Drilling For Oil and Gas

Drilling
for Oil and Gas

Moshtak Othman
Petroleum Resource Manager
Minerals and Energy Group
November 2004
Summary
Why we drill for oil & gas
Types of wells & drilling rigs
Drilling techniques
Testing a new oil/gas field
Wells
Two main reasons for drilling a well:
1
Exploration purposes - to confirm

the contents of a reservoir rock
Exploration is all about information
Appraisal / development purposes

to create a pathway through which the
hydrocarbons can reach the surface
Before we start drilling, we have to know where to drill

6 km
Air gun
Hydro phones
Seismic Vessel acquiring data about the

structure of the formation below the seabed
Marine Seismic
Survey (offshore)
Land Seismic
Survey onshore
Communication
Before we start drilling we have

5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm
to the environment
The rotary drilling method
Drill pipe
Collars (thicker, heavier pipe)
cuttings
Bit
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
(PDC) Wafer 1/2 mm thick
Tungsten stock
Steel body
Rotation
Tri -cone rock bit (with jets)

to the environment
The rotary drilling method
Stuck in the hole

(very bad)
Pump water (or

muddy water) down
the inside of the drill
pipe
Unstuck
(very good)
Hole Clean
(even better!)

to the environment
MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM
CLEAN MUD PUMPED

UP STANDPIPE
MUD DOWN THE

DRILLSTRING
CUTTINGS
FILTERED OUT
CUTTINGS & MUD UP

THE ANNULUS
Source: Speaking of Oil & Gas - BHPP
Invaded zone
Invaded zone
MUD:
Basically water containing
10% microscopic clay
particles [Bentonite]
5 - 2 microns platelets
Hydrostatic pressure of the

mud column presses
against the mud cake
helping to support the bore
hole
WALL CAKE
Also known as:
Mud cake
Filter cake

to the environment
Rig Components
Support structure:
derrick and sub base
Hoisting system:
draw works, blocks and hook
Power
Rotary system:
swivel, top drive electric motor and drain pipe
pump
Mud tank
Circulation system:
mud tank, pump, hose,
return flowline, shale shaker
TYPES OF DRILLING RIGS

OFFSHORE
Bottom (sea floor) supported
Source: UK Offshore Operators Association
Floating vessels
Category: Bottom supported

Type: JACK-UPS
Category: Floating
Type: SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
Dynamic Positioning
Computer controlled thrusters
keep the ship in one spot without
using anchors.
Floating
Type: DRILL SHIP
Multi purpose (AHTS) vessel towing a semi submersible drilling rig

AHTS = Anchor Handling, Tow, Supply vessel
Gas
oil
water
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Graphic: Sperry-Sun
Semi submersible
rig with
conventional
mooring system
Guide wires
Guide base
Anchor chain
About as thick
as your arm
Guide base and guide wires
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Geologist
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
3. Drill to first casing seat
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
4. Pull out of hole (trip)
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Hard Yakka
ROUGHNECKS
Top drive system
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
liquid cement
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
7. Displace cement behind casing
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
9. Run 2nd casing string
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and install
Blow Out Preventer (BOP)
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Blow Out Preventers

Pipe rams (seals around drill pipe)
Blind/shear rams
(cuts through drill pipe and seals against itself)
Blow Out Preventers

Blind/shear rams
Blow Out Preventers

Blind/shear rams
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
11. Drill ahead checking the mud for
signs of gas (weight up the mud)
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
MUD TANK
Gas
14,000 Kpa
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
MUD TANK
Gas
14,000 Kpa
oil
water
Pressure = density x height x 9.81
Water
(density = 1 kg/liter)
1 metre
9.81
Pressure = 1 kg/liter x 1 metre x 9.81 = 9.81 (kilopascals)
Suppose it was Mercury

