39:8; compare2 Kings 18:3–20:19).
·
He was probably a scribe or keeper of theofficial chronicle of king Uzziah(2 Chronicles 26:22).
·
He was a contemporary with the prophetMicah, and possibly also Amos and Hoseatoward the end of their ministries.
·
He was married to a prophetess (8:1–4) andhad at least two children: Shear-jashub(“a remnant shall return”; 7:3) and Maher-shalal-hash-baz (“hurry spoil, hastenplunder”; 8:1–4).
·
He attacked social problems that weresymptomatic of Judah’s covenantrelationship (1:3–9; 38:6–10).
·
 According to the apocryphal work 
The Ascension of Isaiah,
hewas martyred by  being sawn in two inside of a hollow logduring the reign of Manasseh (687–643
B
.
C
.). (This is probably alluded to inHebrews 11:37.)
Date
·
Isaiah’s Judean ministry extended for atleast 40 years (740–701) and through thereigns of these kings of Judah (dates areapproximate):
o
Uzziah/Azariah (767–740
B
.
C
.;see 6:1).
o
Jotham (740–732).
o
 Ahaz (732–716).
o
Hezekiah (716–687).
o
Possibly through some of the reign of Manasseh (if it was he who assassinatedhim; 687–643).
·
The Northern Kingdom of Israel went into Assyrian captivity in 721; the SouthernKingdom of Judah was later taken captive by the Babylonians in 587.
·
 Assyrian kings during this time:
o
Tiglath-Pileser III (745–727).
o
Shalmaneser V (727–722).
o
Sargon II (722–705).
o
Sennacherib (705–681).
Historical setting
740
 B
.
C
.:
 Syrian King Tiglath-Pileser IIIconquered all of northern Syria by the date of King Uzziah’s death. He forced all smallkingdoms—including Israel under Menahem(2 Kings 15:19) and Judah under Uzziah—to pay tribute.
734
 B
.
C
.:
Tiglath-Pileser entered Palestine andset up a base of operations at the River of Egypt.
733
B
.
C
.:
Many small states, including Israel,formed a coalition and rebelled against Assyria inthe Syro-Ephraimite war; Judah, however, refusedparticipate. The coalition attempted to overthrow Judah’s ruling dynasty in order to appoint a king who would join the coalition (2 Kings 15:37; 16:5;Isaiah 7:1). Isaiah exhorted King Ahaz of Judah totrust in the L
ORD
; Ahaz refused and turned to Assyria for support (Isaiah 7; 2 Kings 16:7–9).Tiglath-Pileser invaded Israel and came almost toJudah’s borders (Isaiah 15:29).
732
 B
.
C
.:
Israel’s King Hoshea paid tribute toTiglath-Pileser (2 Kings 17:3).
727 
 B
.
C
.:
Tiglath-Pileser died and Hoshea refusedto pay tribute to the new Syrian King Shalmaneser V as he had to Tiglath-Pileser (2 Kings 17:4).
722–721
 B
.
C
.:
Shalmaneser (or his successor,Sargon II) moved against Israel and, after a three- year siege, took the capital of Samaria and carriedthe northern ten tribes into captivity (2 Kings17:18–24).
720
 B
.
C
.:
 Assyria expanded to the northern boundary of Judah. Judah was left alone whenmany of the city-states of Palestine and Syria,along with Egypt, rebelled against Assyria and were put down.
713–711
 B
.
C
.:
Judah, under king Hezekiah, joined an uprising along with Egypt, Edom, andMoab against Assyria. Sargon II took Ashdod andGath, leaving Judah vulnerable.
705
 B
.
C
.:
Syrian King Sargon II died, leading tothe revolt of many nations, including Judah(under Hezekiah) and Babylon (2 Kings 20:12–19;Isaiah 39:1–4).
701
 B
.
C
.:
The new Assyrian King Sennacheribretaliated, defeating Sidon, receiving tribute from Ashdod, Ammon, Moab, and Edom, subjugating Ashkelon and Ekron, and surrounding Hezekiah, who was forced to pay him tribute (2 Kings 18:13–16).
 
© 2014, Mike Parker http://bit.ly/ldsarc For personal use only. Not a Church publication.
