PRESENT

TENSE
PRESENT

ASPECT
FORM
SIMPLE
+
expresses a sb. + vb.
repeated
(short inf.)
action in
the present
sb. + vb.-s
(IIIrd pers.)

TENSE

(ACTIVE

AUX.
TO DO
(present
I / you / we / they
simple)
write them an e! only at
mail every day.
the - and ?
He / She / It
form
writes them an
e-mail every day.

VOICE)

ASPECT
FORM
CONTINUOUS
+
expresses
an sb. + to be
action
that+ + vb. -ing
happens in the
moment
of
speaking

AUX.
TO BE
I am writing (present
them an e-mail simple)
now.
You / we / they
are
writing
them an e-mail
now.
He / She / It
is writing them
an e-mail now.

sb. + to do
+ not + vb.
(short inf.)

I / you / we / they
dont
write
them an e-mail
every day.
He / She / It
doesnt
write
them an e-mail
every day.

sb. + to be I
am not
+ + not + vb.
writing them an
-ing
e-mail now.
You / we / they
arent writing
them an e-mail
now.
He / She / It
isnt
writing
them an e-mail
now.

?
to do + sb. Do I / you / we /
+ vb.
they write them
(short inf.)
an e-mail every
day?

?
to be + sb.
+ vb. -ing

Are you / we /
they
writing
them an e-mail
now?

Does he / she / it
write them an email every day?

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + adv.
+ vb.

placed
anywhere
sb. + vb.
+ adv. /
adv. + sb.
+ vb.

PRESENT

TENSE

(ACTIVE

always
usually
often
rarely
=
seldom
never / ever

sometimes

every / each
day / week /
month / year
once / twice
a day / week
/ month /
year

Am I writing
them an e-mail
now?

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb. +
adv. / adv.
+ sb. + vb.

Is he / she / it
writing them an
e-mail now?
now
(in)
this
moment

VOICE)

PAST
TENSE
PAST

TENSE

(ACTIVE
AUX.

ASPECT

FORM

SIMPLE
expresses
a repeated
action in
the past

+
sb. + vb. -ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
II nd
form / past
tense)
(short inf.)

TO DO
(past
I / you / he / she /
simple)
it / we / they
played football ! only at
yesterday.
the - and ?
form
I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
wrote them an email yesterday.

sb. + to do I / you / he / she /

it / we / they
+ not + vb.
(short inf.)
didnt
write
them an e-mail
yesterday.

VOICE)
FORM

ASPECT
CONTINUOUS
expresses
an
action
that
happened in the
moment
of
speaking

+
sb. + to be
+ vb. -ing

OR an action
that
was
interrupted by
another action
in the past

AUX.
TO BE
(past
I / he / she / it
was
writing simple)
them an e-mail
when he entered
the room.
You / we / they
were writing
them an e-mail
when he entered
the room.

sb. + to be I / he / she / it
+ + not + vb.
wasnt writing
them an e-mail
-ing
when he entered
the room.

You / we / they
werent
writing them an
e-mail when he
entered
the
room.

?
to do + sb. Did I / you / he /
+ vb.
she / it / we /
(short inf.)
they write them
an
e-mail
yesterday?

?
to be + sb.
+ vb. -ing

Was I / he / she
/ it writing
them an e-mail
when he entered
the room?
Were you / we /
they
writing
them an e-mail
when he entered
the room?

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb.
+ adv. /

adv. + sb. +
vb.

PAST

TENSE

(ACTIVE

yesterday
last week /
month / year
a
/
two
week(s)
/
month(s)
/
year(s) ago
the
day
before
yesterday
on + day /
month
in + year

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb. +
adv. / adv.
+ sb. + vb.

then
(in)
that
moment

VOICE)

PRESENT
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT
expresses an action that
started in the past and is
continued in the present
OR a past action that
has consequences in the
present
PAST
TENSE
PRESENT PERFECT

He rang me up this
morning
(you say it
after 12 o cclock)
afternoon (you say it
after 18 o cclock)
evening (you say it after
20 o cclock)

ASPECT
SIMPLE

PERFECT

FORM
+
sb. + to
have + vb.
-ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
III rd form /
past
participle)

sb. + to
have + not
+ vb. -ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
III rd form /
past
participle)

TENSE

(ACTIVE

AUX.
TO HAVE
(present
I / you / we / they
simple)
have
already
written them an
e-mail.
He / she / it has
already written
them an e-mail.

VOICE)

ASPECT
FORM
CONTINUOUS
+
expresses
an sb. + to be
action that
+ + vb. -ing
started in the
past, continues
in the present
and
may
continue in the
future

AUX.
TO BE
I / you / we / (present
they have been perfect)
writing them an
e-mail for five
minutes.
He / she / it has
been writing
them an e-mail
for
five
minutes.

I / you / we / they
havent written
them an e-mail
yet.
He / she / it
hasnt written
them an e-mail
yet.

sb. + to be I / you / we /
+ + not + vb.
they
havent
-ing
been writing
them an e-mail
for
five
minutes.
He / she / it
hasnt
been
writing them an
e-mail for five

minutes.
He has rung me up this

?
to have +
sb. + vb.
-ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
III rd form /
past
participle)

morning
(you say it
before 12 o cclock)
afternoon (you say it
before 18 o cclock)
evening (you say it
before 20 o cclock)

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + aux. +
adv. + vb.

Have I / you / we
/ they already
written them an
e-mail?
Has he / she / it
already written
them an e-mail?

at the end
of
the
sentence

sb. + aux. +
vb. + adv. /
adv. + sb. +
aux. + vb.
PRESENT

PERFECT

TENSE

(ACTIVE

?
to be + sb.
+ vb. -ing

already
recently
lately
never / ever
just

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + aux. +
vb. + adv. /
adv. + sb. +
aux. + vb.