(density = 13.6 kg/liter)
1 metre
133.4
Pressure = 13.6 kg/liter x 1 metre x 9.81 = 133.4 (kilopascals)
Cant use Mercury, but we can

add highly dense mineral powder
called Barite (a.k.a Barytes)
density 4.2 kg/ litre
1 metre
Depending on how much we add, We can

adjust the overall density of the mud
14.7
Suppose we add just enough to raise the density

of the mud to 1.5 kg/litre
Pressure = 1.5 kg/litre x 1 metre x 9.81 = 14.7 (kilopascals)

Suppose my column is 1000 metres high, the pressure now would be 14,700 Kpa
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
12. Drill through the reservoir to
TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
MUD TANK
1000 m
14,700 Kpa
Gas
14,000 Kpa
oil
water

4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas
blowing out
to the environment
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
MUD TANK
1000 m
14,700 Kpa
Gas
oil
water
Core Head
NOTE Artificial Diamond cutters
Core Analysis
DRILL CORE SAMPLES
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
13. POOH
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
CASING
Loading 30 inch conductor pipe onto a semi trailer at Darwin Supply Base
Well Logging
Logging Tools are sophisticated electronic tools.
They are lowered in the well to measure different
natural properties of the rocks.
Analysing the combined response of different
electronic tools can tell us a lot.
The Expensive Truck
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
13. POOH, and run electric logs
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Electric Logging
Logging tools
WIRELINE LOGGING
Source: UK Offshore Oil & Gas
Dip metre
Well Evaluation
Combining Log,
Core & Test data.
Determines the
hydrocarbon in
place.
High resistively indicating

hydrocarbon
Deepest oil
sand
Shallowest water
sand
Low resistively indicating

water
Perforations
Porosity
Well Correlation
Phases of a well
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
14. Run Production liner
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
15. Cement the liner across
the reservoir
MUD TANK
Replace the mud with clean water

1000m x 1kg/litre x 9.81 = 9, 810 Kpa
Gas
14,000 Kpa
oil
water
Gas
oil
water
9,810 Kpa
14.700 Kpa
Phases of a well
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
the reservoir
16. Run Production tubing and
perforating gun and Xmas Tree
Phases of a well
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
the reservoir
perforating gun and Xmas Tree
Phases of a well
Hook up
flowline to
production
facilities
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
the reservoir
perforating gun
17. Hook up flowline to Xmas Tree
Xmas tree
MUD TANK
Perforating gun
Gas
oil
water
Production
Packer
On Land Logging
Using mobile
logging units
(trucks).
Electronic tools are
lowered to measure
rock properties &
perforate the
tubing.
Shaped charges
High Explosive
Primer
Cord
High velocity plasma jet

(several million pounds per square inch pressure)
Shaped charges
Primer
Cord
Gun
Casing
Phases of a well
Hook up
flowline to
production
facilities
MUD TANK
Gas
Bang!
oil
water
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
the reservoir
perforating gun
18. Fire the gun
Phases of a well
To market
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
1. Spud in
2. Drill ahead
5. Run first casing
6. Pump cement
signs of oil or gas
the reservoir
perforating gun
18. Fire the gun
19. Gun falls and production starts
Pressure and Fluid Samples
TESTING A NEW FIELD

Oil & gas are
allowed to flow
to the surface
under
controlled
conditions
Source: UK Offshore Oil & Gas
Deviated drilling
Multi Lateral wells
Drilling a directional well
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Bent joint
(2 degrees)
Phases
1. Spud in
2. Kick off with bent
joint and motor (only
the bit rotates (drill pipe
does not rotate).
MUD TANK
Motor
Gas
oil
water
Before we start directional drilling we

have 1 main problem to solve
1. We have to know where the drill bit is
heading.
Camera
takes picture
Compass
(shows the direction)
Modern day tools do not