Biography of Isaiah
(Sources: 2 Kings 18:13–20:21; Isaiah 36:1–39;scattered references.)1. Early life (c. 760–740
B
.
C
.):
·
Born c. 760; son of Amoz (not the prophet Amos).2. Call to be prophet (740
B
.
C
.):
·
In year King Uzziah died (6:1); about 20 years old.
·
 Wrote a history of the reign of Uzziah(2 Chronicles 26:22).
·
 Vision of the L
ORD
 in the temple (6:1–13).3. First ministry (740–732
B
.
C
.):
·
Opposed King Ahaz’s decision to ally Judah with Assyria.
·
Opposed the evils of the aristocrats.4. Withdrawal from public life? (732–716
B
.
C
.):
·
 Ahaz rejected Isaiah’s advice and hepossibly withdrew from public life until Ahaz died. (This is uncertain; all we know isthere are no dated oracles from this period.)
·
Fall of Israel in 721
B
.
C
. under Sargon II.(Isaiah doesn’t deal much with Israel.)5. Second ministry (716–701
B
.
C
.):
·
Isaiah returned in the reign of KingHezekiah.
·
In 711
B
.
C
. he went naked in Jerusalem forthree years in mourning for the eventualdoom of Egypt and Ethiopia (20:1–6)
·
The final crisis: Invasion by Sennacheribthe Assyrian (36–39). Hezekiah had enteredinto the anti-Assyrian alliance; the Assyrians overthrew the alliance andconquered the entire region. Jerusalem was besieged in 701
B
.
C
.
·
Hezekiah repented; the L
ORD
 destroyed the Assyrians with a plague and Sennacherib was murdered by his own sons (2 Kings19:35–37).6. Lived until 681? (79 years):
·
The date is uncertain; there is no notice of his death in scripture.
·
The text mentions succession of Esarhaddon of Assyria, who ruled 681–669(37:38), but this could be a later editorialinsertion describing fulfillment of prophecy.
·
Tradition says he was killed by Manasseh by  being sawed in half (see
The Ascension of  Isaiah
 5:1–14;
 http://bit.ly/AscensionIsaiah
).
Structure of Isaiah
1–6Judgment on rebellious Judah.7–12The war with Israel and Aram.13–23Oracles against the nations.24–27The Apocalypse of Isaiah.28–33The six woes upon the nations.34–35The future cosmic Judgment.36–39The invasion of Sennacherib and thesiege of Jerusalem.40–48Deliverance and restoration of Israel.49–55The“Suffering Servant.56–66Everlasting deliverance.
Importance of Isaiah
Isaiah is the most quoted Old Testament prophetin the rest of scripture:
·
It is the most quoted Old Testament book inthe New Testament (142 of 799 OT passagesin the NT are from Isaiah).
·
One-third of Isaiah is quoted in the Book of Mormon.
·
It is the most quoted by general authoritiesin General Conference; it has been quotednearly 1,000 times since 1942 and nearly 4,000 times since Joseph Smith.Specific commandments in scripture to study Isaiah:
·
By Jesus Christ (3 Nephi 23:1–3).
·
By Moroni (Mormon 8:23).
·
No other book is specifically mentioned inscripture as “required reading.”
Understanding Isaiah
Nephi
1
’s four keys to understanding Isaiah(2 Nephi 25:1–8):1.Learn “the manner of prophesying amongthe Jews” (25:1). This would includeunderstand Jewish history, culture, beliefs,language, and writing style.2.Nephi promised that “the words of Isaiah…are plain unto all those that arefilled with the spirit of prophecy” (25:4).Obtain the spirit of prophecy. This starts with having a testimony of Jesus(Revelation 19:10). It comes through “muchprayer and fasting” (Alma 17:3).3.Become familiar with “the regions roundabout” Jerusalem (25:6). Learn thegeography and geopolitical history of thekingdom of Judah, its capital city Jerusalem, and its neighboring states.4.Live in the last days, “for in that day shallthey understand [Isaiah’s words]; wherefore, for their good have I writtenthem” (25:8). (This one’s easy—you’vealready done it!)

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