DIVISION 15

MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS

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TENDER DOCUMENTS
Specifications

SECTION 15890 - DUCTWORK

PART 1 - GENERAL
1.1

SUMMARY
A. Provide labor, materials, equipment and services, and perform operations required for
complete installation of the Ductwork and Casings and related work as indicated on the
drawings and specified herein.
B. Work Included : The work shall include, but not be limited to Duct work
C. Related Work Specified Elsewhere
1. Basic Mechanical Requirements - Section 15010.
2. Basic Mechanical Materials and Methods - Section 15050.

1.2

QUALITY ASSURANCE
A. Materials shall conform to the latest edition of industry standards and reference specifications
specified herein and to applicable codes and requirements of local authorities having
jurisdiction, whichever is more stringent.
1. Fabrication and installation shall comply with Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors
National Association, Inc. (SMACNA) construction and testing manuals, latest editions.
2. Applicable codes and regulations.
B. System Performance: The system has been designed for optimum performance. Any
subsequent alterations to the design must be accompanied by a computer analysis or hand
calculations showing that the proposed alterations will still provide the original design volume
without increasing the system total pressure. Any unavoidable field changes to the original
design (offsets, etc.) shall be reported to the Engineer so that accurate as built operating
parameters may be established.

1.3

SUBMITTALS
A. Submit the following in accordance with the requirements specified under Submittals in Section
15010.
1. Product Data: Submit manufacturers technical product data, including performance data
for each size and type of equipment schedule showing drawing designation, room location,
number furnished, model number, size, and accessories furnished, and installation
instructions.
2. Shop Drawings: Submit shop drawings indicating dimensions, layout, required clearances,
capacities, and methods of assembly of components. Obtain approval of duct fabrication
standards proposed before making any duct layout or fabricating any ductwork. Indicate
deviations from specification requirements and document Contractor's fabrication
standards with SMACNA standards.
3. Maintenance Data: Submit maintenance data and parts list for each type of air terminal
including "trouble shooting" maintenance guide. Include this data, product data, shop

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drawings, and maintenance data in maintenance manual in accordance with requirements

of Section 15010.
PART 2 - PRODUCTS
2.1

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT
A. General
1. Supply and install sheet metal ductwork for the air conditioning and the ventilating systems
as shown on the drawings and as detailed below
2. The Contractor shall check the building dimensions and the dimensions and positions of
plant on site before the fabrication of ductwork are started All seems joints and
connections to plant shall be made so as to reduce air leakage to a minimum Internal
roughness and obstructions to airflow (other than dampers vanes etc ) will not be accepted
Sharp edges or corners on the outside of ductwork flanges supports etc will not be
accepted Any part of galvanized ductwork where the galvanizing is damaged during
manufacture or erection shall be painted with two coats of aluminum zinc rich or other
corrosion resisting paint
3. Duct thickness to be as follows:
Low Pressure
Size of Duct U.S. Galvanized Minimum Thickness
mm
SheetGauge
mm
Up to 300
26
06
330 to 760
24
07
790 to 1870
22
09
1400 to 2130 20
10
2160 and larger 18
13
4. Ductwork connected to Air Conditioning System shall be low pressure ductwork
B. Sheet Metal Materials
1. Galvanized sheet steel lock forming quality ASTMA 653/A 653 M (G90 or Z275).
2. Coating designation mill-phosphatized finish for surfaces of ducts exposed to view.
3. Carbon Steel Sheets ASTM A366/ A366 M cold rolled sheets commercial quality with oiled
exposed matte finish.
4. Stainless steel : ASTM A 480/ A 480 M, type 316, sheet form with 4 finish for surfaces of
ducts exposed to view and type 304 sheet form No 1 finish for concealed ducts.
C. Kitchen Hood Ducts
Kitchen hoods ducts shall be stainless steel 304, 1.2mm thick installed in accordance with
NFPA96 and insulated as specified.