Have I / you /
we / they been
writing them an
e-mail for five
minutes?
Has he / she / it
been writing
them an e-mail
for
five
minutes?
for + period

yet

for + period
since + year

VOICE)

PAST
TENSE
PAST PERFECT
expresses an action that
happened
before
another action in the
past

ASPECT
SIMPLE

PERFECT

FORM
+
sb. + to
have + vb.
-ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
III rd form /
past
participle)
sb. + to
have + not
+ vb. -ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
III rd form /
past
participle)
?
to have +
sb. + vb.
-ed
(if the vb. is
reg. ; if it is
irreg. the
III rd form /
past

TENSE

(ACTIVE

VOICE)

AUX.

I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
had
already
written them an
e-mail when he
entered
the
room.

I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
hadnt written
them an e-mail
yet when he
entered
the
room.

Had I / you / he /
she / it / we /
they
already
written them an
e-mail when he
entered
the
room?

ASPECT
FORM
CONTINUOUS
+
an sb. + to be
TO HAVE expresses
action
that
+ + vb. -ing
(past tense)
started before
another action
in the past and
may
have
continued after
that action

AUX.
When
he TO BE
entered
the
(past
room I / you / perfect)
he / she / it / we
/ they had been
writing them an
e-mail for five
minutes.

he
sb. + to be When
entered
the
+ + not + vb.
room I / you /
-ing
he / she / it / we
/ they hadnt
been writing
them an e-mail
for
five
minutes.
?
When
he
to be + sb.
entered
the
+ vb. -ing
room had I /
you / he / she /
it / we / they
been writing
them an e-mail
for
five

participle)
ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + aux. +
adv. + vb.

at the end
of
the
sentence

sb. + aux. +
vb. + adv. /
adv. + sb. +
aux. + vb.

PAST

PERFECT

TENSE

(ACTIVE

already
recently
lately
never / ever
just

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + aux.
+ vb. + adv.
/ adv. + sb.
+ aux. + vb.

minutes?
for + period

yet

for + period
since + year

VOICE)

FUTURE
TENSE
ASPECT
FUTURE
SIMPLE
expresses
a
future
action

TENSE

(ACTIVE

FORM
AUX.
+
sb. + will / I / you / he / she / WILL
shall + vb. it / we / they will
(short inf.)
write them an email.

SHALL
(1st person
sg. and pl.)
-Old Engl.sb. + will /
shall + not
+ vb.
(short inf.)

VOICE)

ASPECT
FORM
CONTINUOUS
+
expresses
an sb. + to be
action that will+ + vb. -ing
happen in the
future in the
moment
of
speaking

AUX.
TO BE
(future
I / you / he / she
tense)
/ it / we / they
will be writing
them an e-mail
when he enters
the room.

OR an action
that will be
interrupted by
another action
in the future
-

I / you / he / she /
it / we / they
wont
write
them any e-mail.

?
will / shall + Will I / you / he /
sb. + vb.
she / it / we /
(short inf.)
they write them
any e-mail?

sb. + to be I / you / he / she

/ it / we / they
+ + not + vb.
-ing
wont
be
writing them an
e-mail when he
enters the room.
?
to be + sb.
+ vb. -ing

Will I / you / he
/ she / it / we /
they be writing
them an e-mail
when he enters
the room?

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb. +
adv. / adv. +
sb. + vb.

FUTURE

TENSE

(ACTIVE

tomorrow
next week /
month / year

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb. +
adv. / adv.
+ sb. + vb.

tomorrow at
this time

VOICE)

10

FUTURE
TENSE

FUTURE PERFECT
expresses
a
future
action finished before
another future action

ASPECT

SIMPLE

PERFECT

FORM
+
sb. + will /
shall + have +
vb.

TENSE

I / you / he / she /
it / we / they will
have
written
them an e-mail
by five oclock
this afternoon.

(past
participle)

sb. + will /
shall + not +
have + vb.

(past
participle)
?
will / shall +
sb. + have +
vb.

(past
participle)

I / you / he / she /
it / we / they will
not
have
written them an
e-mail by five
oclock
this
afternoon.
Will I / you / he
/ she / it / we /
they
have
written them an
e-mail by five
oclock
this
afternoon?

AUX.
WILL

(ACTIVE

VOICE)

ASPECT

FORM
+
CONTINUOU sb. + to be
SHALL
S
+ + vb. -ing
st
(1 person expresses
a
sg. and pl.) future
action
-Old Engl.- that starts in the
future and goes
+ HAVE on
uninterruptedly into a
future moment
of reference
sb. + to be
+ + not + vb.
-ing

?
to be + sb.
+ vb. -ing

AUX.
By five oclock
this afternoon I / TO BE
you / he / she / it
(future
/ we / they will perfect)
have
been
writing them an
e-mail for ten
minutes.

By five oclock
this afternoon I /
you / he / she / it
/ we / they will
not have been
writing them an
e-mail for ten
minutes.
Will I / you / he
/ she / it / we /
they have been
writing them an
e-mail for ten
minutes by five
oclock
this
afternoon?

11

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb. +
adv. / adv. +
sb. + vb.

FUTURE

PERFECT

TENSE

(ACTIVE

by
this
time next
week
by five
oclock
this
afternoon

ADVERBS
(PLACE)
sb. + vb. +
adv. / adv.
+ sb. + vb.

by this
time next
week for
+ period
by five
oclock
this
afternoon
for
+
period

VOICE)

12