use cameras. Instead
they use electronic
gyroscopes and down
hole computers. Data is
sent continuously to the
surface by morse code
style pulses into the mud
stream.
Camera takes
picture
plumb bob
(shows the inclination
from vertical)
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
3. Build up angle to
next casing seat.
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
5. Run casing
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
5. Run casing
6. Cement casing in
place and install BOP.
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
5. Run casing
6. Cement casing in
7. Drill out with hold
assembly
MUD TANK
Stabilisers
(balance the centre
of gravity)
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
5. Run casing and BOP
6. Cement casing in
assembly to casing seat
8. Pullout
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
does not rotate).
next casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
6. Cement casing in
assembly to casing seat
8. Pullout, run casing
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
2. Kick off with bent joint
and motor (only the bit
rotates (drill pipe does not
rotate).
3. Build up angle to next
casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
6. Cement casing in place and
install BOP.
assembly
8. Pullout, run casing to
casing seat
MUD TANK
9. Pump and displace

cement
Gas
oil
water
Phases
1. Spud in
rotate).
casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
install BOP.
assembly
casing seat
MUD TANK
10. Drill out with

drop assembly
Gravity pulls
oil
the heavy collars
against the Stabiliser
pivot pointwater
(fulcrum)
Phases
1. Spud in
rotate).
casing seat.
4. Pull out of hole
install BOP
assembly
casing seat
10. Drillout with drop
assembly
MUD TANK
Gas
11. Drill to T.D.
oil
water
G
Lateral Sweep
Vertical well
sweeps limited oil
Lateral re entry
well access new
attic oil
Blowout
on land
drilling
Blowout
in an
offshore
site
ENVIRONMENT
DURING DRILLING
All waste shipped back to
shore except drilled cuttings
Drill cuttings are released
onto the ocean floor
Drilling fluids based made
from water, paraffin oil (baby
oil) or vegetable oil
DURING SEISMIC...
Never in migration season
Whale watcher on look out
Slow pulse starts to warn fish
No go into marine parks
Any oil spills must be

reported. Oil spills are
uncommon and generally
small


to the environment (still scope for improvement)
The Geologist s always

right .!!!!!
DEEPER!!!
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Drilling For Oil and Gas

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Drilling For Oil and Gas

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Drilling

for Oil and Gas

Types of wells & drilling rigs

Testing a new oil/gas field

Exploration purposes - to confirm

Appraisal / development purposes

Before we start drilling, we have to know where to drill

Seismic Vessel acquiring data about the

Before we start drilling we have

The rotary drilling method

Collars (thicker, heavier pipe)

Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits

Tri -cone rock bit (with jets)

Before we start drilling we have

The rotary drilling method

Stuck in the hole

Pump water (or

Before we start drilling we have

MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM

CLEAN MUD PUMPED

MUD DOWN THE

CUTTINGS & MUD UP

Hydrostatic pressure of the

Before we start drilling we have

TYPES OF DRILLING RIGS

Source: UK Offshore Operators Association

Category: Bottom supported

Multi purpose (AHTS) vessel towing a semi submersible drilling rig

Guide base and guide wires

Top drive system

Blow Out Preventers

Blow Out Preventers

Blow Out Preventers

Pressure = density x height x 9.81

Pressure = 1 kg/liter x 1 metre x 9.81 = 9.81 (kilopascals)

Pressure = density x height x 9.81

Suppose it was Mercury

Pressure = 13.6 kg/liter x 1 metre x 9.81 = 133.4 (kilopascals)

Pressure = density x height x 9.81

Cant use Mercury, but we can

Depending on how much we add, We can

Suppose we add just enough to raise the density

Pressure = 1.5 kg/litre x 1 metre x 9.81 = 14.7 (kilopascals)

Before we start drilling we have

The Expensive Truck

High resistively indicating

Low resistively indicating

Replace the mud with clean water

High velocity plasma jet

Pressure and Fluid Samples

TESTING A NEW FIELD

Source: UK Offshore Oil & Gas

Multi Lateral wells

Drilling a directional well

Before we start directional drilling we

Modern day tools do not

9. Pump and displace

10. Drill out with

11. Drill to T.D.

Any oil spills must be

Before we start drilling we have

1. We have to loosen the rock