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D. Duct Work
1. Provide all ductwork, plenums, fittings and related sheet metal work shown, noted and/or
specified for the air conditioning and ventilating systems.
2. Provide wood frames for air outlets fixing and duct passage through walls and slabs.
3. Conform accurately to the layout indicated on the drawings, and construct to be straight
and smooth on the inside with all joints neatly finished.
4. Securely anchored to the building construction in an approved manner, and installation to
be completely free from vibration and pulsing under all operating conditions.
5. Contractor shall be fully responsible for all off-sets, up-slopes, down- slopes, etc.
necessary to avoid conflict with lighting fixtures, sanitary piping, etc.
6. Bends and offsets shall have a minimum throat radius equal to the width of the duct.
Where short radius elbows are indicated or are agreed by the Engineer as necessary due
to site limitations the dimensions and internal vane(s) shall be in accordance with duct
detail drawings.
7. Low pressure flat ducts over 18 inch wide shall be stiffened by cross breaking.
8. Two hour fire rating wrapping material on fire rated ducts shall be of asbestos light weight
non combustible material board with square sawn edges and a smooth flat surface. Boards
shall be resistant to water and should not promote corrosion. Fire rated ducts shall have
aluminum sheet metal thickness of 1.2 mm.
9. All exposed ductwork shall be painted with one coat of primer suitable to galvanized steel
and two coats of finishing paint of type and color as approved by the Engineer.
10. Stainless steel ductworks shall be 1.2 mm thick 316 and shall be installed exposed in
kitchen area below ceiling level with flanged connection and fire resistive joints.
11. Concealed kitchen hood exhaust ducts shall be 1.5 mm thick black steel painted with 2
layers of fire resistive primer paint and insulated as specified in section 15250. Exhaust
ducts shall be welded with flanged connection and fire resistive joint.
E. Duct Fittings : Low Velocity
1. All duct fittings except where stated otherwise, shall be made from the same material and
specification of material as the adjoining ductwork. The specifications with regards to
stiffeners, joints, seams and maximum distance between joints and stiffeners of straight
ductwork shall also apply to the duct fittings. The distance between joints stiffeners of
bends shall be taken around the centerline of the fitting, and stiffeners shall be, when
required, arranged in a radial pattern. The larger dimension in all fittings shall determine
the sheet thickness and stiffening.

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2. Rectangular Fittings.
a. The inside radius of bends shall be 100 mm or equal to the width of the duct, viewed
on the bend, whichever is the greatest.
b. Alternatively square bends with turning vanes shall be used. The turning vanes shall
be provided at a maximum spacing of 300 mm across the angle of the bend, and shall
be double skin aerofoil type. The recommended ratio between spacing and the
distance between the leading and trailing edges of the vane, measured in a straight
line, is 0.5. The vanes shall be securely fastened at each end, to internal runners and
the runners attached to the duct by mechanically closed rivets, bolts or welds, at 150
mm maximum spacing.
c. Branch piece shall conform to the standards American take-off that incorporates an
aerofoil splitter damper pivoted at one end. The throat dimensions for branch ducts
emanating from the side of the duct run shall be calculated from the equation 1.
t= V1. W-------1
Throat dimensions for small branch ducts which maintain the L depth of the branch
duct on connection to the main duct shall be, calculated from equation 2.

Where t = Throat dimension

V1 = Air volume in branch
V2 = Air volume in main duct before branch takeoff.
D = Depth of branch duct.
D = Depth of main duct before branch take off.
W = Width of main duct before branch take off.
The splitter damper shall be capable, in the case of a full depth branch, of isolating
either branch of main. The splitter damper rod shall extend outside the ductwork to a
hand control lever with a locking device.
d. In all cases of change sections the larger dimensions shall determine the sheet
thickness and stiffening. Where expansions and contractions are required, an
expansion shall be made up stream of a branch connection and a contraction
downstream of a branch connection. The slope of either an expansion or contraction
shall not exceed 22 1/2 on any side.
e. Change of shapes, used to avoid obstructions or to suit available space, shall, where
the cross sectional area remains uncharged, have a maximum slop of 22 1/2o on each
side of the obstruction. Where the cross sectional area changes temporarily, the
percentage area reduction shall not exceed 15o.
f.

Connections to equipment shall have a maximum, slope of 30o on expansion and 45o
on contractions on any side.

g. The maximum slopes may be exceeded where space prevents the specified slope
from being used, provided that splitters are fitted such that the angle of slope and the
center line of the duct are divided into sections, and the angle between the splitter and
the center line of the duct and the angle between splitters does not exceed the
maximum specified. The splitters shall be securely fixed to the duct in a similar manner
to turning vanes on bends.

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F. Duct Support
1. Where cantilever brackets or other special forms of support are necessary, they shall be
structurally strong enough to take the load and to transfer the load to the building structure.
2. Duct supports shall be of galvanized steel angle iron and galvanized threaded rods I 0 mm
diameter and as per SMACNA Standards.
3. Unless detailed otherwise ducts shall be supported at intervals that do not exceed:
a. 120 cm for ducts with long side greater than 30 cm.
b. 240 cm for ducts with long side less than 30 cm.
c. Duct supports shall be provided at each change of direction and where required by the
Engineer.
4. Flexible ducts or connections shall be supported at 1 meter centers.
5. No screws, bolts or other fittings for brackets or supports shall penetrate the air duct.
G. Duct Flexible Connection
1. Flexible Connection shall be provided on fan inlet and outlet connections. They shall be of
the full cross sectional area of the matching fan inlet or outlet or duct section. The ends of
the ducts or the duct and fan connection shall be in line.
2. Flexible canvas shall be flame proof material fabricated from chemically impregnated
canvas.
3. Flexible Connection shall be provided on all ducts crossing structural expansion joints.
H. Regulating Dampers
1. Sufficient dampers shall be provided to regulate and balance the system. Dampers on
grilles or diffusers shall be used for fine or secondary control. All dampers shall be
sufficiently rigid to prevent fluttering. The air leakage past dampers in the fully closed
position shall not exceed 5% of the maximum design air flow in the duct. All duct dampers
except fire dampers and self-closing dampers, shall be fitted with locking devices and
position indicators.
2. Each primary control damper shall be fitted with a non-corrodible lable stating the actual air
flow in m/s and the cross sectional area; alternatively, these figures shall be painted in a
visible position on the adjoining ductwork or insulation. The position of a damper as set
after final regulation and balancing shall be indelibly marked on the damper quadrant.
3. Motorized dampers shall be fitted with a Electric actuator as described in Section 1 5900 of
the specification.
I.

Multileaf Dampers
1. Multileaf dampers shall be used in rectangular ducts having a short side dimension in
excess of 300 mm. All multileaf dampers shall be constructed on demountable ductwork
sections, which shall extend beyond the swing of the blades. The blades of the damper

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shall operate on the opposed blade principle unless required solely for isolation, in which
case they may be arranged for parallel operation.
2. No damper blade shall exceed 150 mm in width and where dampers are required for
greater widths, the damper sections shall be constructed in multiple frames. Individual
dampers blades shall not exceed 225 mm in height. Each leaf of a multileaf damper shall
consist of two plates of material of the same thickness as the associated duct and rigidly
fixed to each side of an operating spindle, the ends of which shall be housed in brass,
nylon, oil impregnated sintered metal, PTFE impregnated or ball bearings. The ends of the
spindles shall be linked so that one movement of the operating handle shall move each
leaf an equal amount. An inspection door shall be provided adjacent to each multileaf
damper.
3. On low velocity systems only, multileaf damper blades may be of a single plate, at least I
.6 mm thick and suitably stiffened and the blade linkages may be within the duct. These
dampers shall have bearings and inspection doors as specified above.
4. Quadrants and operating handles shall be of die-cast aluminum with the words OPEN
and CLOSED cast on the quadrant. Quadrants shall be securely fixed and the damper
spindles shall be close fitting in the quadrant hubs to prevent any damper movement when
the damper levers are locked.
J.

Single Blade Dampers

1. In ductwork 300 mm or less, single blade dampers may be used. The blade shall be made
from a single plate, at least 1.6 mm thick and suitably stiffened. One end of the damper
spindle shall be housed in brass, nylon, oil impregnated sintered metal, PTFE impregnated
or ball bearings. The other end shall extend beyond the damper casing with an operating
handle and quadrant.
2. Quadrants and operating handles shall be of die-cast aluminum with the words "Open" &
"Closed" cast on the quadrant. Quadrants shall be securely fixed and the damper spindles
shall be close fitting in the quadrant tubes to prevent any damper movement when the
damper levers are locked.

K. Smoke Rated Dampers

Supply and install smoke dampers complete with actuator(s) and as specified below:
- Dampers shall be of the parallel blade operation.
- Casing and blades shall be galvanized sheet steel.
- Bearings shall be sintered bronze for high temperature operation.
- Blades shall be fitted with 12 mm diameter zinc plated mild steel spindle.
- Face linkage shall consist of 16 mm diameter stainless steel pivot pins connected to a link
bar of 8 mm diameter zinc plated mild steel.
- Side linkage shall consist of flat section link arms crimped to blade spindles and connected
by flat section bar fitted with bushes running on 6 mm diameter pins.
- Dampers shall be tested as per the requirements of BS 476 Part 20 1987 and UL 555
1990 fire rating 3 hours, and leakage test to the requirements of UL 555S 1993 or
approved equivalent.
Dampers shall be supplied complete with electric actuators as specified in another section
of this specification.

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L. None Smoke Rated Dampers

-

Motorized automatic dampers shall be of the louver type with not less than 13 gauge
welded steel frames and galvanized finish. Blades shall have interlocking edges,
stainless steel side springs (or vinyl or neoprene gaskets), and teflon-coated stainless
steel thrust washers. Blades shall be edged with neoprene if the damper is to operate in
outside air service either as an intake or discharge damper. Damper blades shall have
steel trunnions mounted in nylon or oilite bearings.

Dampers shall be not more than 1200mm. in length between bearings.

Modulating dampers shall be of the opposed blade type unless specified otherwise.
Blades shall be not over 200mm. in width and shall not be less than 16 gauge galvanized
steel. Hardware shall be zinc plated. One damper actuator shall be provided for each 1.5
sq. meter of damper area.

Provide parallel blade dampers arranged for maximum turbulance and mixing of outside
air with return air. Arrange dampers as necessary to prevent stratification or provide
baffles necessary to correct stratification problems.

Provide dampers of low leakage construction, so designed that the maximum leakage
shall be 10 cfm/ft2 (0.005 m3/s/m2) of damper with 4" WG. (1 Kpa) pressure differential
applied.

Dampers shall be supplied complete with electric actuator as specified in another section
of this specifications.

M. Duct protection
1. The Contractor shall by means of polyethylene or similar sheeting protects all openings in
ductwork during erection to prevent the collection of dust and dirt during the building
construction.
2. He shall be responsible for removing all these sealers from the systems prior to the plan
being commissioned.
3. He shall nevertheless be responsible for cleaning all ducts internally before the plant is
commissioned, the provision of the seals being a precaution aimed at reducing the amount
of cleaning necessary.

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N. Duct Sealants
Apply duct sealants on all duct connections as manufactured by 3M Brand No. 700 for brush
application and Brand No. 90 for other applications or approved equal or Foster duct sealant
32-17. Duct sealants shall be UL listed.
O. Duct Leak Test & Sealing
1. The Contractor, shall when the main fans are operable, test all flanged joints, access doors
or panels, hand holes and test points with soap and water. Any joints failing the test shall
be remade.
2. Insulation shall not be applied until this test has been made.
P. Silencing & Acoustic
1. The Contractor shall be responsible for the quietness of the equipment in respect of
vibration and sound transmission to the structure and occupied spaces.
2. Where it is necessary to provide silencing equipment, anti vibration inserts mountings and
other acoustic devices, the Contractor shall include them in his tender.
Q. Duct Lining Internal Insulation
1. Where ducts are to be provided with internal absorbent linings to meet the Contractors
requirements in respect of silence, the Contractor shall provide 25 mm thick noninflammable resin bonded mats of glass fiber 32 kg/m3 that have a strong film of PVC
sheet or woven glass fabric on the air flow side. Such mats shall be secured to ducts with
synthetic resin or other suitable adhesives and aluminum strips.
2. The type of external insulation required will be specified under normal insulation.
R. Plenum Boxes
Plenum boxes construction and installation shall be similar to duct work with internal duct lining
as specified.
S. Noise Attenuator
1. The Contractor shall supply and fix acoustic insulation and noise attenuator units where
necessary to reduce the air borne noise transmission through the distribution duct system;
so that the specified noise criteria levels are satisfied.
a. Attenuator Units
The attenuator units shall be inserted in the ducts where they pass through the
mechanical room walls, the gap between the wall and attenuator being packed with felt
to form an air tight seal. However where this is not possible, the attenuator shall be
fitted in the duct between the fan and the mechanical room wall with the duct between
the silencer and the wall acoustically lagged to prevent noise re-entry. Attenuators
shall consist of attenuator splitters which are assembled in one attenuator casing.
Splitter case shall be made from galvanized sheet steel: absorption material moisture

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repellent and abrasion proof up to approx. 3600 fpm. (18 m/s) air velocity, control
plates on surface of splitters is made from galvanized steel sheet.
Sound attenuator casing shall be made from galvanized sheet steel, with pre-drilled
angle flanges.
Attenuators or splitters of large cross section or length can be manufactured in
modular section as required for ease of site handling.
b. Internal Acoustic Lining of Ducts
c.

Furnish and install duct lining wherever shown on Drawings.

d. Where it is possible to achieve the required attenuation by lining the interior of duct
runs, this may be accomplished by applying one inch thick lining to the inside of the
ducts.
e. Lining for rectangular ducts shall be semi-rigid fibrous glass blanket and for round
ducts shall be flexible fibrous glass blanket, both with special surface treatment and for
apparatus casings, large plenums, and masonary air shafts shall be rigid coated
fibrous glass board.
f.

Acoustic insulation shall be suited to the atmosphere in which it is to operate, and shall
be incombustible or self-extinguishing no flame spread grade, vermin proof and
adequately fixed to ducting or mechanical room walls. Liner density shall be 3 lbs. per
cu. ft and shall comply with NFPA requirements.

g. Duct liners shall be applied with both mechanical fasteners and an adhesive.
Adhesives must be both water and fire resistant.
2. Mechanical fasteners could be either of the welded pin or impact pin types. The length of
each pin shall be enough to accommodate the specified liner thickness. Washers on top of
the pins shall retain the liner.
2.2

FLEXIBLE DUCTWORK
A. General
1. Where flexible connections are indicated or required between rigid ductwork and particular
component or items of equipment the internal diameter of the flexible duct shall be equal to
the external diameter of the rigid duct. The use of flexible ductwork between rigid sections
of sheet metal ductwork to change direction or plane will not be permitted except where
indicated.
2. The flexible duct shall have a liner and a cover of rough heat-resistant fabric equal in
durability and flexibility to glass fiber fabric and shall be impregnated and coated with
plastic. It shall be reinforced with a bonded galvanized spring steel wire helix between the
liner and the cover and an outer helix to glass fiber cord, or equal shall be bonded to the
cover to ensure regular convolutions.
3. Alternatively, where indicated on drawings the flexible duct shall consist of flexible
corrugated metal tubing of aluminum. The metal may be lined on the inside or the outside

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or both with plastic material. The joints to rigid spigots shall be sealed with a brush coat of
pipe jointing paste or mastic compound. Ducts up to I 50 mm diameter shall be secured
with a worm drive type hose clip complying with BS 3628. Ducts over I 50 mm diameter
shall be secured with a band clip.
4. The frictional resistance to the air flow per unit length of the flexible duct shall not exceed
50% more than the frictional resistance per unit length of the galvanized steel ducts of
equivalent diameter. The radius ratio RID for bends shall not be less than 2. Where R is
the center line radius and D is the diameter of the flexible duct.
5. The leakage from any section of flexible air duct shall not exceed I % of the design air flow
rate at the static operating pressure.
6. Flexible ducts shall be suitable for an operating temperature range of - I 8C to -1 20C
and shall comply with BS 476 Part 1 , Section 2, Clause 7 ( class I : surface of very low
flame spread).
7. Flexible ducts shall be supported at 1 meter centers.
2.3

PRE INSULATED DUCT WORK

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning ducts shall be constructed from pre-insulated aluminium
sandwich panels with the following characteristics:

external aluminium:
internal aluminium:

thickness of 0,06 mm embossed protected w/polyester lacquer;

thickness of 0,06 mm smooth protected w/polyester lacquer;
insulation component: water foamed polyurethane/ phenolic
foam without use of CFC, HCFC or HFC, density of 50-54Kg/m3;
thickness:
20,5 mm;
initial thermal conductivity:
0,022 W/(m C) at 10 C;
stiffness class:
R 200.000;
% closed cells
> 90%;

Panels must be in conformity to the following international standard specifications:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

English certification BS 476, Part 6 & 7 class 0;

French certification for fire classification: reaction class M1;
Italian certification for fire classification: reaction class 0-1;
British Naval Engineering Standard NES 713, Toxicity index (average) below 6,7;
Toxicity and opacity of combustion smoke: F1 class according to NF F 16-101
ISO 9705 Room corner test

A. Ducts will be constructed according to manufacturers standards and in conformity to UNI EN

13403.
B. Wherever necessary, ducts must be provided with the appropriate reinforcements to guarantee
sufficient mechanical seal against a maximum internal pressure of 500 Pa during operation.
The maximum deformation of ducts must never exceed 3% of its width or 30 mm in any case.

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C. Original accessories and adhesives used in the installation should be supplied by the specified
system manufacturer in order to guarantee installation quality is up to the manufacturer
standards.
D. Joints between one duct and the next will be performed using the special invisible flanges
with unexposed bayonet coupling and ensure the appropriate pneumatic and mechanical seal.
E. Elbows and special pieces will be provided with turning vanes wherever indicated.
F. The maximum length of each single duct will not exceed 4 m.
G. Ducts will be supported by the appropriate supports at intervals of no more than 4 m whenever
the greater side of the duct is less than 1 m, and intervals of no more than 2 m whenever the
greater side of the duct is more than 1 m.
H. Accessories such as volume dampers, fire barriers, and duct coils, and so on, will be provided
with independent support in such a way that their weight does not bear on the ducts.
I.

J.

2.4

Wherever indicated, ducts will also be provided with the appropriate test points for the velocity
sensors and inspection doors for cleaning and inspection all along the route. Inspection doors
can be built using the same sandwich panels used for the duct in combination with the
appropriate section bars, and will be equipped with liners that ensure sufficient pneumatic seal.
Connections between air handling units and ducts will be made using the appropriate vibration
damping joints in order to reduce all vibrations. Ducts will be provided with independent
support in order to prevent the weight of the ducts from being transferred to the flexible
couplings. Connection to air handling unit will also permit easy uncoupling for normal system
maintenance. Whenever the vibration damping joints are positioned outside, they will be
rendered waterproof.

KITCHEN HOODS
K. Kitchen hood shall be residential type, island type installed above oven with exhaust fan
installed away from hood on roof. Approximate hood size shall be as shown on interior
decoration drawings.
L. Hood shall be constructed of 0.8 mm thick brushed, stainless steel AISI 304, with stainless
steel mesh filters, lights and drain pan and drain valves.
M. Hoods shall be European type factory made.

2.5

BREECHINGS, CHIMNEYS AND STACKS

A. Exhaust ducts for boiler chimneys, generators exhaust pipes and shall be a twin wall insulated
stainless steel chimney system suitable for use with oil fired equipment with flue gas
continuous operating temperature of 760C. The chimney system shall be designed for a
forced exhaust systems from generators and forced ventilated boilers and not natural
ventilated system. The system shall utilizes a specially designed joint between components
which provides a pressure resistant and structural inner liner, a 50 mm mineral fiber insulating
annulus and an outer casing. The inner liner shall be 1mm thick 316 stainless steel and the
outer liner 304 stainless steel 0.6mm thick. The inner liners shall be all welded continuous
construction with integral flange at each end.

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B. The chimney system shall be as manufactured by SELKIRK, (Euopa Model) Poliedra or

approved equal.
C. All works shall be executed strictly in accordance with manufacturer recommendation including
all fittings, rain caps, accessories and supports from the same manufacturer (SELKIRK)
2.6

GENERAL CATALYTIC FILTER (CRITICAL MUFFLER)

A. The contractor is to provide catalytic filter combined with critical type muffler per genset for
sound attenuation and poisonous diesel exhaust gases purification (Hydrocabrons HC and
Carbon monoxide CO). The filter will reduce the gaseous HC, CO and soot ppm particles by
converting them to CO2 gas and water. This is achieved by burning the exhaust gases
(oxidation process) using the special material coating installed in catalytic filter. The
temperature of the inlet gases should be not less than 350oC to ensure effective burning of the
gases. The contractor is to maintain this temperature by providing proper insulation of the
exhaust pipes.
B. The contractor is to ensure a minimum content of 10% oxygen in the input gases to the filter to
attain proper oxidation.
C. The minimum required percentage gas purification is as follows:
Co = 85%
HC = 85%
Soot = 25%
D. Construction:
The filter core is made from corrugated metal sheets coated with high quality precious metals
and sleeved in SS316 sheets. The high quality, uniform core coating provides high efficiency
removal (oxidation) of harmful pollutants by up to 85%+. The filter core is to be inserted into a
center body enclosed into a muffler housing of mild steel offering primary reactive chamber. To
reach more sound attenuation levels, an absorptive secondary chamber shall be used.
E. Sizing:
For naturally aspirated 4 cycle engines, size purifier according to engine displacement (CID).
For 2 cycle, turbocharged or after-cooled engines size purifier according to maximum exhaust
gas flow (ACFM or M)
F. Attenuation:
The catalytic filter and critical muffler noise attenuation should be not less than 35 to 40 dBA.
G. Installation:
Install the catalytic filter as close to the engine exhaust gas manifold outlet (or turbocharger outlet)
as possible. Additionally the filter should be installed in between the engine exhaust manifold (or
turbocharger outlet) and the exhaust muffler. If there is insufficient room for exhaust gas purifier
installation then locate the exhaust gas purifier immediately after the muffler. Insulate the exhaust
pipe, muffler and filter with rockwool insulation material or equivalent to keep the exhaust
temperature above 350 C and to prevent 80% to 90% of the total heat loss. The higher the
exhaust gas temperatures to the filter, the higher the filter oxidation efficiency. If there is no room
for the filter, the manufacturer is to combine the filter and the muffler into one unit. All the above

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